The Application of Blockchain Technology in Cross-Border Personal Data Transfer Activities in Indonesia: Opportunities and Challenges
Abstract
This research seeks to explain the opportunities and obstacles involved in utilizing blockchain technology for transferring personal data beyond Indonesia's legal boundaries, along with the advantages it offers to Personal Data Subjects. The research employs normative legal research with statute and conceptual approaches. Data was collected through document studies and interviews with experts and practitioners, and then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The findings indicate that blockchain technology has the potential to improve the security, transparency, and efficiency of personal data transfers. Notable opportunities include decentralization features, traceable audit trails, and enhanced identity management solutions. However, challenges such as compliance with varying regulations, data localization, and privacy issues need to be addressed. The study concludes that the application of blockchain technology can provide significant benefits for Personal Data Subjects, offering better data protection and control, along with the fulfillment of rights under Law No. 27 of 2022. A holistic approach and supportive regulations are essential to maximize this technology's potential in cross-border data transfers.
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References
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Frey, Remo Manuel, Pascal Buhler, Alexander Gerdes, Thomas Hardjono, Klaus Ludwig Fuchs, and Alexander Ilic. “The Effect of a Blockchain-Supported, Privacy-Preserving System on Disclosure of Personal Data.” 2017 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications, NCA 2017 2017-Janua (2017): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/NCA.2017.8171385.
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Huijbers, Theo. Filsafat Hukum. XXIV. Yogyakarta: PT Kanisius, 2021.
Javaid, Mohd, Abid Haleem, Ravi Pratap Singh, Shahbaz Khan, and Rajiv Suman. “Blockchain Technology Applications for Industry 4.0: A Literature-Based Review.” Blockchain: Research and Applications 2, no. 4 (2021): 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2021.100027.
Khan, Shafaq Naheed, Faiza Loukil, Chirine Ghedira-Guegan, Elhadj Benkhelifa, and Anoud Bani-Hani. “Blockchain Smart Contracts: Applications, Challenges, and Future Trends.” Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 14, no. 5 (2021): 2901–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-021-01127-0.
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Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. IX. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group, 2014.
Mertokusumo, Sudikno. Penemuan Hukum Sebuah Pengantar. Cet. II. Yogyakarta: Liberty, 2007.
———. Teori Hukum (Edisi Revisi). Yogyakarta: Cahaya Atma Pustaka, 2014.
McGhin, Thomas, Kim Kwang Raymond Choo, Charles Zhechao Liu, and Debiao He. “Blockchain in Healthcare Applications: Research Challenges and Opportunities.” Journal of Network and Computer Applications 135, no. January (2019): 62–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2019.02.027.
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Namasudra, Suyel, Ganesh Chandra Deka, Prashant Johri, Mohammad Hosseinpour, and Amir H. Gandomi. “The Revolution of Blockchain: State-of-the-Art and Research Challenges.” Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 28, no. 3 (2021): 1497–1515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-020-09426-0.
Novina Putri Bestari, 2023, "337 Data Dukcapil Bocor, Ahli: Saya Bingung Jika Disangkal", CNBC Indonesia, URL: https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/tech/20230717095112-37-454869/337-data-dukcapil-bocor-ahli-saya-bingung-jika-disangkal, diakses 10 Maret 2024.
Pentland, Alex. “Trust in Digital Societies.” In Trusted Data, 3–14, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12439.003.0002.
Pranowo, Yogie. “Prinsip Utilitarisme Sebagai Dasar Hidup Bermasyarakat.” Paradigma: Jurnal Filsafat, Sains, Teknologi, Dan Sosial Budaya 26, no. 2 (2020): 172–79. https://doi.org/10.33503/paradigma.v26i2.789.
Pratiwi, Endang, Theo Negoro, and Hassanain Haykal. “Teori Utilitarianisme Jeremy Bentham: Tujuan Hukum Atau Metode Pengujian Produk Hukum?” Jurnal Konstitusi 19, no. 2 (2022): 269–93. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1922.
Putranto, Rahmat Dwi. Teknologi Hukum Paradigma Baru Hukum Di Dunia Digital. Jakarta: Kecana Prenada Media, 2023.
Raffi Hasta Anggara, Muhammad. “The Presence of Commercial Banks in Metaverse’S Financial Ecosystem: Opportunities and Risks.” Journal of Central Banking Law and Institutions 1, no. 3 (2022): 405–30. https://doi.org/10.21098/jcli.v1i3.28.
Reidenberg, Joel R. “Lex Informatica: The Formulation of Information Policy Rules through Technology.” Texas Law Review 76, no. 3 (1998): 553–93. http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/faculty_scholarshipat:http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/faculty_scholarship/42.
Rahardjo, Satjipto. Ilmu Hukum. Bandung: PT Citra Aditya Bakti, 2021.
Rahel Narda Chaterine and Krisiandi, 2024, "PDN Diretas, Kabareskrim: "Ransomware" Bukan Hal Mudah Ditangani," URL: https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2024/07/15/14414911/pdn-diretas-kabareskrim-ransomware-bukan-hal-mudah-ditangani, diakses 31 Juli 2024.
Ridian Eka Saputra, 2023, "Dugaan Data 34 Juta Paspor WNI Bocor, Pengamat: Banyak yang Tidak Valid", Tempo.com, URL: https://video.tempo.co/read/34284/dugaan-data-34-juta-paspor-wni-bocor-pengamat-banyak-yang-tidak-valid, diakses 10 Maret 2024.
Silvana Febriari, 2023, "Deretan Kasus Kebocoran Data Pribadi di Indonesia Sepanjang 2022-2023", Metrotvnews.com, URL: https://www.metrotvnews.com/play/NA0CXWqa-deretan-kasus-kebocoran-data-pribadi-di-indonesia-sepanjang-2022-2023, diakses 10 Maret 2024.
Soekanto, Soerjono, and Sri Mamudji. Penelitian Hukum Normatif Suatu Tinjauan Singkat. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada, 2007.
Sulistiowati, and Nurhasan Ismail. Penormaan Asas-Asas Hukum Pancasila Dalam Kegiatan Usaha Koperasi Dan Perseroan Terbatas. Cetakan I. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 2018.
Sumardjono, Maria SW. Bahan Kuliah: Metodologi Penelitian Ilmu Hukum. Revisi. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2021.
Safiranita, Tasya, Ahmad M. Ramli, Denidah Olivia, Ferry Gunawan C., and Ega Ramadayanti. “The Role of E-Commerce in Escalation of Digital Economy in The New Normal Era Based on Law Number 27 of 2022 Concerning Personal Data Protection.” Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 22, no. 4 (2022): 437–50. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2022.v22.437-450.
Septiansyah, Zainal B., and Muhammad Ghalib. “Konsepsi Utilitarianisme Dalam Filsafat Hukum Dan Implementasinya Di Indonesia.” Ijtihad: Jurnal Hukum Islam Dan Pranata Sosial 34, no. 1 (2018): 27–34. https://doi.org/10.15548/ijt.v34i1.3.
Stopfer, Lukas, Alexander Kaulen, and Thomas Purfürst. “Potential of Blockchain Technology in Wood Supply Chains.” Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 216, no. November 2023 (2024): 108496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.108496.
Susanto, Angga Hendiarto, Dhanar Setya Wahyu, Rizal Faiz Mahtum, and Azizah Rettyaningrum. “Perlindungan Data Pribadi Konsumen Atas Pembobolan Data Rahasia Negara Sebagai Perwujudan Good Corporate Governance.” Jurnal Hukum Media Justitia Nusantara 13, no. 1 (2023): 46–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30999/mjn.v13i1.2634.
Laws and Regulations
European Union. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data (General Data Protection Regulation). Official Journal of the European Union L 119/1, May 4, 2016.
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Pelindungan Data Pribadi (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2022 Nomor 196, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 6820).
———. “Blockchain for Smart Communities: Applications, Challenges and Opportunities.” Journal of Network and Computer Applications 144, no. June (2019): 13–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2019.06.018.
Anggriawan, Rizaldy, Andi Agus Salim, Yordan Gunawan, and Mohammad Hazyar Arumbinang. “Passenger Name Record Data Protection under European Union and United States Agreement: Security over Privacy?” Hasanuddin Law Review 8, no. 2 (2022): 95–110. https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v8i2.2844.
Ayunda, Rahmi. “Personal Data Protection to E-Commerce Consumer: What Are the Legal Challenges and Certainties?” Law Reform: Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 18, no. 2 (2022): 144–63. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v18i2.43307.
Apeldoorn, L.J. van. Pengantar Ilmu Hukum, Terjemahan Oleh Oetarid Sadino. XXX. Jakarta: PT Pradnya Paramira, 2004.
Chen, Yong, Yang Lu, Larisa Bulysheva, and Mikhail Yu Kataev. “Applications of Blockchain in Industry 4.0: A Review.” Information Systems Frontiers, no. January (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10248-7.
Christidis, Konstantinos, and Michael Devetsikiotis. “Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things.” IEEE Access 4 (2016): 2292–2303. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2566339.
CNN Indonesia, 2023, "4 Kasus Kebocoran Data di Semester I 2023, Mayoritas Dibantah, CNN Indonesia, URL: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20230720060802-192-975421/4-kasus-kebocoran-data-di-semester-i-2023-mayoritas-dibantah, diakses 10 Maret 2024.
Dewani, Nisha Dhanraj, Zubair Ahmed Khan, Aarushi Agarwal, Mamta Sharma, and Shaharyar Asaf Khan. Handbook of Research on Cyber Law, Data Protection, and Privacy. Handbook of Research on Cyber Law, Data Protection, and Privacy, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8641-9.
Fabiano, Nicola. “Internet of Things and Blockchain: Legal Issues and Privacy. The Challenge for a Privacy Standard.” Proceedings - 2017 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things, IEEE Green Computing and Communications, IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing, IEEE Smart Data, IThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData 2017 2018-Janua (2018): 727–34. https://doi.org/10.1109/iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData.2017.112.
Francesco Maesa, Damiano Di, and Paolo Mori. “Blockchain 3.0 Applications Survey.” Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 138 (2020): 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2019.12.019.
Frey, Remo Manuel, Pascal Buhler, Alexander Gerdes, Thomas Hardjono, Klaus Ludwig Fuchs, and Alexander Ilic. “The Effect of a Blockchain-Supported, Privacy-Preserving System on Disclosure of Personal Data.” 2017 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications, NCA 2017 2017-Janua (2017): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/NCA.2017.8171385.
Friedman, Lawrence M. Sistem Hukum: Perspektif Ilmu Sosial, Terjemahan M. Khozim. V. Bandung: Nusa Media, 2013.
Gan, Qing Qiu, Raymond Yiu Keung Lau, and Jin Hong. “A Critical Review of Blockchain Applications to Banking and Finance: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis Approach.” Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 0, no. 0 (2021): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2021.1979509.
Harryandi, Alexander, Fira Natasha, and Muhammad Akbar. “Regulating Initial Coin Offering Amidst the Development of Crypto Assets in Indonesia.” Journal of Central Banking Law and Institutions 1, no. 3 (2022): 537–70. https://doi.org/10.21098/jcli.v1i3.41.
Huijbers, Theo. Filsafat Hukum. XXIV. Yogyakarta: PT Kanisius, 2021.
Javaid, Mohd, Abid Haleem, Ravi Pratap Singh, Shahbaz Khan, and Rajiv Suman. “Blockchain Technology Applications for Industry 4.0: A Literature-Based Review.” Blockchain: Research and Applications 2, no. 4 (2021): 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2021.100027.
Khan, Shafaq Naheed, Faiza Loukil, Chirine Ghedira-Guegan, Elhadj Benkhelifa, and Anoud Bani-Hani. “Blockchain Smart Contracts: Applications, Challenges, and Future Trends.” Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 14, no. 5 (2021): 2901–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-021-01127-0.
Kosba, Ahmed, Andrew Miller, Elaine Shi, Zikai Wen, and Charalampos Papamanthou. “Hawk: The Blockchain Model of Cryptography and Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts.” In Proceedings - 2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2016, 839–58, 2016. https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/675.pdf.
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. IX. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group, 2014.
Mertokusumo, Sudikno. Penemuan Hukum Sebuah Pengantar. Cet. II. Yogyakarta: Liberty, 2007.
———. Teori Hukum (Edisi Revisi). Yogyakarta: Cahaya Atma Pustaka, 2014.
McGhin, Thomas, Kim Kwang Raymond Choo, Charles Zhechao Liu, and Debiao He. “Blockchain in Healthcare Applications: Research Challenges and Opportunities.” Journal of Network and Computer Applications 135, no. January (2019): 62–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2019.02.027.
Nakamoto, Satoshi. “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System,” 2008. https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-06-2020-0114.
Namasudra, Suyel, Ganesh Chandra Deka, Prashant Johri, Mohammad Hosseinpour, and Amir H. Gandomi. “The Revolution of Blockchain: State-of-the-Art and Research Challenges.” Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 28, no. 3 (2021): 1497–1515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-020-09426-0.
Novina Putri Bestari, 2023, "337 Data Dukcapil Bocor, Ahli: Saya Bingung Jika Disangkal", CNBC Indonesia, URL: https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/tech/20230717095112-37-454869/337-data-dukcapil-bocor-ahli-saya-bingung-jika-disangkal, diakses 10 Maret 2024.
Pentland, Alex. “Trust in Digital Societies.” In Trusted Data, 3–14, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12439.003.0002.
Pranowo, Yogie. “Prinsip Utilitarisme Sebagai Dasar Hidup Bermasyarakat.” Paradigma: Jurnal Filsafat, Sains, Teknologi, Dan Sosial Budaya 26, no. 2 (2020): 172–79. https://doi.org/10.33503/paradigma.v26i2.789.
Pratiwi, Endang, Theo Negoro, and Hassanain Haykal. “Teori Utilitarianisme Jeremy Bentham: Tujuan Hukum Atau Metode Pengujian Produk Hukum?” Jurnal Konstitusi 19, no. 2 (2022): 269–93. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1922.
Putranto, Rahmat Dwi. Teknologi Hukum Paradigma Baru Hukum Di Dunia Digital. Jakarta: Kecana Prenada Media, 2023.
Raffi Hasta Anggara, Muhammad. “The Presence of Commercial Banks in Metaverse’S Financial Ecosystem: Opportunities and Risks.” Journal of Central Banking Law and Institutions 1, no. 3 (2022): 405–30. https://doi.org/10.21098/jcli.v1i3.28.
Reidenberg, Joel R. “Lex Informatica: The Formulation of Information Policy Rules through Technology.” Texas Law Review 76, no. 3 (1998): 553–93. http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/faculty_scholarshipat:http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/faculty_scholarship/42.
Rahardjo, Satjipto. Ilmu Hukum. Bandung: PT Citra Aditya Bakti, 2021.
Rahel Narda Chaterine and Krisiandi, 2024, "PDN Diretas, Kabareskrim: "Ransomware" Bukan Hal Mudah Ditangani," URL: https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2024/07/15/14414911/pdn-diretas-kabareskrim-ransomware-bukan-hal-mudah-ditangani, diakses 31 Juli 2024.
Ridian Eka Saputra, 2023, "Dugaan Data 34 Juta Paspor WNI Bocor, Pengamat: Banyak yang Tidak Valid", Tempo.com, URL: https://video.tempo.co/read/34284/dugaan-data-34-juta-paspor-wni-bocor-pengamat-banyak-yang-tidak-valid, diakses 10 Maret 2024.
Silvana Febriari, 2023, "Deretan Kasus Kebocoran Data Pribadi di Indonesia Sepanjang 2022-2023", Metrotvnews.com, URL: https://www.metrotvnews.com/play/NA0CXWqa-deretan-kasus-kebocoran-data-pribadi-di-indonesia-sepanjang-2022-2023, diakses 10 Maret 2024.
Soekanto, Soerjono, and Sri Mamudji. Penelitian Hukum Normatif Suatu Tinjauan Singkat. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada, 2007.
Sulistiowati, and Nurhasan Ismail. Penormaan Asas-Asas Hukum Pancasila Dalam Kegiatan Usaha Koperasi Dan Perseroan Terbatas. Cetakan I. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 2018.
Sumardjono, Maria SW. Bahan Kuliah: Metodologi Penelitian Ilmu Hukum. Revisi. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2021.
Safiranita, Tasya, Ahmad M. Ramli, Denidah Olivia, Ferry Gunawan C., and Ega Ramadayanti. “The Role of E-Commerce in Escalation of Digital Economy in The New Normal Era Based on Law Number 27 of 2022 Concerning Personal Data Protection.” Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 22, no. 4 (2022): 437–50. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2022.v22.437-450.
Septiansyah, Zainal B., and Muhammad Ghalib. “Konsepsi Utilitarianisme Dalam Filsafat Hukum Dan Implementasinya Di Indonesia.” Ijtihad: Jurnal Hukum Islam Dan Pranata Sosial 34, no. 1 (2018): 27–34. https://doi.org/10.15548/ijt.v34i1.3.
Stopfer, Lukas, Alexander Kaulen, and Thomas Purfürst. “Potential of Blockchain Technology in Wood Supply Chains.” Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 216, no. November 2023 (2024): 108496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.108496.
Susanto, Angga Hendiarto, Dhanar Setya Wahyu, Rizal Faiz Mahtum, and Azizah Rettyaningrum. “Perlindungan Data Pribadi Konsumen Atas Pembobolan Data Rahasia Negara Sebagai Perwujudan Good Corporate Governance.” Jurnal Hukum Media Justitia Nusantara 13, no. 1 (2023): 46–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30999/mjn.v13i1.2634.
Laws and Regulations
European Union. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data (General Data Protection Regulation). Official Journal of the European Union L 119/1, May 4, 2016.
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Pelindungan Data Pribadi (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2022 Nomor 196, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 6820).
Published
2025-04-24
How to Cite
WIJAYA, I Made Marta.
The Application of Blockchain Technology in Cross-Border Personal Data Transfer Activities in Indonesia: Opportunities and Challenges.
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal), [S.l.], v. 14, n. 1, p. 193-217, apr. 2025.
ISSN 2502-3101.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jmhu/article/view/120430>. Date accessed: 27 apr. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/JMHU.2025.v14.i01.p11.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law of Journal) by Faculty of Law Udayana University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
