A Constitutional Review of Indonesia’s Marriage Law: Legal Reconstruction and Human Rights Considerations in Law No. 1 of 1974
Abstract
Law No. 1 of 1974 represents the unification of national laws in the field of marriage, deriving from Islamic law, civil law, and customary law. As society has progressed in the era of modernization and digitalization, this law has presented numerous legal issues, underscoring the need for legal reform to address legal voids and conflicts. Over its 50-year history, at least seven judicial reviews have been initiated, challenging provisions that conflict with the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD NRI 1945), particularly those that are inconsistent with principles of justice and human rights for all citizens. This study utilizes normative (doctrinal) legal research methods, incorporating three approaches: statutory, comparative law, and analytical methods. The analysis highlights the necessity of reconstructing Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage to ensure it aligns with principles of justice and human rights, focusing especially on Article 2(1) (regarding interfaith marriages), Article 7 (marriageable age), Article 43(1) (status of children born outside of lawful marriage), Article 57 (mixed marriages), and provisions related to child rights post-divorce.
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References
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Abdullah, Raihana. “A Study of Islamic Family Law in Malaysia: A Select Bibliography.” International Journal of Legal Information 35, no. 3 (2007): 514–36. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0731126500002481.
Administration of Muslim Law Act 1966. This revised edition incorporates all amendments up to and including 1 December 2021 and comes into operation on 31 December 2021 (Administration of Muslim Law Act 1966 December 31, 2021).
Ali, Ahmad. Menguak Teori Hukum (Legal Theory), Dan Teori Peradilan (Judicialprudence), Termasuk Interpretasi Undang-Undang (Legisprudence). Jakarta: Kecana, 2017.
Amin Summa, Muhammad. Hukum Keluarga Islam Di Dunia Islam. Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Persada, 2004.
Aprita, Serlika, and Yonani Hasyim. Hukum Dan Hak Asasi Manusia. Jakarta: Mitra Wacana Media, 2020.
Aristoni, Aristoni. “4 DEKADE HUKUM PERKAWINAN DI INDONESIA: MENELISIK PROBLEMATIKA HUKUM DALAM PERKAWINAN DI ERA MODERNISASI.” Yudisia: Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Dan Hukum Islam 7, no. 1 (2016): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v7i1.2133.
“Dispensasi /Dis·pen·sa·si/ /Dispénsasi/ Artinya Pengecualian Dari Aturan Karena Adanya Pertimbangan Yang Khusus; Pembebasan Dari Suatu Kewajiban Atau Larangan, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online.,” n.d.
Eko Prasetio, Dicky, and et.al. Filsafat Hukum Pancasila (Kajian Filsafat, Hukum, Dan Politik). Jakarta: Kreasi Cendekia Pustaka (KCP), 2020.
Encik, Muhammad Fauzan. Dasar-Dasar Perundang-Undanagan Di Indonesia. Malang: Setara Press, 2020.
Fuady, Munir. Teori Negara Hukum Modern (Rechstaat). 2nd ed. Bandung: Refika Aditama, 2011.
Habiburrahman. “Permasalahan Hukum Perkawinan Dalam Praktek Pengadilan Agama.” Presented at the Mahkamah Agung, Jakarta, September 18, 2021.
Hamidi, Jazim. Pedoman Praktis Pembentukan Peraturan Daerah Partisipatif. Jakarta: Prestasi Pustaka Publiser, 2008.
Ibrahim, Jhonny. Teori Dan Metode Penelitian Hukum Normatif. Malang: Bayumedia, 2006.
“In Accordance with Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010, Which Stated That Article 43(1) ‘a Child Born Outside of Marriage Only Has a Civil Relationship with Their Mother and the Mother’s Family’ Is in Contradiction with the 1945 Constitution. This Can Be Applied as Long as It Is Understood That It Does Not Eliminate the Civil Relationship with the Man Who Can Be Proven, Based on Science and Technology and/or Other Legal Evidence, to Have a Blood Relationship as the Father.,” n.d.
Kaharudin. Nilai-Nilai Filosofi Perkawinan Menurut Perkawinan Islam Dan Undang-Undang RI Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 Tentang Perkawinan. Jakarta: Mitra Wacana Media, 2015.
Khusen, Moh. Pembaharuan Hukum Keluarga Di Negara Muslim. Salatiga: Jawa Tengah: STAIN Salatiga Press, 2012.
Lestari, Novita. “PROBLEMATIKA HUKUM PERKAWINAN DI INDONESIA.” Jurnal Ilmiah Mizani: Wacana Hukum, Ekonomi Dan Keagamaan 4, no. 1 (July 7, 2018). https://doi.org/10.29300/mzn.v4i1.1009.
Mardi, Candra. Pembaruan Hukum Dispensasi Kawin, Dalam System Hukum Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Kencana, 2021.
Marius Bo, Eduardus. Teori Negara Hukum Dan Kedaulatan Rakyat. Malang: Setara Press, 2019.
MD, Moh. Mahfud. Politik Hukum Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Persada, 2014.
Nik Wajis, Nik Rahim, Mualimin Mochammad Sahid, Mohamad Ismail Mohamad Yunus, and Nurliyana Shahira Baharli. “PERKAHWINAN KANAK-KANAK DI MALAYSIA: HAD UMUR MINIMUM DAN IMPLIKASINYA: CHILDREN’S MARRIAGE IN MALAYSIA: MINIMUM AGE LIMIT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS.” Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law 8, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 15–30. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol8no2.252.
Prawirohamidjojo, R. Soetojo, and Soebijono Tjitrowinoto. Pluralisme Dalam Perundang-Undangan Perkawinan Di Indonesia. 5th ed. Surabaya: Pusat Penerbitan dan Pencetakan Unair, 2012.
Rahardjo, Satjipto. Ilmu Hukum. Bandung: Alumni, 1982.
Regarding the norms regulating the age limit, in several decisions (Decision No. 49/PUU-IX/2011, Decision No. 37-39/PUU-VIII/2010, and Decision No. 15/PUU-V/2007), the Constitutional Court has considered that the minimum age limit is an open legal policy that can be amended by lawmakers at any time, depending on the needs and developments of the time. This matter is fully within the authority of the legislators, and whatever their choice, it is not prohibited as long as it does not conflict with the 1945 Constitution. (Undang-undang 2011).
Saleh, See K. Wantjik. Hukum Perkawinan Indonesia. 8th ed. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 1987.
Salim, Erlies Septiana Nurbani. Perbandingan Hukum Perdata, Comparative Civil Law. Depok: Rajagrafindo Persada, 2022.
Section 1 ayat (1) Family law Reform Act. “Section 1 Ayat (1) Family Law Reform Act.” Yang berbunyi : As from the date on which this section comes into force a person shall attain full age on attaining the age of eighteen instead of on attaining the age of twenty-one; and a person shall attain full age on that date if he has then already attained the age of eighteen but not the age of twenty-one, 1969. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1969/46/section/1.
Supriyadi, Dedi, and Mustofa. Perbandingan Hukum Perkawinan Islam Di Dunia Islam. Bandung: Pustaka Al-Fikriis, 2009.
Syahrus Sikti, Ahmad. Hukum Perlindungan Perempuan Konsep Dan Teori. 1st ed. Yogyakarta: UII Press, 2020.
“The Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia, Concerning the Civil Case Appeal Regarding the Joint Property (Gono Gini) Lawsuit Filed by Andi Laerang against the Respondent, Raga Daeng Kule. The Supreme Court Rejected the Appeal and Upheld the Previous Court Decision (Tarakan).,” n.d.
“The Wording of Article 16(2): The Officials Designated as Referred to in Paragraph (1) of This Article Shall Be Further Regulated by Legislation,” n.d.
Turnip, Ibnu Radwan Siddik, Zainul Fuad, and Nurhayati Nurhayati. “The Current Development of Marriage Age Provisions in Indonesia and Malaysia: A Socio-Historical Approach.” Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir’ah 20, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 105. https://doi.org/10.30984/jis.v20i1.1813.
Waluyo, Bambang. Penegakan Hukum Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2017.
Wijayanti, Winda. Hukum Perkawinan Dan Dinamikanya. 1st ed. Depok: Rajagrafindo Persada, 2021.
Laws and Regulations
The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
Law Nunber 1 of 1974 Concerning Marriage
Abdullah, Raihana. “A Study of Islamic Family Law in Malaysia: A Select Bibliography.” International Journal of Legal Information 35, no. 3 (2007): 514–36. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0731126500002481.
Administration of Muslim Law Act 1966. This revised edition incorporates all amendments up to and including 1 December 2021 and comes into operation on 31 December 2021 (Administration of Muslim Law Act 1966 December 31, 2021).
Ali, Ahmad. Menguak Teori Hukum (Legal Theory), Dan Teori Peradilan (Judicialprudence), Termasuk Interpretasi Undang-Undang (Legisprudence). Jakarta: Kecana, 2017.
Amin Summa, Muhammad. Hukum Keluarga Islam Di Dunia Islam. Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Persada, 2004.
Aprita, Serlika, and Yonani Hasyim. Hukum Dan Hak Asasi Manusia. Jakarta: Mitra Wacana Media, 2020.
Aristoni, Aristoni. “4 DEKADE HUKUM PERKAWINAN DI INDONESIA: MENELISIK PROBLEMATIKA HUKUM DALAM PERKAWINAN DI ERA MODERNISASI.” Yudisia: Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Dan Hukum Islam 7, no. 1 (2016): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v7i1.2133.
“Dispensasi /Dis·pen·sa·si/ /Dispénsasi/ Artinya Pengecualian Dari Aturan Karena Adanya Pertimbangan Yang Khusus; Pembebasan Dari Suatu Kewajiban Atau Larangan, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online.,” n.d.
Eko Prasetio, Dicky, and et.al. Filsafat Hukum Pancasila (Kajian Filsafat, Hukum, Dan Politik). Jakarta: Kreasi Cendekia Pustaka (KCP), 2020.
Encik, Muhammad Fauzan. Dasar-Dasar Perundang-Undanagan Di Indonesia. Malang: Setara Press, 2020.
Fuady, Munir. Teori Negara Hukum Modern (Rechstaat). 2nd ed. Bandung: Refika Aditama, 2011.
Habiburrahman. “Permasalahan Hukum Perkawinan Dalam Praktek Pengadilan Agama.” Presented at the Mahkamah Agung, Jakarta, September 18, 2021.
Hamidi, Jazim. Pedoman Praktis Pembentukan Peraturan Daerah Partisipatif. Jakarta: Prestasi Pustaka Publiser, 2008.
Ibrahim, Jhonny. Teori Dan Metode Penelitian Hukum Normatif. Malang: Bayumedia, 2006.
“In Accordance with Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010, Which Stated That Article 43(1) ‘a Child Born Outside of Marriage Only Has a Civil Relationship with Their Mother and the Mother’s Family’ Is in Contradiction with the 1945 Constitution. This Can Be Applied as Long as It Is Understood That It Does Not Eliminate the Civil Relationship with the Man Who Can Be Proven, Based on Science and Technology and/or Other Legal Evidence, to Have a Blood Relationship as the Father.,” n.d.
Kaharudin. Nilai-Nilai Filosofi Perkawinan Menurut Perkawinan Islam Dan Undang-Undang RI Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 Tentang Perkawinan. Jakarta: Mitra Wacana Media, 2015.
Khusen, Moh. Pembaharuan Hukum Keluarga Di Negara Muslim. Salatiga: Jawa Tengah: STAIN Salatiga Press, 2012.
Lestari, Novita. “PROBLEMATIKA HUKUM PERKAWINAN DI INDONESIA.” Jurnal Ilmiah Mizani: Wacana Hukum, Ekonomi Dan Keagamaan 4, no. 1 (July 7, 2018). https://doi.org/10.29300/mzn.v4i1.1009.
Mardi, Candra. Pembaruan Hukum Dispensasi Kawin, Dalam System Hukum Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Kencana, 2021.
Marius Bo, Eduardus. Teori Negara Hukum Dan Kedaulatan Rakyat. Malang: Setara Press, 2019.
MD, Moh. Mahfud. Politik Hukum Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Persada, 2014.
Nik Wajis, Nik Rahim, Mualimin Mochammad Sahid, Mohamad Ismail Mohamad Yunus, and Nurliyana Shahira Baharli. “PERKAHWINAN KANAK-KANAK DI MALAYSIA: HAD UMUR MINIMUM DAN IMPLIKASINYA: CHILDREN’S MARRIAGE IN MALAYSIA: MINIMUM AGE LIMIT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS.” Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law 8, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 15–30. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol8no2.252.
Prawirohamidjojo, R. Soetojo, and Soebijono Tjitrowinoto. Pluralisme Dalam Perundang-Undangan Perkawinan Di Indonesia. 5th ed. Surabaya: Pusat Penerbitan dan Pencetakan Unair, 2012.
Rahardjo, Satjipto. Ilmu Hukum. Bandung: Alumni, 1982.
Regarding the norms regulating the age limit, in several decisions (Decision No. 49/PUU-IX/2011, Decision No. 37-39/PUU-VIII/2010, and Decision No. 15/PUU-V/2007), the Constitutional Court has considered that the minimum age limit is an open legal policy that can be amended by lawmakers at any time, depending on the needs and developments of the time. This matter is fully within the authority of the legislators, and whatever their choice, it is not prohibited as long as it does not conflict with the 1945 Constitution. (Undang-undang 2011).
Saleh, See K. Wantjik. Hukum Perkawinan Indonesia. 8th ed. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 1987.
Salim, Erlies Septiana Nurbani. Perbandingan Hukum Perdata, Comparative Civil Law. Depok: Rajagrafindo Persada, 2022.
Section 1 ayat (1) Family law Reform Act. “Section 1 Ayat (1) Family Law Reform Act.” Yang berbunyi : As from the date on which this section comes into force a person shall attain full age on attaining the age of eighteen instead of on attaining the age of twenty-one; and a person shall attain full age on that date if he has then already attained the age of eighteen but not the age of twenty-one, 1969. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1969/46/section/1.
Supriyadi, Dedi, and Mustofa. Perbandingan Hukum Perkawinan Islam Di Dunia Islam. Bandung: Pustaka Al-Fikriis, 2009.
Syahrus Sikti, Ahmad. Hukum Perlindungan Perempuan Konsep Dan Teori. 1st ed. Yogyakarta: UII Press, 2020.
“The Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia, Concerning the Civil Case Appeal Regarding the Joint Property (Gono Gini) Lawsuit Filed by Andi Laerang against the Respondent, Raga Daeng Kule. The Supreme Court Rejected the Appeal and Upheld the Previous Court Decision (Tarakan).,” n.d.
“The Wording of Article 16(2): The Officials Designated as Referred to in Paragraph (1) of This Article Shall Be Further Regulated by Legislation,” n.d.
Turnip, Ibnu Radwan Siddik, Zainul Fuad, and Nurhayati Nurhayati. “The Current Development of Marriage Age Provisions in Indonesia and Malaysia: A Socio-Historical Approach.” Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir’ah 20, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 105. https://doi.org/10.30984/jis.v20i1.1813.
Waluyo, Bambang. Penegakan Hukum Di Indonesia. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2017.
Wijayanti, Winda. Hukum Perkawinan Dan Dinamikanya. 1st ed. Depok: Rajagrafindo Persada, 2021.
Laws and Regulations
The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
Law Nunber 1 of 1974 Concerning Marriage
Published
2025-01-03
How to Cite
NURUDDIN, Nuruddin; JANNAH, Aisyah Wardatul.
A Constitutional Review of Indonesia’s Marriage Law: Legal Reconstruction and Human Rights Considerations in Law No. 1 of 1974.
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal), [S.l.], v. 13, n. 4, p. 913-928, jan. 2025.
ISSN 2502-3101.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jmhu/article/view/119537>. Date accessed: 09 jan. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/JMHU.2024.v13.i04.p12.
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Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law of Journal) by Faculty of Law Udayana University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
