Protection of Corporate Whistleblowers in the Digital Age: A Critical Analysis of Current Indonesian Frameworks
Abstract
Corporate whistleblowing plays a key role in ensuring transparency in Indonesian businesses. While the advent of digital technology can help improve the mechanism of corporate whistleblowing, this development still brings its own risks, particularly regarding the privacy of whistleblowers, which can significantly heighten risk of retaliations. This research aims to address the legal adequacy of Indonesia in ensuring the protection of corporate whistleblowers in the digital age, using normative legal research method and statutory approach. Findings of this research highlights the normative uncertainties and disharmony in the realm of witness protection, such as the lack of direct acknowledgement of corporate whistleblowers and the lack of supportive mechanism of digital corporate whistleblowing. In the digital context, there is a lack of mechanisms and compliance to address unique challenges that could arise in digital corporate whistleblowing, in the realm of data privacy. This research proposes a model of legal development consisting of key normative aspects that can be utilized to improve the relevant legal frameworks in Indonesia.
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References
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El-Kassar, Abdul Nasser, Leila Canaan Messarra, and Walid Elgammal. “Effects of Ethical Practices on Corporate Governance in Developing Countries: Evidence from Lebanon and Egypt.” Corporate Ownership and Control 12, no. 3 (2015): 494–504. https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i3c5p1.
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Latan, Hengky, Charbel Jose Chiappetta Jabbour, and Ana Beatriz Lopes de Sousa Jabbour. “Social Media as a Form of Virtual Whistleblowing: Empirical Evidence for Elements of the Diamond Model.” Journal of Business Ethics 174, no. 3 (2021): 529–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04598-y.
Marcum, Tanya M., Jacob A. Young, and Ethan T. Kirner. “Blowing the Whistle in the Digital Age: Are You Really Anonymous? The Perils and Pitfalls of Anonymity in Whistleblowing Law.” DePaul Business and Commercial Law Journal 17, no. 1 (2019): 1–38. https://via.library.depaul.edu/bclj/vol17/iss1/1/.
Mechtenberg, Lydia, Gerd Muehlheusser, and Andreas Roider. “Whistleblower Protection: Theory and Experimental Evidence.” European Economic Review 126 (2020): 1–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103447.
Melis, Rachel. “Anonymity Versus Privacy in a Control Society.” Journal of Critical Library and Information Studies 2, no. 2 (2019): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.24242/jclis.v2i2.75.
Mulyadi, Dudung. “Efektivitas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pelindungan Saksi Dan Korban.” Jurnal Ilmiah Galuh Justisi 4, no. 1 (2016): 15–26. https://doi.org/10.25157/jigj.v4i1.408.
Ogungbamila, Bolanle, Bamidele Emmanuel Osamika, and Emmanuel Dada Job. “Whistleblowing and Corrupt Tendencies among Selected Employees in Three Public Organizations: Roles of Corruption Tolerance, Punishment Anxiety, and Neutralization.” Journal of Management Studies and Development 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2024): 95–119. https://doi.org/10.56741/jmsd.v3i02.535.
Olesen, Thomas. “Whistleblowing in a Time of Digital (in)Visibility: Towards a Sociology of ‘Grey Areas.’” Information Communication and Society 52, no. 2 (2020): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1787484.
Park, Heungsik, Brita Bjørkelo, and John Blenkinsopp. “External Whistleblowers’ Experiences of Workplace Bullying by Superiors and Colleagues.” Journal of Business Ethics 161, no. 3 (2020): 591–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3936-9.
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Sari, Kintan Kartika. “Whistleblowing System: The Effective Solution to Prevent Financial Accounting Fraud?” Owner 8, no. 2 (March 31, 2024): 1746–58. https://doi.org/10.33395/owner.v8i2.2316.
Sartika, Husna, Eddy Purnama, and Ilyas Ismail. “Standard Patterns of Considerations in Law, District Regulation and Qanun Based on Legal Rules in Indonesia.” Pancasila and Law Review 2, no. 2 (2021): 121–32. https://doi.org/10.25041/plr.v2i2.2446.
Sehgal, Rakesh Kumar, and R L Koul. “Mitigating White Collar Crimes: A Governance Reform Agenda.” In Facets of Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility in India, edited by Harpreet Kaur, 33–47. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4076-3_3.
Sugiarto, Totok. “Analisis Terhadap Kebijakan Kriminal Dalam Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Ekonomi Indonesia.” Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum 5, no. 2 (2014): 219–33. https://jurnal.unmer.ac.id/index.php/jch/article/view/745.
Tan, David. “Metode Penelitian Hukum: Mengupas Dan Mengulas Metodologi Dalam Menyelenggarakan Penelitian Hukum.” NUSANTARA: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial 8, no. 8 (2021): 2463–78. http://jurnal.um-tapsel.ac.id/index.php/nusantara/article/view/5601.
Usman, Halim, and Yohanes Rura. “Pengaruh Personal Cost Dan Pemberian Reward Terhadap Tindakan Whistleblowing.” Equilibrium 10, no. 1 (2021): 1–8. https://journal.stiem.ac.id/index.php/jureq/article/view/640.
Yudhanto, Wildan, and Alex Johanes Simamora. “Environmental, Social, and Governance Risk on Firm Performance: The Mediating Role of Firm Risk.” Binus Business Review 14, no. 2 (2023): 223–34. https://doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v14i2.8935.
Zyhrii, Olha, Yuliia Trufanova, Liliia Parashchuk, Nadiia Sampara, and Iryna Tsvigun. “Law and Technology: The Impact of Innovations on the Legal System and Its Regulation.” Social and Legal Studios 6, no. 4 (2023): 267–75. https://doi.org/10.32518/sals4.2023.267.
Adil, Muhammad, Mediaty, and Haliah. “Accountability and Transparency in the Public and Private Sector.” International Journal Of Humanities Education and Social Sciences (IJHESS) 1, no. 6 (2022): 857–62. https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v1i6.167.
Auriol, Emmanuelle, Erling Hjelmeng, and Tina Søreide. “Corporate Criminals in a Market Context: Enforcement and Optimal Sanctions.” European Journal of Law and Economics 56, no. 2 (2023): 225–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-023-09773-w.
Brand, Vivienne. “Corporate Whistleblowing, Smart Regulation and Regtech: The Coming of the Whistlebot?” University of New South Wales Law Journal 43, no. 3 (2020): 801–26. https://doi.org/10.53637/rplt3947.
Briando, Bobby, Sri Kuncoro Bawono, and Tony Mirwanto. “DIMENSION OF WHISTLEBLOWING SYSTEM: URGENSITY OF LEGISLATION STRENGTHENING.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan 8, no. 3 (2019): 371–90. https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.8.3.2019.371-390.
Bron, Ian. “Square Peg in a Round Hole? Three Case Studies into Institutional Factors Affecting Public Service Whistleblowing Regimes in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia.” Carleton University, 2022. 10.22215/etd/2022-15155.
Culiberg, Barbara, and Katarina Katja Mihelič. “The Evolution of Whistleblowing Studies: A Critical Review and Research Agenda.” Journal of Business Ethics 146, no. 4 (2017): 787–803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3237-0.
Dabee, Nadia. “How to Regulate the Due Diligence Duties of Officers under the Health and Safety at Work Act 2015.” Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 51, no. 3 (2020): 379–412. https://doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v51i3.6609.
Daffa Abiyoga. “Studi Pemetaan Hukum Tindak Pidana Ekonomi Di Indonesia.” COURT REVIEW: Jurnal Penelitian Hukum 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.69957/cr.v1i1.15.
Dhamija, Sanjay. “Whistleblower Policy— Time to Make It Mandatory.” Global Business Review 15, no. 4 (2014): 833–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150914535142.
Dianta, Dedon. “Urgensi Penegakan Hukum E-Commerce Di Indonesia: Sebuah Tinjauan Yuridis.” Arus Jurnal Sosial Dan Humaniora 3, no. 1 (2023): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.57250/ajsh.v3i1.173.
Disemadi, Hari Sutra. “Lenses of Legal Research: A Descriptive Essay on Legal Research Methodologies.” Journal of Judicial Review 24, no. 2 (2022): 289–304. https://doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v24i2.7280.
Dussuyer, Inez, and Russell G. Smith. “Understanding and Responding to Victimisation of Whistleblowers.” Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice. Canberra, 2018. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti118239.
El-Kassar, Abdul Nasser, Leila Canaan Messarra, and Walid Elgammal. “Effects of Ethical Practices on Corporate Governance in Developing Countries: Evidence from Lebanon and Egypt.” Corporate Ownership and Control 12, no. 3 (2015): 494–504. https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i3c5p1.
Elisabeth, Ester Johana, and Wiwik Afifah. “Kesesuaian SEMA Nomor 4 Tahun 2011 Yang Mengatur Eksistensi Whistleblower Dan Justice Collaborator Terhadap Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2010.” Bureaucracy Journal: Indonesia Journal of Law and Social-Political Governance 3, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 1651–64. https://doi.org/10.53363/bureau.v3i2.271.
Erin, Olayinka, and Omololu Adex Bamigboye. “Does Whistleblowing Framework Influence Earnings Management? An Empirical Investigation.” International Journal of Disclosure and Governance 17, no. 2 (2020): 111–22. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41310-020-00078-x.
Erp, Judith van. “The Organization of Corporate Crime: Introduction to Special Issue of Administrative Sciences.” Administrative Sciences 8, no. 3 (2018): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci8030036.
Fauzi, Elfian, and Nabila Alif Radika Shandy. “Hak Atas Privasi Dan Politik Hukum Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 Tentang Pelindungan Data Pribadi.” Jurnal Lex Renaissance 7, no. 3 (2022): 445–61. https://doi.org/10.20885/jlr.vol7.iss3.art1.
Fernandes, Maria Francisca da Costa. “Whistleblowing Disclosure in Leading Sustainable Corporations: A Content Analysis of Whistleblowing Policies.” Católica Porto Business School, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/39437.
Hanisch, Marvin, Curtis M Goldsby, Nicolai E Fabian, and Jana Oehmichen. “Digital Governance: A Conceptual Framework and Research Agenda.” Journal of Business Research 162 (2023): 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113777.
Hidvégi, Fanny, and Rita Zágoni. “How Technology Enhances the Right to Privacy – A Case Study on the Right to Hide Project of the Hungarian Civil Liberties Union.” Journal of National Security Law & Policy 8, no. 3 (July 21, 2016): 531–51. https://jnslp.com/2016/07/21/technology-enhances-right-privacy-case-study-right-hide-project-hungarian-civil-liberties-union/.
Latan, Hengky, Charbel Jose Chiappetta Jabbour, and Ana Beatriz Lopes de Sousa Jabbour. “Social Media as a Form of Virtual Whistleblowing: Empirical Evidence for Elements of the Diamond Model.” Journal of Business Ethics 174, no. 3 (2021): 529–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04598-y.
Marcum, Tanya M., Jacob A. Young, and Ethan T. Kirner. “Blowing the Whistle in the Digital Age: Are You Really Anonymous? The Perils and Pitfalls of Anonymity in Whistleblowing Law.” DePaul Business and Commercial Law Journal 17, no. 1 (2019): 1–38. https://via.library.depaul.edu/bclj/vol17/iss1/1/.
Mechtenberg, Lydia, Gerd Muehlheusser, and Andreas Roider. “Whistleblower Protection: Theory and Experimental Evidence.” European Economic Review 126 (2020): 1–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103447.
Melis, Rachel. “Anonymity Versus Privacy in a Control Society.” Journal of Critical Library and Information Studies 2, no. 2 (2019): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.24242/jclis.v2i2.75.
Mulyadi, Dudung. “Efektivitas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pelindungan Saksi Dan Korban.” Jurnal Ilmiah Galuh Justisi 4, no. 1 (2016): 15–26. https://doi.org/10.25157/jigj.v4i1.408.
Ogungbamila, Bolanle, Bamidele Emmanuel Osamika, and Emmanuel Dada Job. “Whistleblowing and Corrupt Tendencies among Selected Employees in Three Public Organizations: Roles of Corruption Tolerance, Punishment Anxiety, and Neutralization.” Journal of Management Studies and Development 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2024): 95–119. https://doi.org/10.56741/jmsd.v3i02.535.
Olesen, Thomas. “Whistleblowing in a Time of Digital (in)Visibility: Towards a Sociology of ‘Grey Areas.’” Information Communication and Society 52, no. 2 (2020): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1787484.
Park, Heungsik, Brita Bjørkelo, and John Blenkinsopp. “External Whistleblowers’ Experiences of Workplace Bullying by Superiors and Colleagues.” Journal of Business Ethics 161, no. 3 (2020): 591–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3936-9.
Pusok, Krisztina. “Public-Private Partnerships and Corruption in the Water and Sanitation Sectors in Developing Countries.” Political Research Quarterly 69, no. 4 (2016): 678–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916658552.
Salvo, Philip Di. “Securing Whistleblowing in the Digital Age: SecureDrop and the Changing Journalistic Practices for Source Protection.” Digital Journalism 9, no. 4 (2021): 443–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1889384.
Sampson, Steven. “Citizen Duty or Stasi Society? Whistleblowing and Disclosure Regimes in Organizations and Communities.” Ephemera 19, no. 4 (2019): 777–806. https://ephemerajournal.org/contribution/citizen-duty-or-stasi-society-whistleblowing-and-disclosure-regimes-organizations-and-0.
Saputra, Roni, and Totok Dwi Diantoro. “Implementasi Dan Pengaturan Valuasi Kerugian Ekologis Dalam Perhitungan Kerugian Negara Di Perkara Korupsi Sektor Industri Ekstraktif.” Policy Paper. Jakarta Selatan, June 24, 2024. https://icw.or.id/Zre9.
Sari, Kintan Kartika. “Whistleblowing System: The Effective Solution to Prevent Financial Accounting Fraud?” Owner 8, no. 2 (March 31, 2024): 1746–58. https://doi.org/10.33395/owner.v8i2.2316.
Sartika, Husna, Eddy Purnama, and Ilyas Ismail. “Standard Patterns of Considerations in Law, District Regulation and Qanun Based on Legal Rules in Indonesia.” Pancasila and Law Review 2, no. 2 (2021): 121–32. https://doi.org/10.25041/plr.v2i2.2446.
Sehgal, Rakesh Kumar, and R L Koul. “Mitigating White Collar Crimes: A Governance Reform Agenda.” In Facets of Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility in India, edited by Harpreet Kaur, 33–47. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4076-3_3.
Sugiarto, Totok. “Analisis Terhadap Kebijakan Kriminal Dalam Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Ekonomi Indonesia.” Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum 5, no. 2 (2014): 219–33. https://jurnal.unmer.ac.id/index.php/jch/article/view/745.
Tan, David. “Metode Penelitian Hukum: Mengupas Dan Mengulas Metodologi Dalam Menyelenggarakan Penelitian Hukum.” NUSANTARA: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial 8, no. 8 (2021): 2463–78. http://jurnal.um-tapsel.ac.id/index.php/nusantara/article/view/5601.
Usman, Halim, and Yohanes Rura. “Pengaruh Personal Cost Dan Pemberian Reward Terhadap Tindakan Whistleblowing.” Equilibrium 10, no. 1 (2021): 1–8. https://journal.stiem.ac.id/index.php/jureq/article/view/640.
Yudhanto, Wildan, and Alex Johanes Simamora. “Environmental, Social, and Governance Risk on Firm Performance: The Mediating Role of Firm Risk.” Binus Business Review 14, no. 2 (2023): 223–34. https://doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v14i2.8935.
Zyhrii, Olha, Yuliia Trufanova, Liliia Parashchuk, Nadiia Sampara, and Iryna Tsvigun. “Law and Technology: The Impact of Innovations on the Legal System and Its Regulation.” Social and Legal Studios 6, no. 4 (2023): 267–75. https://doi.org/10.32518/sals4.2023.267.
Published
2024-11-25
How to Cite
TANTIMIN, Tantimin; HUTAURUK, Rufinus Hotmaulana; TAN, David.
Protection of Corporate Whistleblowers in the Digital Age: A Critical Analysis of Current Indonesian Frameworks.
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal), [S.l.], v. 13, n. 3, p. 681-697, nov. 2024.
ISSN 2502-3101.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jmhu/article/view/118311>. Date accessed: 31 jan. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/JMHU.2024.v13.i03.p11..
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law of Journal) by Faculty of Law Udayana University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
