Kepatuhan Hukum Indonesia terhadap Pelaksanaan Chemical Weapons Convention dalam Memitigasi Ancaman Terorisme Berbasis Senjata Kimia
Abstract
This research aims to critically examine the institutionalization of the Chemical Weapons Convention (the Convention) particularly for its effective implementation, coordination, and procedure among institutions since Indonesia ratified in 1998. It has significance since Indonesia is very prone to imminent threats of chemical terrorism attacks due to its geographical features, openness of information technology, and religious sentiments.
This research is conducted by normative legal research revealing secondary data on who have authorities and how they carry out legal obligations determined by the Convention in Indonesia in terms of institutionalization, coordination, preventive procedures, and punishment. In this regard, clarity and robust institutionalization as mandated by the Convention are two determining elements perceived as peremptory norms that should be observed.
It reveals that national institutionalization needs to be improved by increasing public participation in order to know who are the leading ministries and institutions to detect, protect and anticipate chemical terrorism in Indonesia as well as legitimate aims, authorities, and allocation of available resources. At the same time, the public shall be disseminated by relevant information regarding policies, programs, and actions on how they react to chemical terrorism threats in order to mitigate risks and lack of resources once they deal with such imminent threats.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Buku:
Andreopoulos, G. J., Berberet, R. L., dan Nalla, M. K. (2018), The Rule of Law in A Change Era: Response to Transnational Challenges and Threats. New York: Springer.
Arief, B. N. (2008). Bunga Rampai Kebijakan Hukum Pidana. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group.
Atmawiria, S. S. (1968). Pengantar Hukum Internasional. Bandung: Alumni.
Bennet, A. L. (1991). International Organization (5th. Edition.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Blakesley, C.L. (1986). “Extraterritorial Jurisdiction”. Dalam M.C. Bassiouni (ed.), International Criminal Law Procedure. New York: Transnational Publishers.
Bowett, D. W. (1995). Hukum Organisasi Internasional. Alih bahasa oleh B. I. Djajaatmadja. Bandung: Sinar Grafika.
Burgstaller, M. (2005). Theories of Compliance with International Law. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publisher.
Byrens, M. E., King, D. A., dan Tierno, P. M. (2003). Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Emergency Response and Public Protection. London: Lewis Publisher.
Clark, I. (2005). Legitimacy in International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Collier, J. & Law, V. (1999). The Settlement of Disputes in International Law Institutions and Procedures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
DeMille, D. (1989). The Control of Chemical and Biological Weapon (CBW) - Strengthening International Verification and Compliance. Toronto: Canadian Institute for International Peace and Security.
Efendi, M. (2014). Teori Hukum dari Perspektif Kebijakan, Perbandingan, dan Harmonisasi Hukum Pidana. Jakarta: Referensi.
Elagab, O. & Elagab, J. (1997). International Law Documents Relating to Terrorism. London: Routledge-Cavendish.
Ferrandiz, F. & Robben, A. C. G. M. (Eds.). (2007). Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Peace and Conflicts Research A View From Europe. Bilbao: University of Deusto.
Finnemore, M. (1996). National Interests in International Society, Cornell Studies in International Economy. New York: Cornell University Press.
Green, L. C. (1993). The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Guzman, A. (2008). How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hannikainen, L. (1988). Peremptory Norms (Jus Cogens) in International Law. Helsinki: Finnish Lawyers Publishing Company.
Hebel, H. v. & Robinson, D. (1999) “Crimes Within the Court”. Dalam R. S. Lee, The International Criminal Court, The Making of the Rome Statute: Issues, Negotiations and Results, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publisher.
Howe, B. (2018). National Security, State Centricity, and Governance in East Asia. Seoul: Palgrave McMillan.
Istanto, F. S. (1994). Hukum Internasional. Yogyakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta.
Jaholden. (2021). Reformulasi Hukum Pidana di Indonesia. Sumatera Utara: Budapest International Research And Critics University.
Kelsen, H. (2011). Teori Hukum Murni, Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Hukum Normatif. Bandung: Nusa Media. Terjemahan dari Kelsen, H. (1978). Pure Theory of Law. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Krutzsch, W. (2014). The Chemical Weapons Convention: A Commentary, Oxford Commentaries on International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Leira, H. & Græger, N. (2019). “Introduction, The Duty of Care in International Relations”. Dalam N. Græger dan H. Leira, The Duty of Care in International Relations: Protecting Citizens Beyond the Border. London & New York: Routledge.
McCoubrey, H. & White, N. D. (1992). International Law and Armed Conflict. Hanover: Dartmouth.
Mertokusumo, S. (1996). Penemuan Hukum: Sebuah Pengantar. Yogyakarta: Liberty.
Meyer, L. et.al. (2003). Rights, Culture, and the Law: Themes from the Legal and Political Philosophy of Joseph Raz. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Monov, A. & Divoski, C. (2005). Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Terrorisms: Chemical Terrorisms and Traumatism. Publishing House of the Union of Scientists in Bulgaria.
Peerenboom, R. P. (2004). “Varieties of Rule of Law: An Introduction and Provisional Conclusion”. Dalam R. P. Peerenboom (Ed.), Asian Discourse of Rule of Law, Theories and Implementation of Rule of Law in Twelve Asian Countries, France and the US. London & New York: Routledge.
Price, R. (1997). The Chemical Weapons Taboo. New York: Cornell University Press.
Roberts, A. & Guelff, R. (2000). Documents on the Law of War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rosenne, S. (1999) Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rozakis, C. L. (1976). The Concept of Jus Cogens in the Law of Treaties. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.
Samekto, F. X. A. (2012). Ilmu Hukum Dalam Perkembangan Pemikiran Menuju Post-Modernisme. Bandar Lampung: Indepth Publishing.
Sassoli, M. & Bouvier, A. (1999). How Does Law Protect in War? Cases, Documents and Teaching Materials on Contemporary Practice in International Humanitarian Law. ICRC.
Schermers, H. G. & Blokker, N. M. (2003). International Institutional Law (4th Edition). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Schindler, D. & Toman, J. (1988). The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents. Brill Nijhoff.
Shang, L., Dando, M., dan Crowley, M. (2018). Preventing Chemical Weapons: Arms Control and Disarmament as the Sciences Converge. United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Subroto, H. (2009). Sintong Panjaitan: Perjalanan Prajurit Para Komando. Jakarta: Kompas Media Nusantara.
Syamsudin, A. (2011). Tindak Pidana Khusus. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.
Sztucki, J. (1974). Jus Cogens and the Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties. New York: Springer.
Thakur, R. C. & Haru, E. (2006). The Chemical Weapons Convention: Implementation, Challenges and Opportunities. Tokyo: United Nations University.
Thamrin, M. I. (2007). Densus 88 Undercover: Menyikap Misteri Dibalik Kinerja Densus 88 Dalam Menangkap Para Tersangka Teroris. Solo: Quo Vadis.
Trapp, R. (2018). “The Future Chemical Weapons Convention-Out-dated Model or CWC 2.0”. Dalam M. Crowley, M. Dando dan L. Shang, Preventing Chemical Weapons: Arms Control and Disarmament as the Sciences Converge. London: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Tu, A. (2018). Chemical and Biological Weapons and Terrorism. Florida: CRC Press (Taylor and Francis Group).
UN Secretary-General. (2004), The Rule of Law and Sekretaris Jenderal PBB, Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies. New York: United Nations.
UN Secretary-General. (2008). Guidance Note of the Secretary General: United Nations Approach to Rule of Law Assistance. New York: United Nations.
UNODC. (2016). The International Legal Framework Against Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Terrorism. Vienna: United Nations Office.
Zaidan, M. A. (2016). Kebijakan Kriminal. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.
Zeidy, M. M. E. (2008). The Principle of Complementarity in International Criminal Law: Origin, Development and Practice. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Jurnal:
Allot, P. (1999). “The Concept of International Law”. European Journal of International Law, 10(1), 31-50. Doi: doi.org/10.1093/ejil/10.1.31.
Anakotta, M. Y., Ubrwarin, E. B., dan Gukguk, R. G. R. (2021). “Analisis Penangkapan Terduga Teroris oleh Detasemen Khusus 88 Anti-Teror dari Perspektif Penegakan Hukum-Joseph Goldstein”. Journal of Judicial Review, 23(1), 1-16. Doi: doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v23i1.4346.
Aprianto, A. (2022). “Relevansi Monisme dan Dualisme bagi Pemberlakuan Perjanjian Internasional di Indonesia”. Jurnal Konstitusi, 19(3), 580-605.
Asada, M. (2014). “The OPCW’s Arrangements for Missed Destruction Deadlines Under the Chemical Weapons Convention: An Informal Noncompliance Procedure”. American Journal of International Law, 108(3), 448-474. Doi: doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.108.3.0448.
Balali-Mood, M., et.al. (2008). “Impact of scientific developments on the Chemical Weapons Convention (IUPAC Technical Report)”. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 80(1), 175-200. Doi: doi.org/10.1351/pac200880010175.
Bassiouni, M. C. (1990). “A Factual Approach to “General Principles of International Law”. Michigan Journal of International Law, 11, 801-809.
Cipolat, U. A. (2000). “The New Chemical Weapons Convention and Export Controls: Towards Greater Multilateralism”. Michigan Journal of International Law, 21(3), 393-444. repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol21/iss3/2.
Doherty, K. L. & McCormack, T. L. H. (1999). “Complementarity as a Catalyst for Comprehensive Domestic Penal Legislation”. U.C Davis Journal of International Law and Policy, 5, 147-180.
Edwards, B., et.al. (2022). “Meeting the Challenges of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Strengthening the Chemical and Biological Disarmament and Non-proliferation Regimes”. Frontiers in Political Science, 4, 1-15. Doi: doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2022.805426.
Hidayat, T. E. & Sahari, A. (2020). “The Role of The North Sumatera Brimob Undergency Terrorism Criminal Management”. Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences, 3(1), 1-13.
Kleffner, J. K. (2003). “The Impact of Complementarity on National Implementation of Substantive International Criminal Law”. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 1(1), 86-113. Doi: doi.org/10.1093/jicj/1.1.86.
Mahardika, A. G. (2019). “Konvensi Ketatanegaraan Dalam Sistem Hukum Nasional Di Indonesia Pasca Era Reformasi”. Jurnal Rechtsvinding, 8(1), 55-67.
Riry, W. A. (2021). “Ratifikasi Perjanjian Internasional sebagai Salah Satu Bentuk Politik Hukum Nasional”. Jurnal Syntax Transformation, 2(2), 244–250. Doi: doi.org/10.46799/jst.v2i2.228.
Steffy, S. (2014). Tinjauan Hukum Internasional Terhadap Kasus Penggunaan Senjata Kimia oleh Suriah. Medan: Departemen Hukum Internasional Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Sugianto, D. (2017). “Pertanggungjawaban Penggunaan Senjata Kimia oleh Suriah Pada Tahun 2014-2015 Ditinjau dari Hukum Humaniter Internasional”. Novum: Jurnal Hukum, 4(2), 35-47. Doi: doi.org/10.2674/novum.v4i2.22104.
Sulistyowati, D., et.al. (2023). “The Prevention Review of Chemicals the Misuse as Chemical Weapons in The Act of Attack in Indonesia”. Journal Civics and Social Studies, 7(1), 31-39. Doi: doi.org/10.31980/journalcss.v7i1.186.
Tahar, A. M. (2015). “Pengaruh Hukum Internasional Terhadap Pembentukan Hukum Nasional”. Jurnal Selat, 2(2), 227-237.
Tobin, J. (2007). “Seeking Clarity in Relation to the Principle of Complementarity: Reflection on The Recent Contributions of Some International Bodies”. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 8(2), 356-372. ssrn.com/abstract=1032729.
Waxler, L. S. (1997). “Committee Report on Jurisdiction, Definition of Crimes and Complementarity”. Denver Journal International Law and Policy, 25(2), 221-232.
Yang, L. (2005). “On the Principle of Complementarity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court”. Chinese Journal of International Law, 4(1), 121-132. Doi: doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmi014.
Zulfikar, M. & Aminah, A. (2020) “Peran Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme Dalam Pemberantasan Terorisme di Indonesia”. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 2(1), 129-144. Doi: doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v2i1.129-144.
Tesis:
Yunus, D. (1999). Ratifikasi Konvensi Pelarangan Menyeluruh Senjata Kimia dalam Kerangka Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia. Tesis Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia.
Makalah:
Suparman, E. (2010). “Kerjasama Bidang Peradilan Antar Negara Dan Upaya Penyeragaman Pranata Hukum Antar Bangsa”. (Makalah tidak dipublikasikan).
Konferensi, Seminar, dsb.:
Cowl, A. (2023). “International Cooperation for Implementing the Chemical Convention”. Dalam Workshop on Strengthening Implementation of International Legal Instruments Against Proliferation on Chemical Weapons by Nonstate Actors, in Particular for Terrorist Purposes. Bogor, 13–14 September 2023.
Kementerian Perindustrian. (2017). “Implementasi Senjata Kimia di Indonesia”. Dalam The Chemical Security Awareness Webinar for Indonesia. Jakarta: Cyber 2 Tower, Kamis, 27 Juli 2017.
Reggi, M. (2023). “The International Legal Instruments Against Chemical Terrorism”. Dalam Workshop on Strengthening Implementation of International Legal Instruments Against Proliferation on Chemical Weapons by Nonstate Actors, in Particular for Terrorist Purposes. Bogor, 13-14 September 2023.
UNODC, BNPT, dan US DOS. (2023). Workshop on Strengthening Implementation of International Legal Instruments Against Proliferation on Chemical Weapons by Non State Actors, in Particular for Terrorist Purposes. Bogor, 13-14 September 2023.
Wirajuda, N. H. (1996). “Makalah Persiapan Ratifikasi KPMSK dalam Kerangka Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia”. Dalam Diseminasi mengenai Konvensi Pelarangan Menyeluruh Senjata Kimia.
Artikel Berita dan Internet:
Baiduri, M. C. N. I. (Ed.). (2015). “Bom ITC Depok, Polisi Dalami Cairan Misterius Lainnya”. Tempo. metro.tempo.co/read/644925/bom-itc-depok-polisi-dalami-cairan-misterius-dan-2-lainnya (diakses pada 7 Juni 2024).
Detik News. (2010). “Kronologi Penggerebekan Teroris di Pamulang”. news.detik.com/berita/d-1314826/kronologi-penggerebekan-teroris-di-pamulang (diakses pada 7 Juni 2024).
Direktorat Jenderal Perdagangan Luar Negeri. “Tugas dan Fungsi”. ditjendaglu.kemendag.go.id/tugas-fungsi (diakses pada 21 Mei 2024).
Ernes, Y. (2021). “Densus Temukan Bahan Peledak TATP di Eks Markas FPI”. Detik News. news.detik.com/berita/d-5548776/densus-temukan-bahan-peledak-tatp-di-eks-markas-fpi, (diakses pada 6 Juni 2024).
Ghosh, A. (2023). “Can India Become a Green Superpower?: The Stakes of the World’s Most Important Energy Transition”. Foreign Affairs. www.foreignaffairs.com/india/can-india-become-green-superpower (diakses pada 20 Mei 2024).
Green, S., Moulton, J., dan Parthemore, C. (2023). “Fulfilling the Humane Promise of the Chemical Weapons Convention”. Lawfare. www.lawfaremedia.org/article/fulfilling-the-humane-promise-of-the-chemical-weapons-convention (diakses pada 30 Mei 2024).
Harruma, I. (2022). “Kasus-Kasus Terorisme di Indonesia dan Penyelesaiannya”. Kompas. nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/04/28/01150071/kasus-kasus-terorisme-di-indonesia-dan-penyelesaiannya (diakses pada 4 Mei 2024).
Hasan, R. A. (2017). “Plot Teror Bom Kimia Ke Istana Negara Jadi Sorotan Dunia”. Liputan6. www.liputan6.com/global/read/3060710/plot-teror-bom-kimia-ke-istana-negara-jadi-sorotan-dunia (diakses pada 4 Juni 2024).
Kementerian Perindustrian. (2016). “Menperin: Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Thorium Jadi Terobosan Energi”. kemenperin.go.id/artikel/15425/Menperin:-Pembangkit-Listrik-Tenaga-Thorium-Jadi-Terobosan-Energi (diakses pada 14 Mei 2024).
Kleden, I. (2015). “Individu dan Negara: Riwayat Hidup Berdemokrasi”. Harian Kompas. .
NTI. (2015). “Fact Sheet: India Chemical Overview”. www.nti.org/analysis/articles/india-chemical/ (diakses pada 20 Mei 2024).
Sekretariat Republik Indonesia. (2017). “Pemerintah Terbitkan Payung Hukum Pembentukan Otoritas Nasional Senjata Kimia”. setkab.go.id/pemerintah-terbitkan-payung-hukum-pembentukan-otoritas-nasional-senjata-kimia/ (diakses pada 5 Juni 2024).
Sidik, F. (Ed.). (2017). “Menperin: RI Berperan Penting Dalam Pelaksanaan Konvensi Senjata Kimia”. Ekonomi Bisnis. ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20170731/257/676511/menperin-ri-berperan-penting-dalam-pelaksanaan-konvensi-senjata-kimia (diakses pada 7 Juni 2024).
US DOS. (2024). “Condition (10)(C) Annual Report on Compliance with the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). www.state.gov/condition-10c-annual-report-on-compliance-with-the-chemical-weapons-convention-cwc/#ftn2ref (diakses pada tanggal 30 Mei 2024).
Peraturan Perundang-Undangan:
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1998 tentang Pengesahan Convention on The Prohibition of The Development Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (Konvensi tentang Pelarangan Pengembangan, Produksi, Penimbunan, Dan Penggunaan Senjata Kimia Serta Tentang Pemusnahannya).
Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2000 tentang Perjanjian Internasional.
Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2006 tentang Pengesahan International Convention For The Suppression of The Financing of Terrorism, 1999 (Konvensi Internasional Pemberantasan Pendanaan Terorisme, 1999).
Undang-Undang Nomor 9 Tahun 2008 tentang Penggunaan Bahan Kimia dan Larangan Penggunaan Bahan Kimia sebagai Senjata Kimia.
Peraturan Presiden Nomor 46 Tahun 2010 tentang Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme.
Peraturan Presiden Nomor 19 Tahun 2017 tentang Otoritas Nasional Senjata Kimia.
Peraturan Presiden Nomor 116 Tahun 2020 tentang Kementerian Luar Negeri.
Peraturan Menteri Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 Tahun 2021 Tentang Organisasi Dan Tata Kerja Kementerian Luar Negeri.
Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 44 Tahun 2009 tentang Pengadaan, Distribusi, dan Pengawasan Bahan Berbahaya.
Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 47 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan Ketiga atas Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 44/M-DAG/PER/9/2009 tentang Pengadaan, Distribusi, dan Pengawasan Bahan Berbahaya, Berita Negara Nomor 668 Tahun 2009.
Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 7 Tahun 2022 tentang Pendistribusian dan Pengawasan Bahan Berbahaya.
Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 75 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 44/M-DAG/PER/9/2009 tentang Pengadaan, Distribusi, dan Pengawasan Bahan Berbahaya.
Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian Nomor 19 Tahun 2019 tentang Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Keadaan Darurat Bahan Kimia dalam Kegiatan Usaha Bahan Kimia.
Peraturan Menteri Pertahanan Nomor 22 Tahun 2016 tentang Penanggulangan Dampak Bahaya Bahan Kimia dari Aspek Kesehatan di Lingkungan Kementerian Pertahanan dan Tentara Nasional Indonesia.
Keputusan Presiden Nomor 4 Tahun 2017 tentang Susunan Keanggotaan Otoritas Nasional Senjata Nasional.
Perjanjian dan Resolusi Internasional:
United Nations Charter 1948.
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction 1998.
International Convention for The Suppression of The Financing of Terrorism 1999.
The Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva 1949.
The Geneva Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea 1949.
The Geneva Convention (III) Relative to the Protection to the Prisoner of War 1949; The Geneva Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949.
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) 1977.
Protocol Additional to Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protections of Victims of Non International Armed Conflict (Protocol II) 1997.
UNSC Resolution 1540 of 2004 “Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction”.
Andreopoulos, G. J., Berberet, R. L., dan Nalla, M. K. (2018), The Rule of Law in A Change Era: Response to Transnational Challenges and Threats. New York: Springer.
Arief, B. N. (2008). Bunga Rampai Kebijakan Hukum Pidana. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group.
Atmawiria, S. S. (1968). Pengantar Hukum Internasional. Bandung: Alumni.
Bennet, A. L. (1991). International Organization (5th. Edition.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Blakesley, C.L. (1986). “Extraterritorial Jurisdiction”. Dalam M.C. Bassiouni (ed.), International Criminal Law Procedure. New York: Transnational Publishers.
Bowett, D. W. (1995). Hukum Organisasi Internasional. Alih bahasa oleh B. I. Djajaatmadja. Bandung: Sinar Grafika.
Burgstaller, M. (2005). Theories of Compliance with International Law. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publisher.
Byrens, M. E., King, D. A., dan Tierno, P. M. (2003). Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Emergency Response and Public Protection. London: Lewis Publisher.
Clark, I. (2005). Legitimacy in International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Collier, J. & Law, V. (1999). The Settlement of Disputes in International Law Institutions and Procedures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
DeMille, D. (1989). The Control of Chemical and Biological Weapon (CBW) - Strengthening International Verification and Compliance. Toronto: Canadian Institute for International Peace and Security.
Efendi, M. (2014). Teori Hukum dari Perspektif Kebijakan, Perbandingan, dan Harmonisasi Hukum Pidana. Jakarta: Referensi.
Elagab, O. & Elagab, J. (1997). International Law Documents Relating to Terrorism. London: Routledge-Cavendish.
Ferrandiz, F. & Robben, A. C. G. M. (Eds.). (2007). Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Peace and Conflicts Research A View From Europe. Bilbao: University of Deusto.
Finnemore, M. (1996). National Interests in International Society, Cornell Studies in International Economy. New York: Cornell University Press.
Green, L. C. (1993). The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Guzman, A. (2008). How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hannikainen, L. (1988). Peremptory Norms (Jus Cogens) in International Law. Helsinki: Finnish Lawyers Publishing Company.
Hebel, H. v. & Robinson, D. (1999) “Crimes Within the Court”. Dalam R. S. Lee, The International Criminal Court, The Making of the Rome Statute: Issues, Negotiations and Results, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publisher.
Howe, B. (2018). National Security, State Centricity, and Governance in East Asia. Seoul: Palgrave McMillan.
Istanto, F. S. (1994). Hukum Internasional. Yogyakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta.
Jaholden. (2021). Reformulasi Hukum Pidana di Indonesia. Sumatera Utara: Budapest International Research And Critics University.
Kelsen, H. (2011). Teori Hukum Murni, Dasar-Dasar Ilmu Hukum Normatif. Bandung: Nusa Media. Terjemahan dari Kelsen, H. (1978). Pure Theory of Law. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Krutzsch, W. (2014). The Chemical Weapons Convention: A Commentary, Oxford Commentaries on International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Leira, H. & Græger, N. (2019). “Introduction, The Duty of Care in International Relations”. Dalam N. Græger dan H. Leira, The Duty of Care in International Relations: Protecting Citizens Beyond the Border. London & New York: Routledge.
McCoubrey, H. & White, N. D. (1992). International Law and Armed Conflict. Hanover: Dartmouth.
Mertokusumo, S. (1996). Penemuan Hukum: Sebuah Pengantar. Yogyakarta: Liberty.
Meyer, L. et.al. (2003). Rights, Culture, and the Law: Themes from the Legal and Political Philosophy of Joseph Raz. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Monov, A. & Divoski, C. (2005). Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Terrorisms: Chemical Terrorisms and Traumatism. Publishing House of the Union of Scientists in Bulgaria.
Peerenboom, R. P. (2004). “Varieties of Rule of Law: An Introduction and Provisional Conclusion”. Dalam R. P. Peerenboom (Ed.), Asian Discourse of Rule of Law, Theories and Implementation of Rule of Law in Twelve Asian Countries, France and the US. London & New York: Routledge.
Price, R. (1997). The Chemical Weapons Taboo. New York: Cornell University Press.
Roberts, A. & Guelff, R. (2000). Documents on the Law of War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rosenne, S. (1999) Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rozakis, C. L. (1976). The Concept of Jus Cogens in the Law of Treaties. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.
Samekto, F. X. A. (2012). Ilmu Hukum Dalam Perkembangan Pemikiran Menuju Post-Modernisme. Bandar Lampung: Indepth Publishing.
Sassoli, M. & Bouvier, A. (1999). How Does Law Protect in War? Cases, Documents and Teaching Materials on Contemporary Practice in International Humanitarian Law. ICRC.
Schermers, H. G. & Blokker, N. M. (2003). International Institutional Law (4th Edition). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Schindler, D. & Toman, J. (1988). The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents. Brill Nijhoff.
Shang, L., Dando, M., dan Crowley, M. (2018). Preventing Chemical Weapons: Arms Control and Disarmament as the Sciences Converge. United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Subroto, H. (2009). Sintong Panjaitan: Perjalanan Prajurit Para Komando. Jakarta: Kompas Media Nusantara.
Syamsudin, A. (2011). Tindak Pidana Khusus. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.
Sztucki, J. (1974). Jus Cogens and the Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties. New York: Springer.
Thakur, R. C. & Haru, E. (2006). The Chemical Weapons Convention: Implementation, Challenges and Opportunities. Tokyo: United Nations University.
Thamrin, M. I. (2007). Densus 88 Undercover: Menyikap Misteri Dibalik Kinerja Densus 88 Dalam Menangkap Para Tersangka Teroris. Solo: Quo Vadis.
Trapp, R. (2018). “The Future Chemical Weapons Convention-Out-dated Model or CWC 2.0”. Dalam M. Crowley, M. Dando dan L. Shang, Preventing Chemical Weapons: Arms Control and Disarmament as the Sciences Converge. London: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Tu, A. (2018). Chemical and Biological Weapons and Terrorism. Florida: CRC Press (Taylor and Francis Group).
UN Secretary-General. (2004), The Rule of Law and Sekretaris Jenderal PBB, Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies. New York: United Nations.
UN Secretary-General. (2008). Guidance Note of the Secretary General: United Nations Approach to Rule of Law Assistance. New York: United Nations.
UNODC. (2016). The International Legal Framework Against Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Terrorism. Vienna: United Nations Office.
Zaidan, M. A. (2016). Kebijakan Kriminal. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.
Zeidy, M. M. E. (2008). The Principle of Complementarity in International Criminal Law: Origin, Development and Practice. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Jurnal:
Allot, P. (1999). “The Concept of International Law”. European Journal of International Law, 10(1), 31-50. Doi: doi.org/10.1093/ejil/10.1.31.
Anakotta, M. Y., Ubrwarin, E. B., dan Gukguk, R. G. R. (2021). “Analisis Penangkapan Terduga Teroris oleh Detasemen Khusus 88 Anti-Teror dari Perspektif Penegakan Hukum-Joseph Goldstein”. Journal of Judicial Review, 23(1), 1-16. Doi: doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v23i1.4346.
Aprianto, A. (2022). “Relevansi Monisme dan Dualisme bagi Pemberlakuan Perjanjian Internasional di Indonesia”. Jurnal Konstitusi, 19(3), 580-605.
Asada, M. (2014). “The OPCW’s Arrangements for Missed Destruction Deadlines Under the Chemical Weapons Convention: An Informal Noncompliance Procedure”. American Journal of International Law, 108(3), 448-474. Doi: doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.108.3.0448.
Balali-Mood, M., et.al. (2008). “Impact of scientific developments on the Chemical Weapons Convention (IUPAC Technical Report)”. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 80(1), 175-200. Doi: doi.org/10.1351/pac200880010175.
Bassiouni, M. C. (1990). “A Factual Approach to “General Principles of International Law”. Michigan Journal of International Law, 11, 801-809.
Cipolat, U. A. (2000). “The New Chemical Weapons Convention and Export Controls: Towards Greater Multilateralism”. Michigan Journal of International Law, 21(3), 393-444. repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol21/iss3/2.
Doherty, K. L. & McCormack, T. L. H. (1999). “Complementarity as a Catalyst for Comprehensive Domestic Penal Legislation”. U.C Davis Journal of International Law and Policy, 5, 147-180.
Edwards, B., et.al. (2022). “Meeting the Challenges of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Strengthening the Chemical and Biological Disarmament and Non-proliferation Regimes”. Frontiers in Political Science, 4, 1-15. Doi: doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2022.805426.
Hidayat, T. E. & Sahari, A. (2020). “The Role of The North Sumatera Brimob Undergency Terrorism Criminal Management”. Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences, 3(1), 1-13.
Kleffner, J. K. (2003). “The Impact of Complementarity on National Implementation of Substantive International Criminal Law”. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 1(1), 86-113. Doi: doi.org/10.1093/jicj/1.1.86.
Mahardika, A. G. (2019). “Konvensi Ketatanegaraan Dalam Sistem Hukum Nasional Di Indonesia Pasca Era Reformasi”. Jurnal Rechtsvinding, 8(1), 55-67.
Riry, W. A. (2021). “Ratifikasi Perjanjian Internasional sebagai Salah Satu Bentuk Politik Hukum Nasional”. Jurnal Syntax Transformation, 2(2), 244–250. Doi: doi.org/10.46799/jst.v2i2.228.
Steffy, S. (2014). Tinjauan Hukum Internasional Terhadap Kasus Penggunaan Senjata Kimia oleh Suriah. Medan: Departemen Hukum Internasional Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Sugianto, D. (2017). “Pertanggungjawaban Penggunaan Senjata Kimia oleh Suriah Pada Tahun 2014-2015 Ditinjau dari Hukum Humaniter Internasional”. Novum: Jurnal Hukum, 4(2), 35-47. Doi: doi.org/10.2674/novum.v4i2.22104.
Sulistyowati, D., et.al. (2023). “The Prevention Review of Chemicals the Misuse as Chemical Weapons in The Act of Attack in Indonesia”. Journal Civics and Social Studies, 7(1), 31-39. Doi: doi.org/10.31980/journalcss.v7i1.186.
Tahar, A. M. (2015). “Pengaruh Hukum Internasional Terhadap Pembentukan Hukum Nasional”. Jurnal Selat, 2(2), 227-237.
Tobin, J. (2007). “Seeking Clarity in Relation to the Principle of Complementarity: Reflection on The Recent Contributions of Some International Bodies”. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 8(2), 356-372. ssrn.com/abstract=1032729.
Waxler, L. S. (1997). “Committee Report on Jurisdiction, Definition of Crimes and Complementarity”. Denver Journal International Law and Policy, 25(2), 221-232.
Yang, L. (2005). “On the Principle of Complementarity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court”. Chinese Journal of International Law, 4(1), 121-132. Doi: doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmi014.
Zulfikar, M. & Aminah, A. (2020) “Peran Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme Dalam Pemberantasan Terorisme di Indonesia”. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 2(1), 129-144. Doi: doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v2i1.129-144.
Tesis:
Yunus, D. (1999). Ratifikasi Konvensi Pelarangan Menyeluruh Senjata Kimia dalam Kerangka Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia. Tesis Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia.
Makalah:
Suparman, E. (2010). “Kerjasama Bidang Peradilan Antar Negara Dan Upaya Penyeragaman Pranata Hukum Antar Bangsa”. (Makalah tidak dipublikasikan).
Konferensi, Seminar, dsb.:
Cowl, A. (2023). “International Cooperation for Implementing the Chemical Convention”. Dalam Workshop on Strengthening Implementation of International Legal Instruments Against Proliferation on Chemical Weapons by Nonstate Actors, in Particular for Terrorist Purposes. Bogor, 13–14 September 2023.
Kementerian Perindustrian. (2017). “Implementasi Senjata Kimia di Indonesia”. Dalam The Chemical Security Awareness Webinar for Indonesia. Jakarta: Cyber 2 Tower, Kamis, 27 Juli 2017.
Reggi, M. (2023). “The International Legal Instruments Against Chemical Terrorism”. Dalam Workshop on Strengthening Implementation of International Legal Instruments Against Proliferation on Chemical Weapons by Nonstate Actors, in Particular for Terrorist Purposes. Bogor, 13-14 September 2023.
UNODC, BNPT, dan US DOS. (2023). Workshop on Strengthening Implementation of International Legal Instruments Against Proliferation on Chemical Weapons by Non State Actors, in Particular for Terrorist Purposes. Bogor, 13-14 September 2023.
Wirajuda, N. H. (1996). “Makalah Persiapan Ratifikasi KPMSK dalam Kerangka Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia”. Dalam Diseminasi mengenai Konvensi Pelarangan Menyeluruh Senjata Kimia.
Artikel Berita dan Internet:
Baiduri, M. C. N. I. (Ed.). (2015). “Bom ITC Depok, Polisi Dalami Cairan Misterius Lainnya”. Tempo. metro.tempo.co/read/644925/bom-itc-depok-polisi-dalami-cairan-misterius-dan-2-lainnya (diakses pada 7 Juni 2024).
Detik News. (2010). “Kronologi Penggerebekan Teroris di Pamulang”. news.detik.com/berita/d-1314826/kronologi-penggerebekan-teroris-di-pamulang (diakses pada 7 Juni 2024).
Direktorat Jenderal Perdagangan Luar Negeri. “Tugas dan Fungsi”. ditjendaglu.kemendag.go.id/tugas-fungsi (diakses pada 21 Mei 2024).
Ernes, Y. (2021). “Densus Temukan Bahan Peledak TATP di Eks Markas FPI”. Detik News. news.detik.com/berita/d-5548776/densus-temukan-bahan-peledak-tatp-di-eks-markas-fpi, (diakses pada 6 Juni 2024).
Ghosh, A. (2023). “Can India Become a Green Superpower?: The Stakes of the World’s Most Important Energy Transition”. Foreign Affairs. www.foreignaffairs.com/india/can-india-become-green-superpower (diakses pada 20 Mei 2024).
Green, S., Moulton, J., dan Parthemore, C. (2023). “Fulfilling the Humane Promise of the Chemical Weapons Convention”. Lawfare. www.lawfaremedia.org/article/fulfilling-the-humane-promise-of-the-chemical-weapons-convention (diakses pada 30 Mei 2024).
Harruma, I. (2022). “Kasus-Kasus Terorisme di Indonesia dan Penyelesaiannya”. Kompas. nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/04/28/01150071/kasus-kasus-terorisme-di-indonesia-dan-penyelesaiannya (diakses pada 4 Mei 2024).
Hasan, R. A. (2017). “Plot Teror Bom Kimia Ke Istana Negara Jadi Sorotan Dunia”. Liputan6. www.liputan6.com/global/read/3060710/plot-teror-bom-kimia-ke-istana-negara-jadi-sorotan-dunia (diakses pada 4 Juni 2024).
Kementerian Perindustrian. (2016). “Menperin: Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Thorium Jadi Terobosan Energi”. kemenperin.go.id/artikel/15425/Menperin:-Pembangkit-Listrik-Tenaga-Thorium-Jadi-Terobosan-Energi (diakses pada 14 Mei 2024).
Kleden, I. (2015). “Individu dan Negara: Riwayat Hidup Berdemokrasi”. Harian Kompas. .
NTI. (2015). “Fact Sheet: India Chemical Overview”. www.nti.org/analysis/articles/india-chemical/ (diakses pada 20 Mei 2024).
Sekretariat Republik Indonesia. (2017). “Pemerintah Terbitkan Payung Hukum Pembentukan Otoritas Nasional Senjata Kimia”. setkab.go.id/pemerintah-terbitkan-payung-hukum-pembentukan-otoritas-nasional-senjata-kimia/ (diakses pada 5 Juni 2024).
Sidik, F. (Ed.). (2017). “Menperin: RI Berperan Penting Dalam Pelaksanaan Konvensi Senjata Kimia”. Ekonomi Bisnis. ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20170731/257/676511/menperin-ri-berperan-penting-dalam-pelaksanaan-konvensi-senjata-kimia (diakses pada 7 Juni 2024).
US DOS. (2024). “Condition (10)(C) Annual Report on Compliance with the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). www.state.gov/condition-10c-annual-report-on-compliance-with-the-chemical-weapons-convention-cwc/#ftn2ref (diakses pada tanggal 30 Mei 2024).
Peraturan Perundang-Undangan:
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1998 tentang Pengesahan Convention on The Prohibition of The Development Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (Konvensi tentang Pelarangan Pengembangan, Produksi, Penimbunan, Dan Penggunaan Senjata Kimia Serta Tentang Pemusnahannya).
Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2000 tentang Perjanjian Internasional.
Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2006 tentang Pengesahan International Convention For The Suppression of The Financing of Terrorism, 1999 (Konvensi Internasional Pemberantasan Pendanaan Terorisme, 1999).
Undang-Undang Nomor 9 Tahun 2008 tentang Penggunaan Bahan Kimia dan Larangan Penggunaan Bahan Kimia sebagai Senjata Kimia.
Peraturan Presiden Nomor 46 Tahun 2010 tentang Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme.
Peraturan Presiden Nomor 19 Tahun 2017 tentang Otoritas Nasional Senjata Kimia.
Peraturan Presiden Nomor 116 Tahun 2020 tentang Kementerian Luar Negeri.
Peraturan Menteri Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 Tahun 2021 Tentang Organisasi Dan Tata Kerja Kementerian Luar Negeri.
Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 44 Tahun 2009 tentang Pengadaan, Distribusi, dan Pengawasan Bahan Berbahaya.
Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 47 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan Ketiga atas Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 44/M-DAG/PER/9/2009 tentang Pengadaan, Distribusi, dan Pengawasan Bahan Berbahaya, Berita Negara Nomor 668 Tahun 2009.
Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 7 Tahun 2022 tentang Pendistribusian dan Pengawasan Bahan Berbahaya.
Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 75 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 44/M-DAG/PER/9/2009 tentang Pengadaan, Distribusi, dan Pengawasan Bahan Berbahaya.
Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian Nomor 19 Tahun 2019 tentang Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Keadaan Darurat Bahan Kimia dalam Kegiatan Usaha Bahan Kimia.
Peraturan Menteri Pertahanan Nomor 22 Tahun 2016 tentang Penanggulangan Dampak Bahaya Bahan Kimia dari Aspek Kesehatan di Lingkungan Kementerian Pertahanan dan Tentara Nasional Indonesia.
Keputusan Presiden Nomor 4 Tahun 2017 tentang Susunan Keanggotaan Otoritas Nasional Senjata Nasional.
Perjanjian dan Resolusi Internasional:
United Nations Charter 1948.
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction 1998.
International Convention for The Suppression of The Financing of Terrorism 1999.
The Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva 1949.
The Geneva Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea 1949.
The Geneva Convention (III) Relative to the Protection to the Prisoner of War 1949; The Geneva Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949.
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) 1977.
Protocol Additional to Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protections of Victims of Non International Armed Conflict (Protocol II) 1997.
UNSC Resolution 1540 of 2004 “Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction”.
Published
2024-11-25
How to Cite
JAKA TRIYANA, Heribertus; PRASETIYO, Putri Widhyastiti.
Kepatuhan Hukum Indonesia terhadap Pelaksanaan Chemical Weapons Convention dalam Memitigasi Ancaman Terorisme Berbasis Senjata Kimia.
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal), [S.l.], v. 13, n. 3, p. 640-665, nov. 2024.
ISSN 2502-3101.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jmhu/article/view/117429>. Date accessed: 31 jan. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/JMHU.2024.v13.i03.p09..
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law of Journal) by Faculty of Law Udayana University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
