Tinjauan Yuridis Perundungan di Pendidikan Kedokteran
Abstract
Bullying is an act against the medical code of ethics, but its presence is still found in medical education. Institutionalized behavior, stressful work environment, and lack of policies on bullying makes bullying prevention difficult, despite knowledge and understanding of the law in 92% of physicians. This study aims to judicially review the regulations related to bullying so that there is a reference for evaluating the existing protection mechanisms. Normative juridical approach was utilized with secondary data as the data source, such as regulations and research journals. This research found that there were several types of bullying, namely verbal, social, physical, cyber, and financial. Verbal bullying was the most common type of bullying, while physical bullying was the rarest type. When bullying was about to be linked to a criminal act or in a civil manner, there were several aspects that must be taken into account before linkage. Currently, the available laws and regulations, such as those in the Criminal Code, Civil Code, and the Electronic Information and Technology Law, were able to bind perpetrators of bullying in general. Specific regulations, such as the Act Number 17 Year 2023 regarding Health, had regulated bullying in the medical environment, including education. Regulations that more thoroughly accommodate the regulation bullying and up-to-date research regarding the strength of legal mechanisms related to bullying would still be urgently needed.
Perundungan merupakan tindakan yang tidak sesuai dengan kode etik kedokteran, tetapi kehadirannya masih ditemukan di pendidikan kedokteran. Perilaku yang tertanam dalam institusi, lingkungan kerja yang menekan, dan kurangnya kebijakan terkait perundungan membuat pencegahan perundungan sulit, terlepas dari pengetahuan dan pemahaman hukum sebesar 92% di kalangan dokter. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau secara yuridis peraturan terkait perundungan agar terdapat acuan untuk mengevaluasi mekanisme perlindungan yang telah ada saat ini. Pendekatan yuridis normatif digunakan dengan jenis data berupa data sekunder, seperti peraturan dan jurnal penelitian. Terdapat beberapa jenis perundungan, yakni verbal, sosial, fisik, siber, dan finansial. Perundungan verbal merupakan perundungan yang paling sering ditemukan, sedangkan fisik merupakan jenis yang paling jarang ditemukan. Ketika perundungan hendak dikaitkan dengan tindak pidana maupun perdata, terdapat beberapa hal yang harus diteliti terkait dengan syarat masing-masing. Saat ini, peraturan perundang-undangan yang tersedia, seperti dalam KUHP, KUHPerdata, dan Undang-Undang Informasi dan Teknologi Elektronik, mampu mengikat pelaku perundungan secara umum. Peraturan yang bersifat khusus, seperti Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan, sudah mengatur perihal perundungan di lingkungan kedokteran, termasuk pendidikannya. Peraturan pelaksana yang lebih mengakomodir terkait penindakan perundungan dan penelitian mutakhir terkait kekuatan mekanisme hukum terkait perundungan masih sangat dibutuhkan.
Downloads
References
Afkhamzadeh, A., Mohamadi Bolbanabad, A., Moloudi, B., Safari, H., and Piroozi, B. 2019. "Workplace Violence against Physicians and Medical Students in the West Part of Iran." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 12 (2): 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHRH-07-2018-0049.
Alweni, M. K. 2019. "Kajian Tindak Pidana Pemerasan Berdasarkan Pasal 368 KUHP." Lex Crimen 8 (3): 47–54.
Ani Mardatila. 2023. "Perundungan di Ruang Kerja Dokter." Detik.Com, May 15. https://news.detik.com/x/detail/spotlight/20230515/Perundungan-di-Ruang-Kerja-Dokter/.
Aprita, S. 2022. "Sanksi Pidana Bagi Debitur akibat Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Berdasarkan Undang-undang No. 37 Tahun 2004." Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 3 (1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18196/ijclc.v3i1.12383.
Arifin, S. I. 2023. "Rekonstruksi Sifat Melawan Hukum Pidana Materiil dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2023 tentang KUHP." Al Wasath Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4 (1): 29–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47776/alwasath.v4i1.638.
Averbuch, T., Eliya, Y., and Van Spall, H. G. C. 2021. "Systematic Review of Academic Bullying in Medical Settings: Dynamics and Consequences." BMJ Open 11 (7). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043256.
BBC News Indonesia. 2023. "Kesaksian Korban Dugaan Bullying di Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis: Mulai ‘Jam Kerja Panjang’, Sediakan ‘Tiket Pesawat’, hingga ‘Menjadi Babu’ Para Senior." BBC News Indonesia, July 26. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/c1e0kg8w28zo.
CNN Indonesia. 2023. "Kemenkes Terima 91 Aduan Bullying Dokter dalam Sebulan." CNN Indonesia, August 17. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20230817142654-20-987247/kemenkes-terima-91-aduan-bullying-dokter-dalam-sebulan.
Colenbrander, L., Causer, L., and Haire, B. 2020. "‘If You Can’t Make It, You’re Not Tough Enough to Do Medicine’: A Qualitative Study of Sydney-based Medical Students’ Experiences of Bullying and Harassment in Clinical Settings." BMC Medical Education 20 (1): 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02001-y.
D’Cruz, P., Noronha, E., and Lutgen-Sandvik, P. 2018. "Power, Subjectivity and Context in Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment: Insights from Postpositivism." Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal 13 (1): 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1108/QROM-12-2017-1587.
Kebung, K. 2018. "Membaca ‘Kuasa’ Michel Foucault dalam Konteks ‘Kekuasaan’ di Indonesia." MELINTAS 33 (1): 34–51. https://doi.org/10.26593/mel.v33i1.2953.34-51.
Komite Koordinasi Pendidikan RSUD dr. Saiful Anwar, & Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya. 2020. Pedoman dan Tata Tertib Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis di RSUP dr. Saiful Anwar Malang. RSUD dr. Saiful Anwar, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya.
Lee, M. H., Kaur, M., Shaker, V., Yee, A., Sham, R., and Siau, C. S. 2023. "Cyberbullying, Social Media Addiction and Associations with Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Medical Students in Malaysia." In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20 (4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043136.
Mahardika, A. G., and Saputra, R. 2021. "KEDUDUKAN HUKUM PEMBERLAKUAN PEMBATASAN KEGIATAN MASYARAKAT DALAM SISTEM KETATANEGARAAN INDONESIA." Legacy: Jurnal Hukum Dan Perundang-Undangan 1 (1): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.21274/legacy.2021.1.1.1-23.
Manurung, E. A. P., and Monny, M. O. E. 2022. "Perundungan Siber: Pencegahan Perilaku Melalui Pengenalan Aspek Hukum." Kertha Wicaksana 16 (1): 15–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22225/kw.16.1.2022.15-20.
Pei, K. Y., Hafler, J., Alseidi, A., Slade, M. D., Klingensmith, M., and Cochran, A. 2020. "National Assessment of Workplace Bullying Among Academic Surgeons in the US." JAMA Surgery 155 (6): 524–526. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2020.0263.
Pratama, J. P., Tyesta ALW, L., and Gading Pinilih, S. A. 2022. "Eksistensi Kedudukan Peraturan Menteri terhadap Peraturan Daerah dalam Hierarki Peraturan Perundang-Undangan." Jurnal Konstitusi 19 (4): 865–885. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1947.
Rizqy, & Syahrizal. 2018. "Tinjauan Yuridis terhadap Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dan Sanksinya." Jurnal Justisia 3 (2). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/justisia.v3i2.5931.
Rozaliyani, A., Wasisto, B., Santosa, F., Sjamsuhidajat, R., Setiabudy, R., Prawiroharjo, P., Baharudin, M., and Sulaiman, A. 2019. "Bullying (Perundungan) di Lingkungan Pendidikan Kedokteran." Jurnal Etika Kedokteran Indonesia 3 (2): 56. https://doi.org/10.26880/jeki.v3i2.36.
Samsudin, E. Z., Isahak, M., and Rampal, S. 2018. "The Prevalence, Risk Factors and Outcomes of Workplace Bullying among Junior Doctors: A Systematic Review." European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2018.1502171.
Sari, I. 2020. "Perbuatan Melawan Hukum (PMH) Dalam Hukum Pidana dan Hukum Perdata." Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Dirgantara 11 (1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35968/jh.v11i1.651.
Torres, C. E., D’Alessio, S. J., and Stolzenberg, L. 2020. "The Effect of Social, Verbal, Physical, and Cyberbullying Victimization on Academic Performance." Victims & Offenders 15 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2019.1681571.
Volk, A. A., Dane, A. V., and Marini, Z. A. 2014. "What is Bullying? A Theoretical Redefinition." Developmental Review 34 (4): 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.09.001.
Witjaksana, A. F., Emmy Amalia, and Setyorini, R. H. 2022. "Hubungan Antara Perilaku Bullying Dengan Kualitas Hidup pada Mahasiswa Pendidikan Dokter Tahun Ke 4 di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Mataram." Lombok Medical Journal 1 (1): 43–47. https://doi.org/10.29303/lmj.v1i1.553.
Zhang, L. M., Ellis, R. J., Ma, M., Cheung, E. O., Hoyt, D. B., Bilimoria, K. Y., and Hu, Y.-Y. 2020. "Prevalence, Types, and Sources of Bullying Reported by US General Surgery Residents in 2019." JAMA 323 (20): 2093–2095. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2901.
Peraturan Perundang-Undangan
Undang-Undang Nomor 29 Tahun 2004 tentang Praktik Kedokteran, (2004).
Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, (2008).
Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan, (2009).
Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, (2016).
Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, (2021).
Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, (2023).
Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan, (2023).
Instruksi Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor HK.02.01/MENKES/1512/2023 tentang Pencegahan dan Penanganan Perundungan terhadap Peserta Didik pada Rumah Sakit Pendidikan di Lingkungan Kementerian Kesehatan, (2023)
Surat Keputusan Majelis Kehormatan Etik Kedokteran Nomor 044/PB/K.MKEK/03/2022 tentang Perundungan di Lingkungan Profesi Kedokteran, (2022).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law of Journal) by Faculty of Law Udayana University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.