Interaksi Kekuasaan Adat dan Negara dalam Perspektif Masyarakat Bali Kuno Tenganan Pegringsingan
Abstract
Bali possesses a unique and complex form of village governance. In addition to the two village forms of desa dinas (handling formal administration affairs) and desa adat (handling customary, religious, and cultural affairs), an Old-Balinese village possesses a governance system that is relatively autonomous from state authority intervention. This article discusses how the Old-Balinese village of Tenganan Pegringsingan in Karangasem Regency, Bali maintains its autonomy and conducts negotiations with government regulations. The study is focused on the impact of central and regional government regulations such as Villages Law 6/2014 and Bali Provincial regulation 4/2019 on customary villages in Bali. Data were taken from an ethnographic study conducted through field research in 2003 and 2010. The study concludes that the Tenganan Pegringsingan village conducts continuous negotiation as a form of strengthening its identity and harmonizing the formal relationship with the state through the regional government. This article contributes to the understanding of the rich and complexity of traditional, social, and cultural living in the modern Bali.
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References
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Ramseyer, Urs. 1984. “Clothing, ritual and society in Tenganan Pegringsingan (Bali).” Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gessellschaft Basel 95: 191–241.
Ramseyer, Urs. 2009. The theatre of the universe: Ritual and art in Tenganan Pegeringsingan, Bali. Basel: Museum der Kulturen Basel.
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Reuter, Thomas A. 2002a. Custodians of the Sacred Mountains: Culture and Society in the Highlands of Bali. Honolulu: Hawaii University Press.
Reuter, Thomas A. 2002b. The house of our ancestors: Precedence and dualism in highland Balinese society. Leiden (Netherlands).: KITLV Press.
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Warren, Carol. 1993. Adat and dinas: Balinese communities in the Indonesian state. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Warren, Carol. 1998. “Tanah Lot: the cultural and environmental politics of resort development in Bali.” Dalam The politics of environment in Southeast Asia, diedit oleh Philip Hirsch dan Carol Warren, 229–61. London: Routledge.
Warren, Carol. 2007. “Adat in Balinese discourse and practice: locating citizenship and the Commonweal.” Dalam The revival of tradition in Indonesian politics: The development of Adat from colonialism to indigenism, diedit oleh Jamie S Davidson dan David Henley, 170–202. London & New York.
Warren, Carol. 2010. “Adat dalam praktik dan wacana orang Bali: Memosisikan prinsip kewarganegaraan dan kesejahteraan bersama ('Commonweal’).” Dalam Adat dalam Politik Indonesia, diedit oleh Jamie S Davidson, David Henley, dan Sandra Moniaga, 187–220. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
White, Ben. 2008. “Professional blindness and missing the mark ~ The anthropologist’s blind spots: Clifford Geertz on class, killings and communists in Indonesia.” Rozenberg Quarterly. 4 Juni 2008. http://rozenbergquarterly.com/professional-blindness-and-missing-the-mark-the-anthropologists-blind-spots-clifford-geertz-on-class-killings-and-communists-in-indonesia/.
White, Ben. 2017. “The myth of the harmonious village.” Inside Indonesia. 9 Mei 2017. https://www.insideindonesia.org/the-myth-of-the-harmonious-village.
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Wiranata, I Made Anom, dan Hotman Siahaan. 2019. “Konstruksi identitas kolektif warga desa adat dalam gerakan tolak reklamasi Teluk Benoa di Bali.” Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies) 9 (2): 407-428.
Wiratmaja, I Nyoman. 2003. “Dinamika pemikiran mengenai format pemerintah desa di Bali dalam rangka otonomi daerah.” Dalam Eksistensi Desa Pakraman di Bali, diedit oleh I Gede Janamijaya, I Nyoman Wiratmaja, dan I Wayan Gede Suacana, 19–22. Denpasar: Yayasan Tri Hita Karana Bali.
Yudistira, Cokorda. 2019. “DPRD Bali Tetapkan Perda Desa Adat.” Kompas.id. 2 April 2019. https://kompas.id/baca/utama/2019/04/02/dprd-bali-tetapkan-perda-desa-adat/.
Antlöv, Hans. 2002. Negara dalam desa: Patronase kepemimpinan lokal. Diterjemahkan oleh Pudjo Semedi Yuwono. Yogyakarta: Lapera Pustaka Utama.
Ardhana, I Ketut. 2020. “Sejarah desa adat dan kekhususannya.” Dalam Pemetaan Tipologi dan Karakteristik Desa Adat di Bali, diedit oleh I Ketut Ardhana, 21–34. Denpasar: Cakra Media Utama.
Aspinall, Edward. 2013. “A Nation in Fragments: Patronage and Neoliberalism in Contemporary Indonesia.” Critical Asian Studies 45 (1): 27–54.
Bali Post. 2019. “Perda Desa Adat Kembalikan Bali Jadi Pusat Peradaban.” balipost.com. 3 April 2019. https://www.balipost.com/news/2019/04/03/72188/Perda-Desa-Adat-Kembalikan-Bali...html.
Benda-Beckmannn, Franz von, dan Keebet von Benda-Beckmannn. 2013. Political and legal transformations of an Indonesian polity: the Nagari from colonialisation to decentralization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bräuchler, Birgit. 2018a. “Diverging ecologies on Bali.” Sojourn 33 (2): 362–96.
Bräuchler, Birgit. 2018b. “Bali Tolak Reklamasi: The local adoption of global protest.” Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 26 (3): 620–38.
Danandjaja, James. 1980. Kebudayaan petani Desa Trunyan di Bali. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.
Foucault, Michel. 1972a. The archaeology of knowledge. London: Routledge.
Foucault, Michel. 1972b. The archeology of knowledge and the discourse on language. Diterjemahkan oleh A. M. Sheridan Smith. New York: Pantheon.
Foucault, Michel. 1976. The will to knowledge: The history of sexuality Vol I. Diterjemahkan oleh R Hurley. London: Penguin Books.
Foucault, Michel. 1978. “Governmentality.” Ideology and Consciousness 6: 5–21.
Francais-Simbürger, Angela. 1998. “‘Politic of the center’ in Bali’s cultural periphery: Trannsformations of power in an Old-Balinese ‘Village Mandala.’” The City University of New York.
Geertz, Clifford. 1959. “Form and variation in Balinese village structure.” American Anthropologist 61 (6): 991–1012.
Geertz, Clifford. 1963. Peddlers and princes: Social change and economic modernization in two Indonesian towns. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press.
Geertz, Clifford 1964. “Tihingan: A Balinese village.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 120 (1): 1–33.
Geertz, Clifford. 1989. Negara: The theatre state in nineteenth-century Bali. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Guermonprez, Jean-Francois. 1990. “On the Elusive Balinese Village: Hierarchy and Values versus Political Models.” Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs 24 (Summer): 55–89.
Gunawan, Daddi H. 2014. Perubahan sosial di pedesaan Bali: dualitas, kebangkitan adat dan demokrasi Lokal. Tanggerang: Marjin Kiri.
Hammersley, Martyn, dan Paul Atkinson. 2007. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. New York: Routledge.
Hauser-Schäublin, Brigitta. 2004a. “‘Bali Aga’ and Islam: Ethnicity, ritual practice, and ‘Old-Balinese’ as an anthropological construct.” Indonesia 77 (April): 27–55.
Hauser-Schäublin, Brigitta. 2004b. “Austronesian aboriginality or the ritual organization of the state? A controversy on the political dimension of temple networks in early bali.” History and Anthropology 15 (4): 317–44.
Hauser-Schäublin, Brigitta, ed. 2013a. Adat and Indigeneity in Indonesia: Culture and Entitlements Between Heteronomy and Self-Ascription. Göttingen Studies in Cultural Property, Volume 7. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen.
Hauser-Schäublin, Brigitta. 2013b. “How indigenous are the Balinese? From national marginalisation to provincial domination.” Dalam Adat and Indigeneity in Indonesia: Culture and Entitlements between Heteronomy and Self-Ascription, diedit oleh Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin, Göttingen, 133–48. Göttingen: Universitätverlag Göttingen.
Hauser-Schäublin, Brigitta, dan I Wayan Ardika, ed. 2008. Burial, text and rituals: Ethnoarchaelogical investigations in North Bali, Indonesia. Göttingen: Göttinger zur Ethnologie vol. 1. Universitätverlag Göttingen.
Howe, Leo. 1989. “Hierarchy and equality; Variations in Balinese social organization.” Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 145 (1): 47–71.
Keller, Reiner. 2008. “Diskurse und Dispositive analysieren. Die Wissenssoziologische Diskursanalyse als Beitrag zu einer wissensanalytischen Profilierung der Diskursforschung.” Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung 33 (1 (123)): 73–107.
Korn, Victor Emanuel. 1933. De Dorpsrepubliek Tnganan Pagringsingan. Santpoort: Uitgeverij C. A. Mees.
Korn, Victor Emanuel. 1984. “The Village Republic of Tenganan Pegeringsingan.” Dalam Bali, Studies in Life, Thought and Ritual, diedit oleh J. L. Swellengrebel, 301–68. The Hague and Bandung: W. van Hoove Ltd.
Liefrinck, Frederik Albert. 1889. “Bijdragen tot de kennis van het eiland Bali.” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 33: 233–472.
Liefrinck, Frederik Albert. 1927. Bali en Lombok. Amsterdam: J. H. de Bussy.
Macgilchrist, Felicitas, dan Tom van Hout. 2011. “Ethnographic discourse analysis and social science.” Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research 12 (1): Art.18.
Muur, Willem van der, Jacqueline Vel, Micah R. Fisher, dan Kathryn Robinson. 2019. “Changing indigeneity politics in Indonesia: From revival to projects.” The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 20 (5): 379–96.
Ottino, Arlette. 1994. “Origin myths, hierarchical order, and the negotiation of status in the Balinese village of Trunyan.” Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 150 (3): 481–517.
Ottino, Arlette. 2003. “Ritual subordination to the core-line and Bali Aga cultural identity: Some preliminary research notes on the Kabayan of Gunung Batukau.” Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia 70 (Jan-Apr): 1–19.
Ramseyer, Urs. 1984. “Clothing, ritual and society in Tenganan Pegringsingan (Bali).” Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gessellschaft Basel 95: 191–241.
Ramseyer, Urs. 2009. The theatre of the universe: Ritual and art in Tenganan Pegeringsingan, Bali. Basel: Museum der Kulturen Basel.
Reuter, Thomas A. 1999. “People of the mountains, people of the sea: Negotiating the local and the foreign in Bali.” Dalam Staying Local in the Global Village: Bali in the Twentieth Century, diedit oleh Raechelle Rubinstein dan Linda H Connor, 155–80. Hawai’i: University of Hawai’i Press.
Reuter, Thomas A. 2002a. Custodians of the Sacred Mountains: Culture and Society in the Highlands of Bali. Honolulu: Hawaii University Press.
Reuter, Thomas A. 2002b. The house of our ancestors: Precedence and dualism in highland Balinese society. Leiden (Netherlands).: KITLV Press.
Rhismawati, Ni Luh. 2020. “Gubernur Bali: Desa adat harus dihargai dengan hal konkret.” antaranews.com. 2020. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1675598/gubernur-bali-desa-adat-harus-dihargai-dengan-hal-konkret.
Scheurich, James Joseph, dan Kathryn Bell McKenzie. 2011. “Metodologi Foucault: Arkeologi dan Genealogi.” Dalam The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research 2, diedit oleh Norman K. Denzin dan Yvonna S. Lincoln, diterjemahkan oleh Dariyatno, 3 ed., 217–47. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Schulte-Nordholt, Henk. 1981. “Negara: A Theatre State?” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 137 (4): 470–76.
Schulte-Nordholt, Henk. 2006. The spell of power: Sejarah politik Bali 1650-1940. Diterjemahkan oleh Ida Bagus Putrayadnya. Denpasar: KITLV Jakarta & Pustaka Larasan.
Sirtha, I Nyoman. 2016. “Desa Pakraman.” Denpasar. https://simdos.unud.ac.id/uploads/file_penelitian_1_dir/3898a0594dc1da5de82c83289cbef1ad.pdf.
Suacana, Wayan Gede. 2011. “Budaya demokrasi dalam kehidupan masyarakat desa di Bali.” Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies) 1 (1): 88–151.
Subanda, I Nyoman. 2005. “Negara, desa adat dan rakyat dalam kepemimpinan lokal di Bali.” Universitas Airlangga. http://repository.unair.ac.id/32724/2/gdlhub-gdl-s3-2007-subandainy-3591-diss07-n.pdf.
Surpha, I Wayan. 2003. Eksistensi Desa Adat dan Desa Dinas di Bali. Denpasar: Pustaka Bali Post.
Suyadnya, I Wayan. 2019. “Self-identification and repositioning of the Tengananese in the discourse of adat community in Bali.” Masyarakat: Jurnal Sosiologi 24 (1): 27–51.
Swales, John M. 1998. Other floors, other voices: A textography of a small university building. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Wardana, Agung, dan Darmanto. 2017. “Traditional village institutions and the Village Law.” Inside Indonesia. 9 Mei 2017. https://www.insideindonesia.org/traditional-village-institutions-and-the-village-law-2.
Warren, Carol. 1993. Adat and dinas: Balinese communities in the Indonesian state. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Warren, Carol. 1998. “Tanah Lot: the cultural and environmental politics of resort development in Bali.” Dalam The politics of environment in Southeast Asia, diedit oleh Philip Hirsch dan Carol Warren, 229–61. London: Routledge.
Warren, Carol. 2007. “Adat in Balinese discourse and practice: locating citizenship and the Commonweal.” Dalam The revival of tradition in Indonesian politics: The development of Adat from colonialism to indigenism, diedit oleh Jamie S Davidson dan David Henley, 170–202. London & New York.
Warren, Carol. 2010. “Adat dalam praktik dan wacana orang Bali: Memosisikan prinsip kewarganegaraan dan kesejahteraan bersama ('Commonweal’).” Dalam Adat dalam Politik Indonesia, diedit oleh Jamie S Davidson, David Henley, dan Sandra Moniaga, 187–220. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
White, Ben. 2008. “Professional blindness and missing the mark ~ The anthropologist’s blind spots: Clifford Geertz on class, killings and communists in Indonesia.” Rozenberg Quarterly. 4 Juni 2008. http://rozenbergquarterly.com/professional-blindness-and-missing-the-mark-the-anthropologists-blind-spots-clifford-geertz-on-class-killings-and-communists-in-indonesia/.
White, Ben. 2017. “The myth of the harmonious village.” Inside Indonesia. 9 Mei 2017. https://www.insideindonesia.org/the-myth-of-the-harmonious-village.
Winatha, Nyoman. 2019. “Mengawal budaya Bali, memberdayakan desa adat.” balipost.com. 28 Desember 2019. https://www.balipost.com/news/2019/12/28/96484/Mengawal-Budaya-Bali,Memberdayakan-Desa...html.
Wiranata, I Made Anom, dan Hotman Siahaan. 2019. “Konstruksi identitas kolektif warga desa adat dalam gerakan tolak reklamasi Teluk Benoa di Bali.” Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies) 9 (2): 407-428.
Wiratmaja, I Nyoman. 2003. “Dinamika pemikiran mengenai format pemerintah desa di Bali dalam rangka otonomi daerah.” Dalam Eksistensi Desa Pakraman di Bali, diedit oleh I Gede Janamijaya, I Nyoman Wiratmaja, dan I Wayan Gede Suacana, 19–22. Denpasar: Yayasan Tri Hita Karana Bali.
Yudistira, Cokorda. 2019. “DPRD Bali Tetapkan Perda Desa Adat.” Kompas.id. 2 April 2019. https://kompas.id/baca/utama/2019/04/02/dprd-bali-tetapkan-perda-desa-adat/.
Published
2021-10-18
How to Cite
SUYADNYA, I Wayan.
Interaksi Kekuasaan Adat dan Negara dalam Perspektif Masyarakat Bali Kuno Tenganan Pegringsingan.
Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies), [S.l.], v. 11, n. 2, p. 517-538, oct. 2021.
ISSN 2580-0698.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/kajianbali/article/view/70639>. Date accessed: 22 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2021.v11.i02.p15.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
