Legal Issues Pertaining to High Altitude Platform Station Implementation in Indonesia as an Archipelagic State
Abstract
Information is a necessity for the interests of government, the economy, social culture, as well as defense and security in the era of industrial revolution 4.0. Since 1976, the Indonesian government has been working on developing a satellite communication system starting with the Palapa A1 Satellite, followed by its subsequent generations. However, this system has limitations, particularly in providing coverage to rural areas in Indonesia. To address this issue, the government has started the procurement of the Wahana Dirgantara Super or High-Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) in Indonesia. HAPS are stations positioned at altitudes of 20 to 50 km above the Earth's surface. Given Indonesia's geographical location, HAPS is seen as the most suitable solution as it utilizes non-ground terrestrial technology to improve information and communication technology coverage in rural areas. However, the location on which the HAPS is positioned might trigger new issues, particularly with regard to state sovereignty and disruption of flight traffic. The operation of HAPS also needs further consideration so that the protection of personal data in Indonesia will not be disrupted. This article employs normative juridical research as a methodology. The research collected and analyzed primary sources in the form of law, regulation, and policy at the national and regional levels, as well as secondary sources that are available in textbooks, journal articles, and website content. This article aims to explain the development of HAPS regulations based on international law and national law and to examine the legal issues related to the procurement of HAPS in Indonesia . At the end, this article suggests that it is necessary to regulate HAPS in Indonesia with reference to aviation safety, security, and liability issues as well as maintaining state sovereignty and ensuring personal data protection.
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References
Book
Aragon-Zavala, Alejandro et al. High-Altitude Platforms for Wireless Communications. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, 2018.
Haanappel, Peter. Aerial Sovereignty: From Paris 1919, Through Chicago 1944, to Today, in Behind and Beyond the Chicago Convention The Evolution Aerial Sovereignty, Ed. Pablo Mendes de Leon and Niall Buissing. Netherland: Kluwer Law International, 2019.
Mardianis. Hukum Antariksa. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2016.
Journal Articles
Arum, Steve Chukwuebuka, David Grace, and Paul Daniel Mitchell. “A Review of Wireless Communication Using High-Altitude Platforms for Extended Coverage and Capacity.” Computer Communications 157 (2020): 232-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2020.04.020
Budiyanto, Setiyo, Muhammad Jamil, and Fajar Rahayu. “Feasibility Analysis of the Application of Project Loon as an Equitable Effort for Communication Infrastructure Development in Indonesia.” Jurnal Telekomunikasi dan Komputer 9, no. 2 (2019): 61-76. https://doi.org/10.22441/incomtech.v9i2.6469
Damanyati, Cholifah and Anjar Supriadhie. “Legal Implication of Placing The Google Balloon in National Air Space.” Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 16, no. 3 (2016): 325-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2016.16.3.616
Dempsey, Paul Stephen and Maria Manoli. “Suborbital Flights and the Delimitation of Air Space vis-à-vis Outer Space: Functionalism, Spatialism and State Sovereignty.” Annals of Air and Space Law XLII (2017): 197-238.
Hase, Y. R. Miura, and S. Ohmori. “A Novel Broadband All-Wireless Access Using Stratospheric Platforms.” Proceeding of VTC, (1998): 1191-1194. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-1397
Horvath, Atilla. “Possible Applications of High Altitude Platform Systems for the Security of South America and South Europe.” Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 20, (2021): 79-94. https://doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2021.2.ksz.6
Izet-Unsalan, Kunsel, and Deniz Unsalan. “A Low Cost Alternative for Satellites- Tethered Ultra-High Altitude Balloons.” In Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies - RAST2011, 13–16. Istanbul, Turkey: IEEE, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/RAST.2011.5966806
John, George V. “Welcome To The Space Jam: How US Regulators Should Govern Google and Facebook’s New Internet Providing High Altitude Platforms.” American University Business Law Review 4, no. 3 (2015): 471-503.
Kurt, Gunes Karabulut et al. “A Vision and Framework for the High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) Networks of the Future.” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 23, no. 2 (2021): 729-79. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2021.3066905
Lee, Yung Gyo, Dong-Min Kim, and Chan-Hong Yeom. “Development of Korean High Altitude Platform Systems.” International Journal of Wireless Information Networks 13, no. 1 (2006): 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-005-0018-6
Lee, Yee-Chun, and Huanchun Ye. “Sky Station Stratospheric Telecommunications System, a High Speed Low Latency Switched Wireless Network.” In 17th AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Conference and Exhibit. Yokohama,Japan: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, (1998): 25-32. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-1394
Mohammed, Abbas et al. “The Role of High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) in the Global Wireless Connectivity.” Proceedings of the IEEE 99, no. 11 (2011): 1939-1953. https://doi.org/10.1109/IPROC.2011.2159690
Nugraha, Ridha Aditya and Kartika Paramita. “Mempererat Regional ASEAN Melalui Tatanan Hukum Keantariksaan: Peluang dan Tantangan bagi Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 49, no. 3 (2019): 636-649. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol49.no 3.2191
Nugraha, Ridha Aditya. “Improving Aviation Safety in Indonesia: How Many More Accidents?.” Hasanuddin Law Review 2, no. 3 (2016): 328-348. https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v2i3.321
Nugraha, Ridha Aditya, Konrardus Elias Liat Tedemaking, and Vicia Sacharissa. “Penguatan Kedaulatan Negara di Udara dan Urgensi Sinkronisasi Hukum.” Kertha Patrika 43, no. 1 (2021): 65-81. https://doi.org/10.24843/KP.2021.v43.i01.p05
Putro, Yaries, Ridha Nugraha, and Taufik Rachmat Nugraha. “Geostationary Orbit Slot Reconceptualization in Accommodating the South.” Indonesian Journal of International Law 19, no. 3 (2022): 373-398.
Reinhardt, Dean N. “The Vertical Limit of State Sovereignty.” Journal of Air Law and Commerce 72, no. 1 (2007): 65-137.
Schoenmaker, Annelie. “Certification and Safety Aspects relating to the Transport of Passengers on High Altitude Balloons in Europe.” Acta Astronautica 100 (2014): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.03.010
Setiawan, Eddy. “The Potential Use of High Altitude Platform Station in Rural Telecommunication Infrastructure.” Indonesia-ITU Concern Forum (IICF) (2018): 35-37. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICTR.2018.8706563
Sudrajat, Ruman. “Ruang Angkasa dan Pengaturan Hukumnya.” Warta Lapan 41 (1984): 17-30.
Widiawan, Anggoro K. and Rahim Tafazolli. “High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS): A Review of New Infrastructure Development for Future Wireless Communication.” Wireless Personal Communications 42 (2007): 387-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-006-9184-9
Xu, Yuanming, et al. “Improvement of Endurance Performance for High-Altitude Solar-Powered Airships: A Review.” Acta Astronautica 167 (2020): 245-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.11.021
Yuniarti, Diah and Hilarion Hamjen. “Status dan Perkembangan Proyek Loon Terkini.” Buletin Pos dan Telekomunikasi 15, no. 1 (2017): 13-26. https://doi.org/10.17933/bpostel.2017.150102
Zhou, Dong, et al. “Overview of Development and Regulatory Aspects of High Altitude Platform System.” Intelligent and Converged Networks 1, no. 1 (2020): 58-78. https://doi.org/10.23919/ICN.2020.0004
Zhu, Xiongfeng, Zheng Guo, and Zhongxi Hou. “Solar-Powered Airplanes: A Historical Perspective and Future Challenges.” Progress in Aerospace Sciences 71 (2014): 36-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2014.06.003
Thesis or Dissertation
Cook, Eric C. “Broad Area Wireless Networking via High Altitude Platforms.” Master’s Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2013.
Legal Documents
Indonesia. Law No. 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection.
Indonesia. Law No. 48 of 2008 concerning State Territory.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 4 of 2018 concerning Air Security of the Republic of Indonesia.
Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 96 of 2014 concerning Indonesia Broadband Plan 2014-2019
Indonesia. Regulation of Minister of Communications and Informatics No. 4 of 2016 on Information Security System Management.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Convention on Civil Aviation ("Chicago Convention"), 7 December 1944, (1994) 15 U.N.T.S. 295.
Radio Regulation (RR) 1.66 A ITU (ITU, 2012), High Altitude Platforms (HAPs).
International Telecomunication Union. Recommendation ITU-T X.1056 (01/2009).
The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. 18 U.S.T. 2410 610 U.N.T.S. 205, 61 I.L.M. 386 (1967).
The United States of America. 51 U.S. Code on National Aeronautics and Space Act 20103
Other Documents
Euler, Anthony, Surjit Badesha, and Larry Schroeder. “Very High Altitude Tethered Balloon Feasibility Study.” In 11th Lighter-than-Air Systems Technology Conference. Clearwater Beach, FL, U.S.A.: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1995. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1995-1612
Fantom, Neil and Umar Serajuddin. “The World Bank’s Classification of Countries by Income.” https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/408581467988942234/pdf/WPS7528.pdf
Haryadi, Sigit. “Ikhtisar Organisasi Regulasi Telekomunikasi.” Preprint. INA-Rxiv, February 28, 2018. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/g9m3k
Marcy, W.L., and R.O. Hookway. “Propulsion Options For The Hi Spot Long Endurance Drone Airship.” Final Report. Philadelphia: Naval Air Development Center, September 15, 1979.
Organization, International Civil Aviation. “Regulation of Unmanned Free Balloons.” International Civil Aviation Organization, August 4, 2017.
Website Content
Eloksari, Eisya. “Tokopedia Data Breach Exposes Vulnerability of Personal Data.” https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/05/04/tokopedia-data-breach-exposes-vulnerability-of-personal-data.html
Korean Legislation Research Institute. “Statutes of the Republic of Korea.” https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?hseq=38489&lang=ENG
Nugraha, Ridha Aditya and Taufik Rachmat Nugraha. “Chinese balloon row: Time to determine vertical delimitation in ASEAN.” https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2023/02/14/chinese-balloon-row-time-to-determine-vertical-delimitation-in-asean.html
Putro, Yaries Mahardika and Ridha Aditya Nugraha. “Space economy is the future, but how to realize it?.” https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2023/03/16/space-economy-is-the-future-but-can-indonesia-realize-it.html
Aragon-Zavala, Alejandro et al. High-Altitude Platforms for Wireless Communications. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, 2018.
Haanappel, Peter. Aerial Sovereignty: From Paris 1919, Through Chicago 1944, to Today, in Behind and Beyond the Chicago Convention The Evolution Aerial Sovereignty, Ed. Pablo Mendes de Leon and Niall Buissing. Netherland: Kluwer Law International, 2019.
Mardianis. Hukum Antariksa. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2016.
Journal Articles
Arum, Steve Chukwuebuka, David Grace, and Paul Daniel Mitchell. “A Review of Wireless Communication Using High-Altitude Platforms for Extended Coverage and Capacity.” Computer Communications 157 (2020): 232-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2020.04.020
Budiyanto, Setiyo, Muhammad Jamil, and Fajar Rahayu. “Feasibility Analysis of the Application of Project Loon as an Equitable Effort for Communication Infrastructure Development in Indonesia.” Jurnal Telekomunikasi dan Komputer 9, no. 2 (2019): 61-76. https://doi.org/10.22441/incomtech.v9i2.6469
Damanyati, Cholifah and Anjar Supriadhie. “Legal Implication of Placing The Google Balloon in National Air Space.” Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 16, no. 3 (2016): 325-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2016.16.3.616
Dempsey, Paul Stephen and Maria Manoli. “Suborbital Flights and the Delimitation of Air Space vis-à-vis Outer Space: Functionalism, Spatialism and State Sovereignty.” Annals of Air and Space Law XLII (2017): 197-238.
Hase, Y. R. Miura, and S. Ohmori. “A Novel Broadband All-Wireless Access Using Stratospheric Platforms.” Proceeding of VTC, (1998): 1191-1194. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-1397
Horvath, Atilla. “Possible Applications of High Altitude Platform Systems for the Security of South America and South Europe.” Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 20, (2021): 79-94. https://doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2021.2.ksz.6
Izet-Unsalan, Kunsel, and Deniz Unsalan. “A Low Cost Alternative for Satellites- Tethered Ultra-High Altitude Balloons.” In Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies - RAST2011, 13–16. Istanbul, Turkey: IEEE, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/RAST.2011.5966806
John, George V. “Welcome To The Space Jam: How US Regulators Should Govern Google and Facebook’s New Internet Providing High Altitude Platforms.” American University Business Law Review 4, no. 3 (2015): 471-503.
Kurt, Gunes Karabulut et al. “A Vision and Framework for the High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) Networks of the Future.” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 23, no. 2 (2021): 729-79. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2021.3066905
Lee, Yung Gyo, Dong-Min Kim, and Chan-Hong Yeom. “Development of Korean High Altitude Platform Systems.” International Journal of Wireless Information Networks 13, no. 1 (2006): 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-005-0018-6
Lee, Yee-Chun, and Huanchun Ye. “Sky Station Stratospheric Telecommunications System, a High Speed Low Latency Switched Wireless Network.” In 17th AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Conference and Exhibit. Yokohama,Japan: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, (1998): 25-32. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-1394
Mohammed, Abbas et al. “The Role of High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) in the Global Wireless Connectivity.” Proceedings of the IEEE 99, no. 11 (2011): 1939-1953. https://doi.org/10.1109/IPROC.2011.2159690
Nugraha, Ridha Aditya and Kartika Paramita. “Mempererat Regional ASEAN Melalui Tatanan Hukum Keantariksaan: Peluang dan Tantangan bagi Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 49, no. 3 (2019): 636-649. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol49.no 3.2191
Nugraha, Ridha Aditya. “Improving Aviation Safety in Indonesia: How Many More Accidents?.” Hasanuddin Law Review 2, no. 3 (2016): 328-348. https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v2i3.321
Nugraha, Ridha Aditya, Konrardus Elias Liat Tedemaking, and Vicia Sacharissa. “Penguatan Kedaulatan Negara di Udara dan Urgensi Sinkronisasi Hukum.” Kertha Patrika 43, no. 1 (2021): 65-81. https://doi.org/10.24843/KP.2021.v43.i01.p05
Putro, Yaries, Ridha Nugraha, and Taufik Rachmat Nugraha. “Geostationary Orbit Slot Reconceptualization in Accommodating the South.” Indonesian Journal of International Law 19, no. 3 (2022): 373-398.
Reinhardt, Dean N. “The Vertical Limit of State Sovereignty.” Journal of Air Law and Commerce 72, no. 1 (2007): 65-137.
Schoenmaker, Annelie. “Certification and Safety Aspects relating to the Transport of Passengers on High Altitude Balloons in Europe.” Acta Astronautica 100 (2014): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.03.010
Setiawan, Eddy. “The Potential Use of High Altitude Platform Station in Rural Telecommunication Infrastructure.” Indonesia-ITU Concern Forum (IICF) (2018): 35-37. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICTR.2018.8706563
Sudrajat, Ruman. “Ruang Angkasa dan Pengaturan Hukumnya.” Warta Lapan 41 (1984): 17-30.
Widiawan, Anggoro K. and Rahim Tafazolli. “High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS): A Review of New Infrastructure Development for Future Wireless Communication.” Wireless Personal Communications 42 (2007): 387-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-006-9184-9
Xu, Yuanming, et al. “Improvement of Endurance Performance for High-Altitude Solar-Powered Airships: A Review.” Acta Astronautica 167 (2020): 245-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.11.021
Yuniarti, Diah and Hilarion Hamjen. “Status dan Perkembangan Proyek Loon Terkini.” Buletin Pos dan Telekomunikasi 15, no. 1 (2017): 13-26. https://doi.org/10.17933/bpostel.2017.150102
Zhou, Dong, et al. “Overview of Development and Regulatory Aspects of High Altitude Platform System.” Intelligent and Converged Networks 1, no. 1 (2020): 58-78. https://doi.org/10.23919/ICN.2020.0004
Zhu, Xiongfeng, Zheng Guo, and Zhongxi Hou. “Solar-Powered Airplanes: A Historical Perspective and Future Challenges.” Progress in Aerospace Sciences 71 (2014): 36-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2014.06.003
Thesis or Dissertation
Cook, Eric C. “Broad Area Wireless Networking via High Altitude Platforms.” Master’s Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2013.
Legal Documents
Indonesia. Law No. 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection.
Indonesia. Law No. 48 of 2008 concerning State Territory.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 4 of 2018 concerning Air Security of the Republic of Indonesia.
Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 96 of 2014 concerning Indonesia Broadband Plan 2014-2019
Indonesia. Regulation of Minister of Communications and Informatics No. 4 of 2016 on Information Security System Management.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Convention on Civil Aviation ("Chicago Convention"), 7 December 1944, (1994) 15 U.N.T.S. 295.
Radio Regulation (RR) 1.66 A ITU (ITU, 2012), High Altitude Platforms (HAPs).
International Telecomunication Union. Recommendation ITU-T X.1056 (01/2009).
The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. 18 U.S.T. 2410 610 U.N.T.S. 205, 61 I.L.M. 386 (1967).
The United States of America. 51 U.S. Code on National Aeronautics and Space Act 20103
Other Documents
Euler, Anthony, Surjit Badesha, and Larry Schroeder. “Very High Altitude Tethered Balloon Feasibility Study.” In 11th Lighter-than-Air Systems Technology Conference. Clearwater Beach, FL, U.S.A.: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1995. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1995-1612
Fantom, Neil and Umar Serajuddin. “The World Bank’s Classification of Countries by Income.” https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/408581467988942234/pdf/WPS7528.pdf
Haryadi, Sigit. “Ikhtisar Organisasi Regulasi Telekomunikasi.” Preprint. INA-Rxiv, February 28, 2018. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/g9m3k
Marcy, W.L., and R.O. Hookway. “Propulsion Options For The Hi Spot Long Endurance Drone Airship.” Final Report. Philadelphia: Naval Air Development Center, September 15, 1979.
Organization, International Civil Aviation. “Regulation of Unmanned Free Balloons.” International Civil Aviation Organization, August 4, 2017.
Website Content
Eloksari, Eisya. “Tokopedia Data Breach Exposes Vulnerability of Personal Data.” https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/05/04/tokopedia-data-breach-exposes-vulnerability-of-personal-data.html
Korean Legislation Research Institute. “Statutes of the Republic of Korea.” https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?hseq=38489&lang=ENG
Nugraha, Ridha Aditya and Taufik Rachmat Nugraha. “Chinese balloon row: Time to determine vertical delimitation in ASEAN.” https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2023/02/14/chinese-balloon-row-time-to-determine-vertical-delimitation-in-asean.html
Putro, Yaries Mahardika and Ridha Aditya Nugraha. “Space economy is the future, but how to realize it?.” https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2023/03/16/space-economy-is-the-future-but-can-indonesia-realize-it.html
Published
2023-07-31
How to Cite
MAHARDIKA PUTRO, Yaries et al.
Legal Issues Pertaining to High Altitude Platform Station Implementation in Indonesia as an Archipelagic State.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 2, p. 144-164, july 2023.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/99382>. Date accessed: 16 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2023.v07.i02.p06.
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