Towards Alternative Energy Sources: Is it Time to Switch to Nyamplung?
Abstract
Nyamplung is one of the six priority non-timber forest products in Indonesia. This type of mangrove has a high yield of oil as a raw material biofuel with a 40-70% higher percentage than other plants, such as oil palm, whose percentage is only 46-54%. This article examines Indonesia's commitment to accelerate the transition to new and renewable energy through biofuels to meet the national electricity supply. In addition, it conducts an economic calculation of nyamplung as alternative energy for biofuels. The writing of this article reflects an economic analysis of law that combines legal analysis based on norms, guidelines, and plans as stipulated in Indonesian laws and regulations and international instruments and economic analysis referring to relevant data and sources. This article concludes that nyamplung may serve as an alternative energy source to fulfill future national energy needs, which aligns with efforts to achieve a sustainable environment. Despite laws and policies on national energy supporting any efforts to complement and substitute current energy sources, the utilization of nyamplung has yet to be optimized as a biofuel.
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References
Book
Abdurrahman, S., Mustika Pertiwi, and Walujanto. Indonesia Energy Outlook 2019. Jakarta: Secretariat General of the National Energy Council, Ltd, 2019.
Goldthau, Andreas and Jan Martin Witte. Global Energy Governance the New Rules of the Game. Berlin: Policy Institute, 2010.
Krisnawati, Haruni. Mangrove Forests for Mitigation of Climate Change. Jakarta: Agency for Research Development and Innovation Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2017.
Lauranti, Maria and Eka Afrina Djamhari. Equal Energy Transition in Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunities. Jakarta: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2017.
Leksono, Budi, Eritrina Windyarini, and Tri Maria Hasnah. Cultivation of Nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum L. For Bioenergy and Other Utilization Prospects). Bogor: IPB Press, 2014.
Douglas Sheil, et.al. The Impacts and Opportunities of Oil Palm in Southeast Asia What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know? Bogor. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) 2009.
Directorate General of New Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation. Directorate General Strategic Plan for New Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation 2020-2024. Jakarta: Directorate General of New Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation, 2020.
Journal Article
Camerling, Billy J., and R. A. de Fretes. "Pemilihan Alternatif Bahan Bakar Mesin Pembangkit PLTD Menggunakan Metode Value Engineering." Journal Teknik Mesin, Elektro, Informatika, Kelautan dan Sains 1, no. 1 (2021): 46-51. https://dx.doi.org/10.30598/metiks.2021.1.1.46-51
Jaelani, Aan. “Renewable Energy Policy in Indonesia: The Qur'anic Scientific Signals in Islamic Economics Perspective.” International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 7, no. 4 (2017): 193-204.
Karjoko, Lego, I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani, and Willy Naresta Hanum. “Legal Policy of Old Wells Petroleum Mining Management Based on Social Justice in Realising Energy Sovereignty.” Sriwijaya Law Review 6 no. 2 (2022): 286-303 http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol6.Iss2.1745.pp286-303
Khan, Hayat, Itbar Khan, and Truong Tien Binh. “The Heterogeneity of Renewable Energy Consumption, Carbon Emission, and Financial Development in the Globe: A Panel Quantile Regression Approach.” Scientific Research 9, no. 5 (2020): 856-867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.04.002
Komunikasi, Biro. "Layanan Informasi Publik dan Kerja Sama Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral." Jurnal Energi: Program Strategis EBTKE dan Ketenagalistrikan, Edisi 2 (2016).
Leksono, Budi, Eritrina Windyarini, and Tri Maria Hasnah. “Nyamplung, Leading Local Genetic Resources for Biofuel Development.” Proceedings of the National Seminar on Utilization of Local Genetic Resources in Supporting the Success of Breeding Programs (2016).
Perdana, Aditya Arso, Muhammad Ery Wijaya, and Ichsan. “Accelerating Renewable Energy Development toward Energy Security.” Jurnal Kebijakan Publik 13, no. 4, (2022): 404-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jkp.v13i4.8149
Pinilih, Sekar Anggun Gading. “The Green Constitution Concept in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.” Mimbar Hukum 30, no. 1 (2018): 201-211. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.28684
Pradnyana, Gde. "Pemenuhan kebutuhan energi dalam rangka Mewujudkan Ketahanan Nasional." Jurnal Maksipreneur: Manajemen, Koperasi, dan Entrepreneurship 5, no. 2 (2016): 67-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30588/jmp.v5i2.165
Priyanta, Maret. “Intergrated Environmental Law System Strategies to Adapt Climate Change Impact from Energy Resilience in Indonesia.” Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 17, no. 3 (2017): 297-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2017.17.3.932
Sari, Diah Apriani Atika and Rachma Indriyani. “Loss and Damage Due to Climate Change in Indonesia: An Overview of the ASEAN Cooperation Adapting to Global Warming.” Indonesian Journal of International Law 12, no. 3 (2015): 382-398. https://doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol12.3.611
Sarwono, Edhi, Nutfahryza Erzha, and Budi Nining Widarti. “Processing Biodiesel From Nyamplung Seeds (Calophyllum Inophyllum L) Using KOH Catalyst.” Proceedings of the VI National Seminar on Technology (2017): 34-40.
Sugianto, Fajar, Velliana Tanaya, and Veronica Putri. “Penilaian Efisiensi Ekonomi dalam Penyusunan Langkah Strategis terhadap Regulasi.” Jurnal Rechtsvinding 10 no. 3 (2021): 447-460. http://dx.doi.org/10.33331/rechtsvinding.v10i3.694
Suyono, Ninik Umi Hartanti, Agus Wibowo and Narto. “Biodiesel from Nyamplung Mangrove Type (Calophyllum inophyllum) as an Alternative to Fossil Fuels.” Biosphere 34, no. 3 (2017): 123-130. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.mib.2017.34.3.505
Wijaya, Karna. “The Role of Biofuel Research as New and Renewable Energy to Strengthen Chemical Literacy in Indonesia.” Proceedings of the Yogyakarta State University Chemistry National Seminar (2017): 17-24.
Windyswara, Dhysti. "Alasan Pemerintah Indonesia Meratifikasi Paris Climate Agreement tahun 2016." eJournal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional 6, no. 4 (2018): 1419-1440.
Wisadha, Made Adhitya Anggriawan and Grita Anindarini Widyaningsih. "Human Rights and the Environmental Protection: The Naïveté in Environmental Culture." Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 2, no.1 (2018): 73-96. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2018.v02.i01.p04
Yasinta, Tiara and Mahawan Karuniasa. “Palm Oil-Based Biofuels and Sustainability in Indonesia: Assess Social, Environmental and Economic Aspects.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 716 (2021): 1. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/716/1/012113
Yuniarifin, H., V. P. Bintoro, and A. Suwarastuti. "Pengaruh berbagai Konsentrasi Asam Fosfat pada Proses Perendaman Tulang Sapi terhadap Rendemen, Kadar Abu dan Viskositas Gelatin." Journal Indon Trop Anim Agric 31, no. 1 (2006): 55-61.
Yusa, I Gede and Bagus Hermanto. “Implementation of Green Constitution in Indonesia: Guarantees of Constitutional Rights of Sustainable Enviromental Development.” Jurnal Konstitusi 15, no. 2 (2018): 306-326. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1524
Legal Documents
Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Indonesia. Law No. 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry.
Indonesia. Law No. 26 of 2007 concerning Spatial Planning.
Indonesia. Law No. 30 of 2007 concerning Energy.
Indonesia. Law No. 16 of 2016 concerning the Ratification of the Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 79 of 2014 concerning National Energy Policy
Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 4 of 2016 concerning the Acceleration of Electricity Infrastructure Development.
Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 22 of 2017 concerning the National Energy General Plan.
Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 66 of 2018 concerning the Second Amendment to Presidential Regulation No. 61 of 2015 concerning the Collection and Use of Oil Palm Plantation Funds.
Indonesia. Presidential Instruction No. 1 of 2006 concerning the Provision and Utilization of Biofuels as Alternate Fuel.
Indonesia. Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 32 of 2008 concerning Supply, Utilization and Trading Procedure of Biofuel as Alternate Fuel.
Indonesia. Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 12 of 2015 concerning the Amendment of Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 32 of 2008 concerning Supply, Utilization and Trading Procedure of Biofuel as Alternate Fuel.
Indonesia. Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 41 of 2018 concerning Provision and Procurement of Biodiesel.
Other Documents
Azhar, Muhammad. “The New Renewable Energy Consumption Policy of Rare Earth Metals to Build Indonesia's National Energy Security.” Conference Guidelines The 1st Sriwijaya International Conference on Environmental Issues (2018): 84.
Bustomi, S, T., et.al. “Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L): A Potential Biofuel Energy Source. Forestry Research and Development Agency. Ministry of Forestry. Jakarta. https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS3332.slims-1595/Details
Hasibuan, Abdul Muis. “Prospects and Feasibility of Nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum Linn) Farming.” Research Institute for Spices and Various Industrial Plants (2019).
Leksono, Budi. "Nyamplung Fruit (Calophyllum Inophyllum) For Energy, Feed and Drug Resistance: Opportunities and Challenges." National Seminar on the Role and Policy Strategy for Utilization of Non-Timber Forest Products (HHBK) in Increasing the Utilization of Forest Areas (2014): 302.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330845524_BUAH_nyamplung_Calophyllum_inophyllum_UNTUK_KETAHANAN_ENERGI_PAKAN_DAN_OBAT-OBATAN_PELUANG_DAN_TANGAN
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia, Jakarta, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2018.
National Energy Council. National Energy Mix. Jakarta. 2020.
National Legal Development Agency. “National Legal Development Document.” https://www.bphn.go.id/dpage/reports/res_dphn
Website Content
Asmarini, Wilda. “Biodiesel Triggers the Cooking Oil Controversy? Check the consumption of Palm Oil.”
https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20220511164226-4-338245/biodiesel-pemicu-kisruh-oil-goreng-cek-konsumsi-sawitnya
Bulolo, Caroline. “Indonesia’s Cew Climate Plan: Slow Progress but Change Imminent.” https://chinadialogue.net/en/climate/indonesias-new-climate-plan-slow-progress-but-change-imminent/
Center for International Forestry Research. “Energy From the Forest of Calophyllum inophyllum.” https://www.cifor.org/id/feature/energi-dari-hutan/calophyllum-inophyllum-tamanu-tree/
Katadata. “Energy Transition: Its Definition, Benefits, and Technology.” http://universitaspertamina.ac.id/berita/detail/transisi-energi-pengertian-manfaat-dan-teknologinya
Kusnandar, Viva Budy. “Number of PLN Power Generation Units by Type (2021).” https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/03/31/ini-tipe-pembangkit-listrik-pln-paling-multi-pada-2021#:~:text=Pembangkit%20Listrik%20Tenaga%20Diesel %20(PLTD)%20ada%205,258%20units, Bayu%20(PLTB)%20ada%20150%20units
Kompas. “Total Population of Indonesia.”
https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/04/27/03000051/nomor-penduduk-indonesia-2022
Ministry of Environment and Forestry. “Baseline Management of National Mangrove Rehabilitation.”
https://www.menlhk.go.id/site/single_post/4476/peta-mangrove-nasional-tahun-2021-baseline-pengelolaan-rehabilitation-mangrove-nasional
Ministry of Environment and Forestry. “Indonesia Hosts the 2017 International Mangrove Conference.”
http://ppid.menlhk.go.id/siaran_pers/browse/561
Ministry of Environment and Forestry. “Own 23% of the World's Mangrove Ecosystem. Indonesia Hosts the 2017 International Mangrove Conference.” http://ppid.menlhk.go.id/siaran_pers/browse/561
National Geographic Indonesia, “Limbah Tanaman Nyamplung untuk Bahan Biosolar, 21 May 2015,
https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/13298782/limbah-tanaman-nyamplung-untuk-bahan-biosolar?page=all
Pahlevi, Reza. “Electricity Generation Capacity According to Type of Generator.” 2021.
https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/01/26/kapasitas-pembangkitan-listrik-indonesia-reach-7374-gw-pada-2021-pltu-mendomin#:~:text=Pembangkitan%20listrik %20Indonesia%20to%2073,736,(GW)%20to%November 20%202021.
Purnobasuki, Hery. “Utilization of Mangrove Forests as a Carbon Storage.” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236846548_Peuntungan_Hutan_Mangrove_As_Pendinding_Karbon
Siagian, Abdhy Walid. “Mangrove Forest Protection Through Economic Valuation of Carbon Services as an Effort to Reduce Climate Change.” https://rechtsvinding.bphn.go.id/?page=artikel&berita=638
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. “Economic Analysis of Law.” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-econanalysis/
The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia. “The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and Law of the Republic of Indonesia concerning the Constitutional Court.” https://www.mkri.id/public/content/infoumum/regulation/pdf/uud45%20eng.pdf
Winanti, Poppy. “Indonesian Energy Diplomacy.” Figshare (2020): 1-20, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12030381.v2
Abdurrahman, S., Mustika Pertiwi, and Walujanto. Indonesia Energy Outlook 2019. Jakarta: Secretariat General of the National Energy Council, Ltd, 2019.
Goldthau, Andreas and Jan Martin Witte. Global Energy Governance the New Rules of the Game. Berlin: Policy Institute, 2010.
Krisnawati, Haruni. Mangrove Forests for Mitigation of Climate Change. Jakarta: Agency for Research Development and Innovation Ministry of Environment and Forestry, 2017.
Lauranti, Maria and Eka Afrina Djamhari. Equal Energy Transition in Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunities. Jakarta: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2017.
Leksono, Budi, Eritrina Windyarini, and Tri Maria Hasnah. Cultivation of Nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum L. For Bioenergy and Other Utilization Prospects). Bogor: IPB Press, 2014.
Douglas Sheil, et.al. The Impacts and Opportunities of Oil Palm in Southeast Asia What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know? Bogor. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) 2009.
Directorate General of New Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation. Directorate General Strategic Plan for New Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation 2020-2024. Jakarta: Directorate General of New Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation, 2020.
Journal Article
Camerling, Billy J., and R. A. de Fretes. "Pemilihan Alternatif Bahan Bakar Mesin Pembangkit PLTD Menggunakan Metode Value Engineering." Journal Teknik Mesin, Elektro, Informatika, Kelautan dan Sains 1, no. 1 (2021): 46-51. https://dx.doi.org/10.30598/metiks.2021.1.1.46-51
Jaelani, Aan. “Renewable Energy Policy in Indonesia: The Qur'anic Scientific Signals in Islamic Economics Perspective.” International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 7, no. 4 (2017): 193-204.
Karjoko, Lego, I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani, and Willy Naresta Hanum. “Legal Policy of Old Wells Petroleum Mining Management Based on Social Justice in Realising Energy Sovereignty.” Sriwijaya Law Review 6 no. 2 (2022): 286-303 http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol6.Iss2.1745.pp286-303
Khan, Hayat, Itbar Khan, and Truong Tien Binh. “The Heterogeneity of Renewable Energy Consumption, Carbon Emission, and Financial Development in the Globe: A Panel Quantile Regression Approach.” Scientific Research 9, no. 5 (2020): 856-867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.04.002
Komunikasi, Biro. "Layanan Informasi Publik dan Kerja Sama Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral." Jurnal Energi: Program Strategis EBTKE dan Ketenagalistrikan, Edisi 2 (2016).
Leksono, Budi, Eritrina Windyarini, and Tri Maria Hasnah. “Nyamplung, Leading Local Genetic Resources for Biofuel Development.” Proceedings of the National Seminar on Utilization of Local Genetic Resources in Supporting the Success of Breeding Programs (2016).
Perdana, Aditya Arso, Muhammad Ery Wijaya, and Ichsan. “Accelerating Renewable Energy Development toward Energy Security.” Jurnal Kebijakan Publik 13, no. 4, (2022): 404-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jkp.v13i4.8149
Pinilih, Sekar Anggun Gading. “The Green Constitution Concept in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.” Mimbar Hukum 30, no. 1 (2018): 201-211. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.28684
Pradnyana, Gde. "Pemenuhan kebutuhan energi dalam rangka Mewujudkan Ketahanan Nasional." Jurnal Maksipreneur: Manajemen, Koperasi, dan Entrepreneurship 5, no. 2 (2016): 67-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30588/jmp.v5i2.165
Priyanta, Maret. “Intergrated Environmental Law System Strategies to Adapt Climate Change Impact from Energy Resilience in Indonesia.” Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 17, no. 3 (2017): 297-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2017.17.3.932
Sari, Diah Apriani Atika and Rachma Indriyani. “Loss and Damage Due to Climate Change in Indonesia: An Overview of the ASEAN Cooperation Adapting to Global Warming.” Indonesian Journal of International Law 12, no. 3 (2015): 382-398. https://doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol12.3.611
Sarwono, Edhi, Nutfahryza Erzha, and Budi Nining Widarti. “Processing Biodiesel From Nyamplung Seeds (Calophyllum Inophyllum L) Using KOH Catalyst.” Proceedings of the VI National Seminar on Technology (2017): 34-40.
Sugianto, Fajar, Velliana Tanaya, and Veronica Putri. “Penilaian Efisiensi Ekonomi dalam Penyusunan Langkah Strategis terhadap Regulasi.” Jurnal Rechtsvinding 10 no. 3 (2021): 447-460. http://dx.doi.org/10.33331/rechtsvinding.v10i3.694
Suyono, Ninik Umi Hartanti, Agus Wibowo and Narto. “Biodiesel from Nyamplung Mangrove Type (Calophyllum inophyllum) as an Alternative to Fossil Fuels.” Biosphere 34, no. 3 (2017): 123-130. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.mib.2017.34.3.505
Wijaya, Karna. “The Role of Biofuel Research as New and Renewable Energy to Strengthen Chemical Literacy in Indonesia.” Proceedings of the Yogyakarta State University Chemistry National Seminar (2017): 17-24.
Windyswara, Dhysti. "Alasan Pemerintah Indonesia Meratifikasi Paris Climate Agreement tahun 2016." eJournal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional 6, no. 4 (2018): 1419-1440.
Wisadha, Made Adhitya Anggriawan and Grita Anindarini Widyaningsih. "Human Rights and the Environmental Protection: The Naïveté in Environmental Culture." Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 2, no.1 (2018): 73-96. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2018.v02.i01.p04
Yasinta, Tiara and Mahawan Karuniasa. “Palm Oil-Based Biofuels and Sustainability in Indonesia: Assess Social, Environmental and Economic Aspects.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 716 (2021): 1. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/716/1/012113
Yuniarifin, H., V. P. Bintoro, and A. Suwarastuti. "Pengaruh berbagai Konsentrasi Asam Fosfat pada Proses Perendaman Tulang Sapi terhadap Rendemen, Kadar Abu dan Viskositas Gelatin." Journal Indon Trop Anim Agric 31, no. 1 (2006): 55-61.
Yusa, I Gede and Bagus Hermanto. “Implementation of Green Constitution in Indonesia: Guarantees of Constitutional Rights of Sustainable Enviromental Development.” Jurnal Konstitusi 15, no. 2 (2018): 306-326. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1524
Legal Documents
Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Indonesia. Law No. 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry.
Indonesia. Law No. 26 of 2007 concerning Spatial Planning.
Indonesia. Law No. 30 of 2007 concerning Energy.
Indonesia. Law No. 16 of 2016 concerning the Ratification of the Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 79 of 2014 concerning National Energy Policy
Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 4 of 2016 concerning the Acceleration of Electricity Infrastructure Development.
Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 22 of 2017 concerning the National Energy General Plan.
Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 66 of 2018 concerning the Second Amendment to Presidential Regulation No. 61 of 2015 concerning the Collection and Use of Oil Palm Plantation Funds.
Indonesia. Presidential Instruction No. 1 of 2006 concerning the Provision and Utilization of Biofuels as Alternate Fuel.
Indonesia. Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 32 of 2008 concerning Supply, Utilization and Trading Procedure of Biofuel as Alternate Fuel.
Indonesia. Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 12 of 2015 concerning the Amendment of Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 32 of 2008 concerning Supply, Utilization and Trading Procedure of Biofuel as Alternate Fuel.
Indonesia. Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 41 of 2018 concerning Provision and Procurement of Biodiesel.
Other Documents
Azhar, Muhammad. “The New Renewable Energy Consumption Policy of Rare Earth Metals to Build Indonesia's National Energy Security.” Conference Guidelines The 1st Sriwijaya International Conference on Environmental Issues (2018): 84.
Bustomi, S, T., et.al. “Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum L): A Potential Biofuel Energy Source. Forestry Research and Development Agency. Ministry of Forestry. Jakarta. https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS3332.slims-1595/Details
Hasibuan, Abdul Muis. “Prospects and Feasibility of Nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum Linn) Farming.” Research Institute for Spices and Various Industrial Plants (2019).
Leksono, Budi. "Nyamplung Fruit (Calophyllum Inophyllum) For Energy, Feed and Drug Resistance: Opportunities and Challenges." National Seminar on the Role and Policy Strategy for Utilization of Non-Timber Forest Products (HHBK) in Increasing the Utilization of Forest Areas (2014): 302.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330845524_BUAH_nyamplung_Calophyllum_inophyllum_UNTUK_KETAHANAN_ENERGI_PAKAN_DAN_OBAT-OBATAN_PELUANG_DAN_TANGAN
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia, Jakarta, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2018.
National Energy Council. National Energy Mix. Jakarta. 2020.
National Legal Development Agency. “National Legal Development Document.” https://www.bphn.go.id/dpage/reports/res_dphn
Website Content
Asmarini, Wilda. “Biodiesel Triggers the Cooking Oil Controversy? Check the consumption of Palm Oil.”
https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20220511164226-4-338245/biodiesel-pemicu-kisruh-oil-goreng-cek-konsumsi-sawitnya
Bulolo, Caroline. “Indonesia’s Cew Climate Plan: Slow Progress but Change Imminent.” https://chinadialogue.net/en/climate/indonesias-new-climate-plan-slow-progress-but-change-imminent/
Center for International Forestry Research. “Energy From the Forest of Calophyllum inophyllum.” https://www.cifor.org/id/feature/energi-dari-hutan/calophyllum-inophyllum-tamanu-tree/
Katadata. “Energy Transition: Its Definition, Benefits, and Technology.” http://universitaspertamina.ac.id/berita/detail/transisi-energi-pengertian-manfaat-dan-teknologinya
Kusnandar, Viva Budy. “Number of PLN Power Generation Units by Type (2021).” https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/03/31/ini-tipe-pembangkit-listrik-pln-paling-multi-pada-2021#:~:text=Pembangkit%20Listrik%20Tenaga%20Diesel %20(PLTD)%20ada%205,258%20units, Bayu%20(PLTB)%20ada%20150%20units
Kompas. “Total Population of Indonesia.”
https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/04/27/03000051/nomor-penduduk-indonesia-2022
Ministry of Environment and Forestry. “Baseline Management of National Mangrove Rehabilitation.”
https://www.menlhk.go.id/site/single_post/4476/peta-mangrove-nasional-tahun-2021-baseline-pengelolaan-rehabilitation-mangrove-nasional
Ministry of Environment and Forestry. “Indonesia Hosts the 2017 International Mangrove Conference.”
http://ppid.menlhk.go.id/siaran_pers/browse/561
Ministry of Environment and Forestry. “Own 23% of the World's Mangrove Ecosystem. Indonesia Hosts the 2017 International Mangrove Conference.” http://ppid.menlhk.go.id/siaran_pers/browse/561
National Geographic Indonesia, “Limbah Tanaman Nyamplung untuk Bahan Biosolar, 21 May 2015,
https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/13298782/limbah-tanaman-nyamplung-untuk-bahan-biosolar?page=all
Pahlevi, Reza. “Electricity Generation Capacity According to Type of Generator.” 2021.
https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/01/26/kapasitas-pembangkitan-listrik-indonesia-reach-7374-gw-pada-2021-pltu-mendomin#:~:text=Pembangkitan%20listrik %20Indonesia%20to%2073,736,(GW)%20to%November 20%202021.
Purnobasuki, Hery. “Utilization of Mangrove Forests as a Carbon Storage.” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236846548_Peuntungan_Hutan_Mangrove_As_Pendinding_Karbon
Siagian, Abdhy Walid. “Mangrove Forest Protection Through Economic Valuation of Carbon Services as an Effort to Reduce Climate Change.” https://rechtsvinding.bphn.go.id/?page=artikel&berita=638
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. “Economic Analysis of Law.” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-econanalysis/
The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia. “The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and Law of the Republic of Indonesia concerning the Constitutional Court.” https://www.mkri.id/public/content/infoumum/regulation/pdf/uud45%20eng.pdf
Winanti, Poppy. “Indonesian Energy Diplomacy.” Figshare (2020): 1-20, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12030381.v2
Published
2023-01-31
How to Cite
SIAGIAN, Abdhy Walid; DAFFA ALGHAZALI, Muhammad Syammakh.
Towards Alternative Energy Sources: Is it Time to Switch to Nyamplung?.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 102-120, jan. 2023.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/94094>. Date accessed: 04 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2023.v07.i01.p06.
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