Legal and Ethical Discourse of Saviour Sibling: How Should Indonesia Respond to this New Trend?
Abstract
Thalassemia major is a genetic condition characterized by an inefficient synthesis of red blood cells which can be cured by bone marrow transplantation surgery. However, getting a matching donor is a challenging task. Therefore, some people have been using the “saviour sibling” procedure wherein a sibling is born to be a donor for their sibling. This procedure, however, has been raising debate, especially concerning bioethics. Indonesia, a country with a high number of people who suffer from such an abnormal genetic condition, needs to be aware of this procedure and its policy framework. This paper conducts a comparative study in identifying and analyzing how saviour sibling is regulated in countries other than Indonesia. Besides, it discusses the legal and ethical implications of saviour sibling procedures in Indonesia. It is a cross-discipline research that combines legal research in the fields of health law, human rights law, and private law and resources from medical science. The analysis is established by using normative, comparative, and ethical approaches. This study found a disparity in the policy framework between countries because such a procedure is in the grey zone between bioethics and technologies. Nevertheless, no rights are violated because the child would live a life of physical and mental well-being. This procedure also plays a critical role in developing medical technology. In bioethics, the saviour sibling procedure begs whether the conceived sibling is just a means to an end, a mere commodity. In Indonesia, the legal framework on health technology involving human subjects is still relatively lax in regulating saviour siblings. Therefore, this study suggests that Indonesia needs to consider the diverse local wisdom as the foundation of its bioethics in regulating saviour sibling in the future.
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References
Book
Bertens, K. Sekitar Bioetika. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2018.
Hanafiah, M Jusuf, and Amri Amir. Etika Kedokteran Dan Hukum Kesehatan. Jakarta: EGC, 2009.
Sastrowijoto, Soenarto, Paulus Sudiharto, Yati S Soenarto, Umar A Jenie, Muhammad A Abdullah, Carolus B Kusmaryanto, Syafa’atun Almirzanah, and Nur A Mahadrinata. Buku Putih Universitas Gadjah Mada: Inspirasi UGM Untuk Indonesia “Bioetika”: Meneguhkan Kembali Etika Kehidupan Berbangsa Dan Bernegara. Yogyakarta: Pusat kajian Bioetik dan Humaniora Kedokteran, 2014.
Smith, Malcolm K. Saviour Siblings and the Regulation of Assisted Reproductive Technology. New York: Routledge, 2016.
Mertokusumo, Soedikno. Mengenal Hukum. Yogyakarta: UGM, 2010.
United Nations. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2021. New York: United Nations, 2021.
Widdows, H. Global Ethics: An Introduction. Durham: Acumen, 2011.
Journal Article
Barbara, Pfeffer-Billauer, “Savior Siblings, Protective Progeny, And Parental Determinism in The Age of CRISPR-CAS.” Chicago-Kent Law Review 96, no. 1 (2022): 173-211.
Bridge Pratt, et.al, “Justice: A Key Consideration in Health Policy and Systems Research Ethics” BMJ Global Health 5, no.4 (2020): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001942
Budiyanti, Rani Tiyas. “Aspek Etika Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) pada Teknologi Bayi Tabung,” Cermin Dunia Kedokteran 42, no. 7 (2015): 542-544.
Cherkassky, Lisa. “The Wrong Harvest: The Law on Saviour Siblings.” International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 29, no. 1 (2015): 36–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/ebu014
Cherkassky, Lisa. “Twenty-Seven Years of Controversy: The Perils of PGD.” International Journal of Pediatrics and Neonatal Health 1, no. 6 (2017): 141-156.
Daar, Judith. “A Clash at the Petri Dish: Transferring Embryos with Known Genetic Anomalies.” Journal of Law and the Biosciences 5, no. 2 (2018): 219–61. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsy015
Davis, SHH. “The Legal Personality of the Commonwealth of Australia.” Federal Law Review 47, no. 1 (2019): 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0067205X18816236
Erawati, Ambar Dwi and Hargianti Dini Iswandari. "Ownership of Medical Records in Indonesia: Discourse on Legal Certainty and Justice." Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 6, no. 2 (2022): 184-203. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2022.v06.i02.p04
Everett-Hincks, Julie, and Mark Henaghan. “Gene Editing in Aotearoa -- Legal Considerations for Policy Makers.” Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 50 (2019): 515-550. https://doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v50i3.5990
Hammerstein, A L v., Matthias Eggel, and Nikola Biller-Andorno. “Is Selecting Better than Modifying? An Investigation of Arguments against Germline Gene Editing as Compared to Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis.” BMC Medical Ethics 20, no. 83 (2019): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-019-0411-9
Hardisman. “Opini Publik Tentang Malpraktek Kedokteran.” Jurnal Pendidikan Kedokteran Indonesia 2, no. 1 (2013): 16–25. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpki.25136
Kirby, Michael. “Human Rights and Bioethics: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and UNESCO Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights.” Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 25 (2009): 309-331.
Kuek, Chee Ying, Sharon Kaur Gurmukh Singh, and Pek San Tay. “The Need to Address Legal Ambiguity on Conceiving Saviour Siblings in Malaysia.” Health Policy and Technology 8 (2019): 278–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2019.07.003
Law, Dyer C. “Lords Give the Go Ahead for Creation of "Saviour Siblings". BMJ 330 (2005):1041. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7499.1041
Lee, Ji Yoon, and Seok-Ho Hong. “Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Their Roles in Tissue Regeneration.” International Journal of Stem Cells 13, no. 1 (2019): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15283/ijsc19127
Lemke, Thomas, and Jonas Rüppel. “Social Dimensions of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: A Literature Review.” New Genetics and Society 38, no. 1 (2019): 80–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/14636778.2018.1549983
Lutz, Emine Elif Vatanoğlu. “Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) According to Medical Ethics and Medical Law.” Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association 13, no. 1 (2012): 50–55. https://doi.org/10.5152/jtgga.2011.72
Mahadewi, I Gusti Agung Ika Laksmi, Ni Komang Tari Padmawati, and I Gusti Agung Mas Rwa Jayantiari. "Notary in Indonesia: How Are State Fundamental Values Reflected in Law and Professional Ethics?." Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 6, no. 2 (2022): 204-219. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2022.v06.i02.p05
Samardžić, Sandra O. “Saviour Siblings - Current Overview, Dilemmas and Possible Solutions?” Medicine, Law & Society 12, no. 2 (2019): 89–109. https://doi.org/10.18690/10.18690/mls.12.2.89-109.2019
Silini, Antonietta Rosa, Roberta Di Pietro, Ingrid Lang-Olip, Francesco Alviano, Asmita Banerjee, Mariangela Basile, Veronika Borutinskaite, et al. “Perinatal Derivatives: Where Do We Stand? A Roadmap of the Human Placenta and Consensus for Tissue and Cell Nomenclature.” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8 (2020): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.610544
Shapiro, Zachary E. “Savior Siblings in the United States: Ethical Conundrums, Legal and Regulatory Void.” Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice 24, no. 2 (2018): 420-461.
Smith, Malcolm K. “The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008: Restrictions on the Creation of ‘Saviour Siblings’ and the Relevance of the Harm Principle.” New Genetics and Society 32, no. 2 (2013): 154–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/14636778.2013.788358
Stern, Harvey J. “Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Prenatal Testing for Embryos Finally Achieving Its Potential.” Journal of Clinical Medicine 3, no. 1 (2014): 280–309. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm3010280
Sutarno. “Rekayasa Genetik dan Perkembangan Bioteknologi Di Bidang Peternakan.” Proceeding Biology Education Conference 13, no. 1 (2016): 23–27.
Sutrisnaninfsih, Evy Sari, Suharjono, and Bambang Sudarmanto. “Analysis of Deferasirox and Deferipron Use in Children with Pediatric Β-Thalassemia Major.” Folia Medica Indonesiana 52, no. 1 (2016): 42–46.
Taylor-Sands, Michelle. “Selecting ‘Saviour Siblings’: Reconsidering the Regulation in Australia of Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis in Conjunction with Tissue Typing.” Journal of Law and Medicine 14 (2007): 551-565.
Taylor-Sands, Michelle. “Saviour Siblings And Collective Family Interests.” Monash Bioethics Review 29, no. 2 (2010): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03351522
Taylor-Sands, Michelle, Malcolm K. Smith, Harriet Fraser, and Michelle King. “Non-Medical Sex Selection in Australia: Public Views and Bioethical Concerns.” QUT Law Review 18, no. 2 (2019): 44–76. https://doi.org/10.5204/qutlr.v18i2.759
Whelan, Madeleine. “Saviour Siblings: The Role of the Welfare Principle within the Law of Assisted Reproductive Technology in England and Wales (Part 1).” Family Law, no. 1 (2021): 81–87.
Whelan, Madeleine. “Saviour Siblings: The Role of the Welfare Principle within the Law of Assisted Reproductive Technology in England and Wales (Part 2).” Family Law, no. 2 (2021): 252–260.
Zierhut, Heather. Margaret L. MacMillan, John E. Wagner, and Dianne M. Bartels. “More than 10 Years After the First ‘Savior Siblings’: Parental Experiences Surrounding Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis.” Journal of Genetic Counseling 22, no. 5 (2013): 594–602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-013-9591-5
Zúñiga Fajuri, Alejandra. “Born to Donate: Proposals for ‘Savior Sibling’ Regulation in Latin America.” Colombia Médica 49, no. 3 (2018): 228–235. https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i3.3619
Thesis
Gumede, Nonduduzo Penelope. “The Rights and Regulation of Saviour Siblings in South Africa: An Ethical and Jurisdictional Comparative.” Master Thesis, Masters in Law, University of Kwazulu-Natal, January 2020.
Legal Documents
Australia. Australian Constitution 1901.
Australia. Ethical Guidelines on the Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology in Clinical Practice and Research 2017.
Convention. Oviedo Convention 1997.
India. Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act 1994.
Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Indonesia. Civil Code of Indonesia.
Indonesia. Law No. 36 of 2009 concerning Health.
Indonesia. Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights.
Indonesia. Law No. 29 of 2004 concerning Medical Practice.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 39 of 1995 concerning Health Research and Development.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 61 of 2014 concerning Reproduction Health.
Indonesia. Ministry of Health Regulation No. 43 of 2015 concerning the Implementation of Reproductive Services with Assistance or Pregnancy Outside the Natural Way.
Indonesia. Indonesian Doctors Association. Code of Ethics of Doctor
Malaysia. Guideline on Assisted Reproduction 2006.
Serbia. Law on Bio-Medically Assisted Fertilisation 2017.
Spain. Ley de Técnicas de Reproducción Humana Asistida 2006.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008.
Other Documents
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission). Ethics for Researchers: Facilitating Research Excellence in FP7. LU: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/7491
Nazif, Amru Hydari. “Isu Nasional dalam Bioetika di Indonesia,” 1–13. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Bioetika Pertanian, 2009. http://repository.pertanian.go.id/handle/123456789/11768.
Website Content
British Broadcasting Corporation. “India’s First ‘saviour Sibling’ Cures Brother of Fatal Illness.” BBC News, October 27, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54658007
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Australia, List of Developing Countries as declared by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, March 2022, https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/list-of-developing-countries-as-declared-by-the-minister-for-foreign-affairs
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. “Angka Pembawa Sifat Talasemia Tergolong Tinggi,” May 20, 2019. https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/19052100003/angka-pembawa-sifat-talasemia-tergolong-tinggi.html
The Week. “A Life Made, a Life Saved,” The Week Magazine, July 3, 2021. https://www.theweek.in/health/cover/2021/02/24/a-life-made-a-life-saved.html
World Data, “Developing Countries,” https://www.worlddata.info/developing-countries.php
Bertens, K. Sekitar Bioetika. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2018.
Hanafiah, M Jusuf, and Amri Amir. Etika Kedokteran Dan Hukum Kesehatan. Jakarta: EGC, 2009.
Sastrowijoto, Soenarto, Paulus Sudiharto, Yati S Soenarto, Umar A Jenie, Muhammad A Abdullah, Carolus B Kusmaryanto, Syafa’atun Almirzanah, and Nur A Mahadrinata. Buku Putih Universitas Gadjah Mada: Inspirasi UGM Untuk Indonesia “Bioetika”: Meneguhkan Kembali Etika Kehidupan Berbangsa Dan Bernegara. Yogyakarta: Pusat kajian Bioetik dan Humaniora Kedokteran, 2014.
Smith, Malcolm K. Saviour Siblings and the Regulation of Assisted Reproductive Technology. New York: Routledge, 2016.
Mertokusumo, Soedikno. Mengenal Hukum. Yogyakarta: UGM, 2010.
United Nations. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2021. New York: United Nations, 2021.
Widdows, H. Global Ethics: An Introduction. Durham: Acumen, 2011.
Journal Article
Barbara, Pfeffer-Billauer, “Savior Siblings, Protective Progeny, And Parental Determinism in The Age of CRISPR-CAS.” Chicago-Kent Law Review 96, no. 1 (2022): 173-211.
Bridge Pratt, et.al, “Justice: A Key Consideration in Health Policy and Systems Research Ethics” BMJ Global Health 5, no.4 (2020): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001942
Budiyanti, Rani Tiyas. “Aspek Etika Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) pada Teknologi Bayi Tabung,” Cermin Dunia Kedokteran 42, no. 7 (2015): 542-544.
Cherkassky, Lisa. “The Wrong Harvest: The Law on Saviour Siblings.” International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 29, no. 1 (2015): 36–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/ebu014
Cherkassky, Lisa. “Twenty-Seven Years of Controversy: The Perils of PGD.” International Journal of Pediatrics and Neonatal Health 1, no. 6 (2017): 141-156.
Daar, Judith. “A Clash at the Petri Dish: Transferring Embryos with Known Genetic Anomalies.” Journal of Law and the Biosciences 5, no. 2 (2018): 219–61. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsy015
Davis, SHH. “The Legal Personality of the Commonwealth of Australia.” Federal Law Review 47, no. 1 (2019): 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0067205X18816236
Erawati, Ambar Dwi and Hargianti Dini Iswandari. "Ownership of Medical Records in Indonesia: Discourse on Legal Certainty and Justice." Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 6, no. 2 (2022): 184-203. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2022.v06.i02.p04
Everett-Hincks, Julie, and Mark Henaghan. “Gene Editing in Aotearoa -- Legal Considerations for Policy Makers.” Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 50 (2019): 515-550. https://doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v50i3.5990
Hammerstein, A L v., Matthias Eggel, and Nikola Biller-Andorno. “Is Selecting Better than Modifying? An Investigation of Arguments against Germline Gene Editing as Compared to Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis.” BMC Medical Ethics 20, no. 83 (2019): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-019-0411-9
Hardisman. “Opini Publik Tentang Malpraktek Kedokteran.” Jurnal Pendidikan Kedokteran Indonesia 2, no. 1 (2013): 16–25. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpki.25136
Kirby, Michael. “Human Rights and Bioethics: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and UNESCO Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights.” Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 25 (2009): 309-331.
Kuek, Chee Ying, Sharon Kaur Gurmukh Singh, and Pek San Tay. “The Need to Address Legal Ambiguity on Conceiving Saviour Siblings in Malaysia.” Health Policy and Technology 8 (2019): 278–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2019.07.003
Law, Dyer C. “Lords Give the Go Ahead for Creation of "Saviour Siblings". BMJ 330 (2005):1041. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7499.1041
Lee, Ji Yoon, and Seok-Ho Hong. “Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Their Roles in Tissue Regeneration.” International Journal of Stem Cells 13, no. 1 (2019): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15283/ijsc19127
Lemke, Thomas, and Jonas Rüppel. “Social Dimensions of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: A Literature Review.” New Genetics and Society 38, no. 1 (2019): 80–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/14636778.2018.1549983
Lutz, Emine Elif Vatanoğlu. “Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) According to Medical Ethics and Medical Law.” Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association 13, no. 1 (2012): 50–55. https://doi.org/10.5152/jtgga.2011.72
Mahadewi, I Gusti Agung Ika Laksmi, Ni Komang Tari Padmawati, and I Gusti Agung Mas Rwa Jayantiari. "Notary in Indonesia: How Are State Fundamental Values Reflected in Law and Professional Ethics?." Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 6, no. 2 (2022): 204-219. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2022.v06.i02.p05
Samardžić, Sandra O. “Saviour Siblings - Current Overview, Dilemmas and Possible Solutions?” Medicine, Law & Society 12, no. 2 (2019): 89–109. https://doi.org/10.18690/10.18690/mls.12.2.89-109.2019
Silini, Antonietta Rosa, Roberta Di Pietro, Ingrid Lang-Olip, Francesco Alviano, Asmita Banerjee, Mariangela Basile, Veronika Borutinskaite, et al. “Perinatal Derivatives: Where Do We Stand? A Roadmap of the Human Placenta and Consensus for Tissue and Cell Nomenclature.” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8 (2020): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.610544
Shapiro, Zachary E. “Savior Siblings in the United States: Ethical Conundrums, Legal and Regulatory Void.” Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice 24, no. 2 (2018): 420-461.
Smith, Malcolm K. “The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008: Restrictions on the Creation of ‘Saviour Siblings’ and the Relevance of the Harm Principle.” New Genetics and Society 32, no. 2 (2013): 154–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/14636778.2013.788358
Stern, Harvey J. “Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Prenatal Testing for Embryos Finally Achieving Its Potential.” Journal of Clinical Medicine 3, no. 1 (2014): 280–309. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm3010280
Sutarno. “Rekayasa Genetik dan Perkembangan Bioteknologi Di Bidang Peternakan.” Proceeding Biology Education Conference 13, no. 1 (2016): 23–27.
Sutrisnaninfsih, Evy Sari, Suharjono, and Bambang Sudarmanto. “Analysis of Deferasirox and Deferipron Use in Children with Pediatric Β-Thalassemia Major.” Folia Medica Indonesiana 52, no. 1 (2016): 42–46.
Taylor-Sands, Michelle. “Selecting ‘Saviour Siblings’: Reconsidering the Regulation in Australia of Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis in Conjunction with Tissue Typing.” Journal of Law and Medicine 14 (2007): 551-565.
Taylor-Sands, Michelle. “Saviour Siblings And Collective Family Interests.” Monash Bioethics Review 29, no. 2 (2010): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03351522
Taylor-Sands, Michelle, Malcolm K. Smith, Harriet Fraser, and Michelle King. “Non-Medical Sex Selection in Australia: Public Views and Bioethical Concerns.” QUT Law Review 18, no. 2 (2019): 44–76. https://doi.org/10.5204/qutlr.v18i2.759
Whelan, Madeleine. “Saviour Siblings: The Role of the Welfare Principle within the Law of Assisted Reproductive Technology in England and Wales (Part 1).” Family Law, no. 1 (2021): 81–87.
Whelan, Madeleine. “Saviour Siblings: The Role of the Welfare Principle within the Law of Assisted Reproductive Technology in England and Wales (Part 2).” Family Law, no. 2 (2021): 252–260.
Zierhut, Heather. Margaret L. MacMillan, John E. Wagner, and Dianne M. Bartels. “More than 10 Years After the First ‘Savior Siblings’: Parental Experiences Surrounding Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis.” Journal of Genetic Counseling 22, no. 5 (2013): 594–602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-013-9591-5
Zúñiga Fajuri, Alejandra. “Born to Donate: Proposals for ‘Savior Sibling’ Regulation in Latin America.” Colombia Médica 49, no. 3 (2018): 228–235. https://doi.org/10.25100/cm.v49i3.3619
Thesis
Gumede, Nonduduzo Penelope. “The Rights and Regulation of Saviour Siblings in South Africa: An Ethical and Jurisdictional Comparative.” Master Thesis, Masters in Law, University of Kwazulu-Natal, January 2020.
Legal Documents
Australia. Australian Constitution 1901.
Australia. Ethical Guidelines on the Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology in Clinical Practice and Research 2017.
Convention. Oviedo Convention 1997.
India. Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act 1994.
Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Indonesia. Civil Code of Indonesia.
Indonesia. Law No. 36 of 2009 concerning Health.
Indonesia. Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights.
Indonesia. Law No. 29 of 2004 concerning Medical Practice.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 39 of 1995 concerning Health Research and Development.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 61 of 2014 concerning Reproduction Health.
Indonesia. Ministry of Health Regulation No. 43 of 2015 concerning the Implementation of Reproductive Services with Assistance or Pregnancy Outside the Natural Way.
Indonesia. Indonesian Doctors Association. Code of Ethics of Doctor
Malaysia. Guideline on Assisted Reproduction 2006.
Serbia. Law on Bio-Medically Assisted Fertilisation 2017.
Spain. Ley de Técnicas de Reproducción Humana Asistida 2006.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008.
Other Documents
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission). Ethics for Researchers: Facilitating Research Excellence in FP7. LU: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/7491
Nazif, Amru Hydari. “Isu Nasional dalam Bioetika di Indonesia,” 1–13. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Bioetika Pertanian, 2009. http://repository.pertanian.go.id/handle/123456789/11768.
Website Content
British Broadcasting Corporation. “India’s First ‘saviour Sibling’ Cures Brother of Fatal Illness.” BBC News, October 27, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54658007
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Australia, List of Developing Countries as declared by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, March 2022, https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/list-of-developing-countries-as-declared-by-the-minister-for-foreign-affairs
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. “Angka Pembawa Sifat Talasemia Tergolong Tinggi,” May 20, 2019. https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/19052100003/angka-pembawa-sifat-talasemia-tergolong-tinggi.html
The Week. “A Life Made, a Life Saved,” The Week Magazine, July 3, 2021. https://www.theweek.in/health/cover/2021/02/24/a-life-made-a-life-saved.html
World Data, “Developing Countries,” https://www.worlddata.info/developing-countries.php
Published
2023-01-31
How to Cite
INNAKA, RA Antari; JIBRIL, Muhammad.
Legal and Ethical Discourse of Saviour Sibling: How Should Indonesia Respond to this New Trend?.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 59-79, jan. 2023.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/93784>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2023.v07.i01.p04.
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