Towards Quality and Sustainable Tourism in Bali: Should the Regional Master Plan be Adjusted?
Abstract
Bali is the area in Indonesia that is most affected economically due to the paralysis of the tourism industry during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Consequently, tourism development programs designed by the government faced many obstacles in their implementation. This article discusses how the concept of quality and sustainable tourism are incorporated into the Tourism Master Plan of the Bali Province 2015-2029. Further, it evaluates the implementation of the master plan during the Covid-19 Pandemic. This writing is designed based on legal research that applies a policy-oriented approach. The research collected and analyzed primary sources in the form of law, regulation, and policy at the national and regional levels, as well as secondary sources that are available in textbooks, journal articles, and website content. A series of qualitative interviews and a focus group discussion were conducted to deepen understanding of legal and non-legal matters. This article suggested that even though the concept of quality and sustainable tourism has been incorporated into the aforementioned master plan, the document implies a contradiction between the vision that desires to apply the concept and the goals and objectives which tend to support quantity tourism. The qualitative evaluation indicated that the master plan could not be appropriately implemented and requires an adjustment to bring in again the vision into the implementing policy adopted by the provincial government.
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References
Book
Chazali H Situmorang. Kebijakan Publik: Teori Analisis, Implementasi Dan Evaluasi Kebijakan. Depok: Social Security Development Institute, 2016.
Journal Article
Aliansyah, Helmi, and Wawan Hermawan. ”Peran Sektor Pariwisata pada Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Kabupaten/Kota di Jawa Barat.” Bina Ekonomi 23, no. 1 (2019): 39-55. https://doi.org/10.26593/be.v23i1.4654.39-55
Amrita, Nyoman Dwika Ayu, Made Mulia Handayani, and Luh Erynayati. “Pengaruh Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Pariwisata Bali.” Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis Equilibrium 7, no. 2 (2021): 246-257. https://doi.org/10.47329/jurnal_mbe.v7i2.824
Cahigas, Maela Madel L. et.al. “Factors Affecting Visiting Behavior to Bali during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Approach.” Sustainability 14 (2022): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610424
Guo, Yi, Jinbo Jiang, and Shengchao Li. “A Sustainable Tourism Policy Research Review.” Sustainability 11, no. 11 (2019): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113187
Handayani, I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi. “Green Development Rights for Optimizing Urban Area and Coastal Areas in Indonesia (Consitency of the State of the Doctrine of the Right to Control the State).” Constitutional Review 2, no. 1 (2016): 57-76. https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev213
Hardy, Anne, Robert J.S. Beeton and Leonie Parson. “Sustainable Tourism: An Overview of the Concept and its Position in Relation to Conceptualisations of Tourism.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10, no. 6 (2002): 475-496. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580208667183
Maulana, Addin and Chamma Fitri Putri Pradjwalita Koesfardani. “Pola Musiman Kunjungan Wisatawan Mancanegara ke Bali.” Jurnal Kepariwisataan Indonesia: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kepariwisataan Indonesia 14, no. 2 (2020): 73-90. https://doi.org/10.47608/jki.v14i22020.73-90
Mensah, Justice. “Sustainable development: Meaning, History, Principles, Pillars, and Implications for Human Action: Literature review.” Cogent Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (2019): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1653531
Nilnoppakun, A. and K. Ampavat. “Integrating Cultural and Nostalgia Tourism to Initiate a Quality Tourism Experiences at Chiangkan, Leuy Province, Thailand.” Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015): 763-771. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00545-6
Noga Collins-Kreiner and Yael Ram. “National Tourism Strategies during the Covid-19 Pandemic.” Annals of Tourism Research 89 (2021): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103076
Nopiyani, Ni Made Sri and Wirawan, I. M. A. “The Impact of Tourism on the Quality of Life of Communities in Tourist Destination Areas: A Systematic Review.” Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9 (2021): 129-136. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5966
Okafor, Luka, Usman Khalid, Sasidaran Gopalan. “COVID-19 Economic Policy Response, Resilience and Tourism Recovery.” Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights 3, no. 2 (2022): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100073
Pham, Tien and Anda Nugroho. “Tourism-induced Poverty Impacts of COVID-19 in Indonesia.” Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3, no. 2 (2022): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100069
Putra, Ida Bagus Wyasa. “The Contextual Problem in the Development of Indonesian International Tourism Law.” Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research 282-Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Law and Local Wisdom in Tourism (2018): 155-156. https://doi.org/10.2991/icblt-18.2018.37
Santosa, Anak Agung Duwira Hadi and Luh Ayu Nadira Saraswati. “Pariwisata Kerta Masa: Gagasan Alternatif Kebijakan Pembangunan Pariwisata Bali.” Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana 9, no.4 (2020): 723-738. https://doi.org/10.24843/JMHU.2020.v09.i04.p05
Salain, Made Suksma Prijandhini Devi, David Isles, and I Gusti Ngurah Wairocana. "Regulating Indigenous Culture as a Tourism Economic Resource." Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 1, no. 2 (2017): 121-140 https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v01.i02.p03
Setyadi, Yulianto Bambang. “Pariwisata dan Perubahan Nilai-Nilai Sosial Budaya Berdasarkan Lingkungan Tradisi pada Masyarakat Bali.” Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora 8, no. 2 (2007): 97-109. http://hdl.handle.net/11617/580
Triari, Putri, Kali Jones, and Ni Gusti Ayu Dyah Satyawati. "Indigenous People, Economic Development and Sustainable Tourism: A Comparative Analysis between Bali, Indonesia and Australia." Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 1, no. 1 (2017): 16-30. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v01.i01.p02
Wong, Jose Weng Chou and Ivan Ka Wai Lai. “The Mechanism Influencing the Residents’ Support of the Government Policy for Accelerating Tourism Recovery under COVID-19.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 52 (2022): 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.06.018
Wu, Jenny Suno, Pete Barbrook-Johnson, and Xavier Font. “Participatory Complexity in Tourism Policy: Understanding Sustainability Programmes with Participatory Systems Mapping.” Annals of Tourism Research 90 (2021):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103269
Legal Document
United Nations World Tourism Organization. Global Code of Ethics for Tourism
Indonesia. Law No. 10 of 2009 concerning Tourism.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 50 of 2011 concerning the National Tourism Development Master Plan 2010-2025.
Indonesia. Regulation of Tourism Minister No. 10 of 2016 concerning Guidelines for Preparation of Provincial and Regency/City Tourism Development Master Plans.
Bali Province. Regulation of the Province of Bali No. 4 of 2014 on the Preservation of Balinese Cultural Heritage.
Bali Province. Regulation of the Province of Bali No. 10 of 2015 concerning the Regional Tourism Development Master Plan for the Province of Bali.
Bali Province. Regulation of the Province of Bali No. 5 of 2020 concerning Standards for Implementing Balinese Cultural Tourism
Other Document
Central Bureau of Statistics of Bali Province, Statistical Official News No. 67/11/51/Th. XVI, 2022.
Sun, Ya-Yen et.al, “Road to Recovery: Assessing Job Risk and the Impact on the Most Vulnerable in Indonesia’s Pandemic-Hit Tourism Industry”, Research Report, the Australia-Indonesia Centre, 2021.
Interview
Wikrama, I Gusti Agung. “Implementation of the Bali’s Tourism Master Plan,” Interview by Anak Agung Gede Duwira Hadi Santosa, Denpasar, August 18, 2022.
Sunarta, I Nyoman. “Implementation of the Bali’s Tourism Master Plan,” Interview by Anak Agung Gede Duwira Hadi Santosa, Denpasar, August 18, 2022.
Wardana, Ngurah Satria. “Implementation of the Bali’s Tourism Master Plan,” Interview by Anak Agung Gede Duwira Hadi Santosa, Denpasar, August 18, 2022.
Ayu Andriani, Ni Nyoman. “Implementation of the Bali’s Tourism Master Plan,” Interview by Anak Agung Gede Duwira Hadi Santosa, Denpasar, August 18, 2022.
Website Content
Balipost, “Ketahanan Perekonomian Bali” https://www.balipost.com/news/2020/06/11/128784/Ketahanan-Perekonomian-Bali.html
Kompas, “Dampak Pandemi Covid-19, Pariwisata Bali Rugi Rp 9,7 Triliun Tiap Bulan” https://regional.kompas.com/read/2020/05/13/17591091/dampak-pandemi-covid-19-pariwisata-bali-rugi-rp-97-triliun-tiap-bulan
Chazali H Situmorang. Kebijakan Publik: Teori Analisis, Implementasi Dan Evaluasi Kebijakan. Depok: Social Security Development Institute, 2016.
Journal Article
Aliansyah, Helmi, and Wawan Hermawan. ”Peran Sektor Pariwisata pada Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Kabupaten/Kota di Jawa Barat.” Bina Ekonomi 23, no. 1 (2019): 39-55. https://doi.org/10.26593/be.v23i1.4654.39-55
Amrita, Nyoman Dwika Ayu, Made Mulia Handayani, and Luh Erynayati. “Pengaruh Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Pariwisata Bali.” Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis Equilibrium 7, no. 2 (2021): 246-257. https://doi.org/10.47329/jurnal_mbe.v7i2.824
Cahigas, Maela Madel L. et.al. “Factors Affecting Visiting Behavior to Bali during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Approach.” Sustainability 14 (2022): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610424
Guo, Yi, Jinbo Jiang, and Shengchao Li. “A Sustainable Tourism Policy Research Review.” Sustainability 11, no. 11 (2019): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113187
Handayani, I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi. “Green Development Rights for Optimizing Urban Area and Coastal Areas in Indonesia (Consitency of the State of the Doctrine of the Right to Control the State).” Constitutional Review 2, no. 1 (2016): 57-76. https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev213
Hardy, Anne, Robert J.S. Beeton and Leonie Parson. “Sustainable Tourism: An Overview of the Concept and its Position in Relation to Conceptualisations of Tourism.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10, no. 6 (2002): 475-496. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580208667183
Maulana, Addin and Chamma Fitri Putri Pradjwalita Koesfardani. “Pola Musiman Kunjungan Wisatawan Mancanegara ke Bali.” Jurnal Kepariwisataan Indonesia: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kepariwisataan Indonesia 14, no. 2 (2020): 73-90. https://doi.org/10.47608/jki.v14i22020.73-90
Mensah, Justice. “Sustainable development: Meaning, History, Principles, Pillars, and Implications for Human Action: Literature review.” Cogent Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (2019): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1653531
Nilnoppakun, A. and K. Ampavat. “Integrating Cultural and Nostalgia Tourism to Initiate a Quality Tourism Experiences at Chiangkan, Leuy Province, Thailand.” Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015): 763-771. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00545-6
Noga Collins-Kreiner and Yael Ram. “National Tourism Strategies during the Covid-19 Pandemic.” Annals of Tourism Research 89 (2021): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103076
Nopiyani, Ni Made Sri and Wirawan, I. M. A. “The Impact of Tourism on the Quality of Life of Communities in Tourist Destination Areas: A Systematic Review.” Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9 (2021): 129-136. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5966
Okafor, Luka, Usman Khalid, Sasidaran Gopalan. “COVID-19 Economic Policy Response, Resilience and Tourism Recovery.” Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights 3, no. 2 (2022): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100073
Pham, Tien and Anda Nugroho. “Tourism-induced Poverty Impacts of COVID-19 in Indonesia.” Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3, no. 2 (2022): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100069
Putra, Ida Bagus Wyasa. “The Contextual Problem in the Development of Indonesian International Tourism Law.” Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research 282-Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Law and Local Wisdom in Tourism (2018): 155-156. https://doi.org/10.2991/icblt-18.2018.37
Santosa, Anak Agung Duwira Hadi and Luh Ayu Nadira Saraswati. “Pariwisata Kerta Masa: Gagasan Alternatif Kebijakan Pembangunan Pariwisata Bali.” Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana 9, no.4 (2020): 723-738. https://doi.org/10.24843/JMHU.2020.v09.i04.p05
Salain, Made Suksma Prijandhini Devi, David Isles, and I Gusti Ngurah Wairocana. "Regulating Indigenous Culture as a Tourism Economic Resource." Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 1, no. 2 (2017): 121-140 https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v01.i02.p03
Setyadi, Yulianto Bambang. “Pariwisata dan Perubahan Nilai-Nilai Sosial Budaya Berdasarkan Lingkungan Tradisi pada Masyarakat Bali.” Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora 8, no. 2 (2007): 97-109. http://hdl.handle.net/11617/580
Triari, Putri, Kali Jones, and Ni Gusti Ayu Dyah Satyawati. "Indigenous People, Economic Development and Sustainable Tourism: A Comparative Analysis between Bali, Indonesia and Australia." Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 1, no. 1 (2017): 16-30. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v01.i01.p02
Wong, Jose Weng Chou and Ivan Ka Wai Lai. “The Mechanism Influencing the Residents’ Support of the Government Policy for Accelerating Tourism Recovery under COVID-19.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 52 (2022): 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.06.018
Wu, Jenny Suno, Pete Barbrook-Johnson, and Xavier Font. “Participatory Complexity in Tourism Policy: Understanding Sustainability Programmes with Participatory Systems Mapping.” Annals of Tourism Research 90 (2021):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103269
Legal Document
United Nations World Tourism Organization. Global Code of Ethics for Tourism
Indonesia. Law No. 10 of 2009 concerning Tourism.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 50 of 2011 concerning the National Tourism Development Master Plan 2010-2025.
Indonesia. Regulation of Tourism Minister No. 10 of 2016 concerning Guidelines for Preparation of Provincial and Regency/City Tourism Development Master Plans.
Bali Province. Regulation of the Province of Bali No. 4 of 2014 on the Preservation of Balinese Cultural Heritage.
Bali Province. Regulation of the Province of Bali No. 10 of 2015 concerning the Regional Tourism Development Master Plan for the Province of Bali.
Bali Province. Regulation of the Province of Bali No. 5 of 2020 concerning Standards for Implementing Balinese Cultural Tourism
Other Document
Central Bureau of Statistics of Bali Province, Statistical Official News No. 67/11/51/Th. XVI, 2022.
Sun, Ya-Yen et.al, “Road to Recovery: Assessing Job Risk and the Impact on the Most Vulnerable in Indonesia’s Pandemic-Hit Tourism Industry”, Research Report, the Australia-Indonesia Centre, 2021.
Interview
Wikrama, I Gusti Agung. “Implementation of the Bali’s Tourism Master Plan,” Interview by Anak Agung Gede Duwira Hadi Santosa, Denpasar, August 18, 2022.
Sunarta, I Nyoman. “Implementation of the Bali’s Tourism Master Plan,” Interview by Anak Agung Gede Duwira Hadi Santosa, Denpasar, August 18, 2022.
Wardana, Ngurah Satria. “Implementation of the Bali’s Tourism Master Plan,” Interview by Anak Agung Gede Duwira Hadi Santosa, Denpasar, August 18, 2022.
Ayu Andriani, Ni Nyoman. “Implementation of the Bali’s Tourism Master Plan,” Interview by Anak Agung Gede Duwira Hadi Santosa, Denpasar, August 18, 2022.
Website Content
Balipost, “Ketahanan Perekonomian Bali” https://www.balipost.com/news/2020/06/11/128784/Ketahanan-Perekonomian-Bali.html
Kompas, “Dampak Pandemi Covid-19, Pariwisata Bali Rugi Rp 9,7 Triliun Tiap Bulan” https://regional.kompas.com/read/2020/05/13/17591091/dampak-pandemi-covid-19-pariwisata-bali-rugi-rp-97-triliun-tiap-bulan
Published
2023-01-30
How to Cite
PALGUNA, I Dewa Gede et al.
Towards Quality and Sustainable Tourism in Bali: Should the Regional Master Plan be Adjusted?.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 43-58, jan. 2023.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/92913>. Date accessed: 02 july 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2023.v07.i01.p03.
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