Risk or License? Precautionary Principle’s Transition in Genetically Modified Organisms’ Benefits After Job Creation Law
Abstract
This article aims to discuss the implementation of precautionary principle on the use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) in Indonesia as well as to identify and evaluate the changes of provisions on precautionary principles related to the use of GMOs as stipulated in the Environmental Law and the later Job Creation Law in Indonesia. This article employs normative legal research that descriptively examines humans, circumstances, and other phenomena to strengthen old theories and support new theories that are still in the drafting stage. It uses secondary data sources consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The result shows that the implementation of precautionary principle on the use of GMOs is based on the Environmental Law and the Job Creation Law which can be seen in the AMDAL. Under the Environmental Law, the implementation of precautionary principle prioritizes the importance of a risk's impact before the activity is carried out. Whereas in the Job Creation Law, the operation of an activity adjusts the level of risk, namely low, medium, and high. Hence, based on Job Creation Law, a business activity that already utilizes GMOs is allowed to conduct its operation if the risk is assessed as low. It is due to a transition between the risk approach in the Environmental Law and the licensing approach in the Job Creation Law. This article suggests that in GMO usage, the government should find more specific precautionary implementation than regulations and labels since regulations alone are too abstract to comprehend in a society.
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References
Book
Center of Ecogenetics and Environmental Health. Fast Fact about Genetically Modified Organisms. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 2013.
Edwards, M. G., and G. M. Poppy. Environmental Impact of Genetically Modified Crops. Oxfordshire: CAB International, 2009.
Fidan, Mehmed, and Arif Ayar. Genetically Modified Organisms and Effects on Human Health. In Research and Reviews in Health Science, edited by Cem Evereklioğlu, I. Ankara: Gece Publishing, 2021.
Schubert, Renate. Future Bioenergy and Sustainable Land Use. London and Sterling: Earthscan, 2010.
Soekanto, Soerjono. Pengantar Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Indonesia, 2012.
Thayyil, Naveen. Biotechnology Regulation and GMOs: Law, Technology and Public Contestations in Europe. New Delhi, India: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2014.
Journal Articles
Akins, Ashli, Phil O’B. Lyver, Hugo F. Alrøe, and Henrik Moller. “The Universal Precautionary Principle: New Pillars and Pathways for Environmental, Sociocultural, and Economic Resilience.” Sustainability 11, no. 8 (2019): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11082357.
Baihaki, M Reza. “Persetujuan Lingkungan Sebagai Objectum Litis Hak Tanggung Gugat Di Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara (Telaah Kritis Pergeseran Nomenklatur Izin Lingkungan Menjadi Persetujuan Lingkungan Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 Tentang Cipta Kerja).” Majalah Hukum Nasional: Media Pembinaan Dan Pembangunan Hukum 51, no. 1 (2021): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.33331/MHN.V51I1.137.
Bintarto, Muhammad Al Ikhwan, and Muhammad Uwais Alqarni. “Landasan Filosifis, Aspek Moral Dan Aspek Keadilan Dalam Pembentukan UU Cipta Kerja.” Jatiswara 36, no. 3 (2021): 272–81. https://doi.org/10.29303/JATISWARA.V36I3.328.
Deb, Rajib, T. V. Raja, Sandip Chakraborty, Shishir K. Gupta, and Umesh Singh. “Genetically Modified Crops: An Alternative Source of Livestock Feeding.” In Genetically Modified Organisms in Food: Production, Safety, Regulation and Public Health, (2015): 291–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978012802259700025-7.
Evanega, Sarah, Joan Conrow, Jordan Adams, and Mark Lynas. “The State of the ‘GMO’ Debate - Toward an Increasingly Favorable and Less Polarized Media Conversation on Ag-Biotech?.” GM Crops and Food 13, no. 1 (2022): 38–49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2022.2051243.
Febriyanti, Dwi, Sartika Nur Aini, Alya Vena Resta, and Raka Bagaskara P.K.P. “Fungsi AMDAL Dalam Pengendalian Kerusakan Dan Pencemaran Lingkungan Setelah Diundangkannya UU Cipta Kerja.” Widya Pranata Hukum : Jurnal Kajian Dan Penelitian Hukum 3, no. 2 (2021): 115–33. https://doi.org/10.37631/WIDYAPRANATA.V3I2.410.
Fontes, Eliana M. G., Carmen S. S. Pires, Edison R. Sujii, and Antônio R. Panizzi. “The Environmental Effects of Genetically Modified Crops Resistant to Insects.” Neotropical Entomology 31, no. 4 (2002): 497–513.
Haryono, Dodi. “Metode Tafsir Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Dalam Pengujian Konstitusional Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja.” Jurnal Konstitusi 18, no. 4 (2022): 774-802. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1843.
Ivčević, Ante, Raquel Bertoldo, Hubert Mazurek, Lionel Siame, Séverin Guignard, Abdelkhalak Ben Moussa, and Olivier Bellier. “Local Risk Awareness and Precautionary Behaviour in a Multi-Hazard Region of North Morocco.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 50 (2020):1-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJDRR.2020.101724.
Landrum, Asheley R., William K. Hallman, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. “Examining the Impact of Expert Voices: Communicating the Scientific Consensus on Genetically-Modified Organisms.” Environmental Communicatio 13, no. 1 (2019): 51–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2018.1502201.
Leonelli, Giulia Claudia. “Judicial Review of Compliance with the Precautionary Principle from Paraquat to Blaise: Quantitative Thresholds, Risk Assessment, and the Gap between Regulation and Regulatory Implementation.” German Law Journal 22, no. 2 (2021): 184–215. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2021.3.
Luhukay, Roni Sulistyanto. “Penghapusan Izin Lingkungan Kegiatan Usaha Dalam Undang-Undang Omnibus Law Cipta Kerja.” Jurnal Meta-Yuridis 4, no. 1 (2021): 100–122.
Maulidiah, Sri, Monalisa, Zaini Ali, Sharifah Zarina Syed Zakaria, Nuriah Abd. Majid, Kadir Arifin, Zuliskandar Ramli Emrizal, and Muhammad Rizal Razman. “Environmental Management: A Study on the Precautionary Principle in Siak Regency of Indonesia towards Sustainable Development.” Ecology, Environment, and Conservation Paper 26, no. 3 (2020): 1085–89. http://www.envirobiotechjournals.com/article_abstract.php?aid=10741&iid=316&jid=3.
Paull, John. “Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) as Invasive Species.” Journal of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development 4, no. 3 (2018): 31–37.
Purwendah, Elly Kristiani. “Perlindungan Lingkungan Dalam Perspektif Prinsip Kehati-Hatian (Precautionary Principle).” Jurnal Media Komunikasi Pendidikan Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraan 1, no. 2 (2019): 82–94. https://doi.org/10.23887/JMPPPKN.V1I2.49.
Rodríguez, Angelo Vega, Cristina Rodríguez-Oramas, Esther Sanjuán Velázquez, Arturo Hardisson de la Torre, Carmen Rubio Armendáriz, and Conrado Carrascosa Iruzubieta. “Myths and Realities about Genetically Modified Food: A Risk-Benefit Analysis.” Applied Science 12, no. 6 (2022): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/APP12062861.
Santoso, Wahyu Yun, Sunarto Sunarto, Edhi Martono, and Harry Supriyono. “Signifikansi Pendekatan Kehati-Hatian Dalam Pengaturan Organisme Transgenik Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 4, no. 1 (2017): 87–110. https://doi.org/10.38011/JHLI.V4I1.51.
Siregar, Fitri Yanni Dewi. “Aspek Hukum Penyederhanaan Perizinan Badan Usaha Di Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Dalam Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja.” Jurnal Ilmiah Penegakan Hukum 7, no. 2 (2020): 184–92. https://doi.org/10.31289/JIPH.V7I2.3968.
Smyth, Stuart J. “Genetically Modified Crops, Regulatory Delays, and International Trade.” Food and Energy Security 6, no. 2 (2017): 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/FES3.100.
Sukananda, Satria, and Danang Adi Nugraha. “Urgensi Penerapan Analisis Dampak Lingkungan (AMDAL) Sebagai Kontrol Dampak Terhadap Lingkungan Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Penegakan Hukum Dan Keadilan 1, no. 2 (2020): 119-137. https://doi.org/10.18196/JPHK.1207.
Suryani, Anih Sri. “Perizinan Lingkungan Dalam Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Kelestarian Lingkungan.” Info Singkat: Kajian Singkat Terhadap Isu Aktual Dan Strategis 12, no. 20 (2020): 13–17.
Syaputri, Martika Dini. “Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Penyusunan Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Berdasarkan UU No. 32 Tahun 2009.” Varia Justicia 13, no. 2 (2017): 123–31. https://doi.org/10.31603/variajusticia.v13i2.1886.
Tian-meng, Zhou, Xu-xia Liu, Tian-meng Zhou, and Xu-xia Liu. “The Dilemma and Solution of the Precautionary Principle in EU Regulation of GMO——Based on the Analysis of Case Fidenato.” China Biotechnology 38, no. 6 (2018): 95–102. https://doi.org/10.13523/J.CB.20180613.
Tylecote, Andrew. “Biotechnology as a New Techno-Economic Paradigm That Will Help Drive the World Economy and Mitigate Climate Change.” Research Policy 48, no. 4 (2019): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.001.
Legal Documents
Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
Indonesia. Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning the Environment Protection and Management.
Indonesia. Law No. 18 of 2012 concerning Food.
Indonesia. Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation Law.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 69 of 1996 concerning Food Labels and Advertisements.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 28 of 2004 concerning Food Safety, Quality, and Nutrition.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 21 of 2005 concerning Biosafety.
Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 39 of 2010 concerning the Commission on the Biosafety of Genetically Engineered Products.
Indonesia. Decree of the Minister of Agriculture No. 1038/KPTS/HK.330/11/1997 concerning the Establishment of KKH PRG.
Indonesia. Joint Decree of the Ministers of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantations, Health, State Food and Horticulture 1999 concerning Biosafety and Food Safety of PHRG.
Indonesia. Regulation of the Head of National Agency of Drug and Food Control No. HK.03.1.23.03.12.1563 of 2012 concerning Guidelines for the Assessment of Food Safety of Genetically Engineered Products.
Case Law
Indonesia. Decision of Constitutional Court No. 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 (Formal Examination of Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation)
Other Document
BPS-Statistics Indonesia. “The Indonesia Population Census 2020 Highlights. (United Nations Expert Group Meeting, 9-12 February 2021.”
Center of Ecogenetics and Environmental Health. “Fast Fact about Genetically Modified Organisms.”
Watson, Ronald, and Victor Preedy. “Genetically Modified Food: Production, Safety, Regulation and Public Health. Genetically Modified Organisms in Food: Production, Safety, Regulation and Public Health.”
Center of Ecogenetics and Environmental Health. Fast Fact about Genetically Modified Organisms. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 2013.
Edwards, M. G., and G. M. Poppy. Environmental Impact of Genetically Modified Crops. Oxfordshire: CAB International, 2009.
Fidan, Mehmed, and Arif Ayar. Genetically Modified Organisms and Effects on Human Health. In Research and Reviews in Health Science, edited by Cem Evereklioğlu, I. Ankara: Gece Publishing, 2021.
Schubert, Renate. Future Bioenergy and Sustainable Land Use. London and Sterling: Earthscan, 2010.
Soekanto, Soerjono. Pengantar Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Indonesia, 2012.
Thayyil, Naveen. Biotechnology Regulation and GMOs: Law, Technology and Public Contestations in Europe. New Delhi, India: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2014.
Journal Articles
Akins, Ashli, Phil O’B. Lyver, Hugo F. Alrøe, and Henrik Moller. “The Universal Precautionary Principle: New Pillars and Pathways for Environmental, Sociocultural, and Economic Resilience.” Sustainability 11, no. 8 (2019): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11082357.
Baihaki, M Reza. “Persetujuan Lingkungan Sebagai Objectum Litis Hak Tanggung Gugat Di Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara (Telaah Kritis Pergeseran Nomenklatur Izin Lingkungan Menjadi Persetujuan Lingkungan Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 Tentang Cipta Kerja).” Majalah Hukum Nasional: Media Pembinaan Dan Pembangunan Hukum 51, no. 1 (2021): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.33331/MHN.V51I1.137.
Bintarto, Muhammad Al Ikhwan, and Muhammad Uwais Alqarni. “Landasan Filosifis, Aspek Moral Dan Aspek Keadilan Dalam Pembentukan UU Cipta Kerja.” Jatiswara 36, no. 3 (2021): 272–81. https://doi.org/10.29303/JATISWARA.V36I3.328.
Deb, Rajib, T. V. Raja, Sandip Chakraborty, Shishir K. Gupta, and Umesh Singh. “Genetically Modified Crops: An Alternative Source of Livestock Feeding.” In Genetically Modified Organisms in Food: Production, Safety, Regulation and Public Health, (2015): 291–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978012802259700025-7.
Evanega, Sarah, Joan Conrow, Jordan Adams, and Mark Lynas. “The State of the ‘GMO’ Debate - Toward an Increasingly Favorable and Less Polarized Media Conversation on Ag-Biotech?.” GM Crops and Food 13, no. 1 (2022): 38–49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2022.2051243.
Febriyanti, Dwi, Sartika Nur Aini, Alya Vena Resta, and Raka Bagaskara P.K.P. “Fungsi AMDAL Dalam Pengendalian Kerusakan Dan Pencemaran Lingkungan Setelah Diundangkannya UU Cipta Kerja.” Widya Pranata Hukum : Jurnal Kajian Dan Penelitian Hukum 3, no. 2 (2021): 115–33. https://doi.org/10.37631/WIDYAPRANATA.V3I2.410.
Fontes, Eliana M. G., Carmen S. S. Pires, Edison R. Sujii, and Antônio R. Panizzi. “The Environmental Effects of Genetically Modified Crops Resistant to Insects.” Neotropical Entomology 31, no. 4 (2002): 497–513.
Haryono, Dodi. “Metode Tafsir Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Dalam Pengujian Konstitusional Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja.” Jurnal Konstitusi 18, no. 4 (2022): 774-802. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1843.
Ivčević, Ante, Raquel Bertoldo, Hubert Mazurek, Lionel Siame, Séverin Guignard, Abdelkhalak Ben Moussa, and Olivier Bellier. “Local Risk Awareness and Precautionary Behaviour in a Multi-Hazard Region of North Morocco.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 50 (2020):1-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJDRR.2020.101724.
Landrum, Asheley R., William K. Hallman, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. “Examining the Impact of Expert Voices: Communicating the Scientific Consensus on Genetically-Modified Organisms.” Environmental Communicatio 13, no. 1 (2019): 51–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2018.1502201.
Leonelli, Giulia Claudia. “Judicial Review of Compliance with the Precautionary Principle from Paraquat to Blaise: Quantitative Thresholds, Risk Assessment, and the Gap between Regulation and Regulatory Implementation.” German Law Journal 22, no. 2 (2021): 184–215. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2021.3.
Luhukay, Roni Sulistyanto. “Penghapusan Izin Lingkungan Kegiatan Usaha Dalam Undang-Undang Omnibus Law Cipta Kerja.” Jurnal Meta-Yuridis 4, no. 1 (2021): 100–122.
Maulidiah, Sri, Monalisa, Zaini Ali, Sharifah Zarina Syed Zakaria, Nuriah Abd. Majid, Kadir Arifin, Zuliskandar Ramli Emrizal, and Muhammad Rizal Razman. “Environmental Management: A Study on the Precautionary Principle in Siak Regency of Indonesia towards Sustainable Development.” Ecology, Environment, and Conservation Paper 26, no. 3 (2020): 1085–89. http://www.envirobiotechjournals.com/article_abstract.php?aid=10741&iid=316&jid=3.
Paull, John. “Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) as Invasive Species.” Journal of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development 4, no. 3 (2018): 31–37.
Purwendah, Elly Kristiani. “Perlindungan Lingkungan Dalam Perspektif Prinsip Kehati-Hatian (Precautionary Principle).” Jurnal Media Komunikasi Pendidikan Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraan 1, no. 2 (2019): 82–94. https://doi.org/10.23887/JMPPPKN.V1I2.49.
Rodríguez, Angelo Vega, Cristina Rodríguez-Oramas, Esther Sanjuán Velázquez, Arturo Hardisson de la Torre, Carmen Rubio Armendáriz, and Conrado Carrascosa Iruzubieta. “Myths and Realities about Genetically Modified Food: A Risk-Benefit Analysis.” Applied Science 12, no. 6 (2022): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/APP12062861.
Santoso, Wahyu Yun, Sunarto Sunarto, Edhi Martono, and Harry Supriyono. “Signifikansi Pendekatan Kehati-Hatian Dalam Pengaturan Organisme Transgenik Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 4, no. 1 (2017): 87–110. https://doi.org/10.38011/JHLI.V4I1.51.
Siregar, Fitri Yanni Dewi. “Aspek Hukum Penyederhanaan Perizinan Badan Usaha Di Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Dalam Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja.” Jurnal Ilmiah Penegakan Hukum 7, no. 2 (2020): 184–92. https://doi.org/10.31289/JIPH.V7I2.3968.
Smyth, Stuart J. “Genetically Modified Crops, Regulatory Delays, and International Trade.” Food and Energy Security 6, no. 2 (2017): 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/FES3.100.
Sukananda, Satria, and Danang Adi Nugraha. “Urgensi Penerapan Analisis Dampak Lingkungan (AMDAL) Sebagai Kontrol Dampak Terhadap Lingkungan Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Penegakan Hukum Dan Keadilan 1, no. 2 (2020): 119-137. https://doi.org/10.18196/JPHK.1207.
Suryani, Anih Sri. “Perizinan Lingkungan Dalam Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Kelestarian Lingkungan.” Info Singkat: Kajian Singkat Terhadap Isu Aktual Dan Strategis 12, no. 20 (2020): 13–17.
Syaputri, Martika Dini. “Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Penyusunan Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Berdasarkan UU No. 32 Tahun 2009.” Varia Justicia 13, no. 2 (2017): 123–31. https://doi.org/10.31603/variajusticia.v13i2.1886.
Tian-meng, Zhou, Xu-xia Liu, Tian-meng Zhou, and Xu-xia Liu. “The Dilemma and Solution of the Precautionary Principle in EU Regulation of GMO——Based on the Analysis of Case Fidenato.” China Biotechnology 38, no. 6 (2018): 95–102. https://doi.org/10.13523/J.CB.20180613.
Tylecote, Andrew. “Biotechnology as a New Techno-Economic Paradigm That Will Help Drive the World Economy and Mitigate Climate Change.” Research Policy 48, no. 4 (2019): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.001.
Legal Documents
Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
Indonesia. Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning the Environment Protection and Management.
Indonesia. Law No. 18 of 2012 concerning Food.
Indonesia. Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation Law.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 69 of 1996 concerning Food Labels and Advertisements.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 28 of 2004 concerning Food Safety, Quality, and Nutrition.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 21 of 2005 concerning Biosafety.
Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 39 of 2010 concerning the Commission on the Biosafety of Genetically Engineered Products.
Indonesia. Decree of the Minister of Agriculture No. 1038/KPTS/HK.330/11/1997 concerning the Establishment of KKH PRG.
Indonesia. Joint Decree of the Ministers of Agriculture, Forestry and Plantations, Health, State Food and Horticulture 1999 concerning Biosafety and Food Safety of PHRG.
Indonesia. Regulation of the Head of National Agency of Drug and Food Control No. HK.03.1.23.03.12.1563 of 2012 concerning Guidelines for the Assessment of Food Safety of Genetically Engineered Products.
Case Law
Indonesia. Decision of Constitutional Court No. 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 (Formal Examination of Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation)
Other Document
BPS-Statistics Indonesia. “The Indonesia Population Census 2020 Highlights. (United Nations Expert Group Meeting, 9-12 February 2021.”
Center of Ecogenetics and Environmental Health. “Fast Fact about Genetically Modified Organisms.”
Watson, Ronald, and Victor Preedy. “Genetically Modified Food: Production, Safety, Regulation and Public Health. Genetically Modified Organisms in Food: Production, Safety, Regulation and Public Health.”
Published
2022-07-29
How to Cite
NATAMIHARJA, Rudi et al.
Risk or License? Precautionary Principle’s Transition in Genetically Modified Organisms’ Benefits After Job Creation Law.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 2, p. 166-183, july 2022.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/83052>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2022.v06.i02.p03.
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