Job Creation Law and Foreign Direct Investment in Tourism in Indonesia: Is It Better than Before?
Abstract
Foreign direct investment plays a critical role in a host country's economic development. Tourism, with its distinct character as a service business, is one of the most appealing investment industries. It has made a substantial contribution to the creation of jobs, tax revenue, and domestic value-added. The existence of domestic laws and regulations is critical in determining the extent to which a country's performance in getting benefits from investment can be maximized while reducing the negative impact. This article is aimed to examine whether the newly-enacted Job Creation Law provides a better arrangement on foreign direct investment in tourism compared to the previous laws and regulations. This article employs a normative approach by analyzing relevant laws and regulations concerning foreign direct investment in tourism in Indonesia. By looking at aspects on the choice of business fields, the issuance of business permit, land ownership, and labour, this article contends that Job Creation Law fails to provide integrated and comprehensive arrangements on the existence of foreign direct investment in tourism.
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References
Book
Abeysinghe, APC Subhashini. “Services Trade in South Asia: the India–Sri Lanka CEPA” in The Preferential Liberalization of Trade in Services: Comparative Regionalism. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2014.
Mitchell, Jonathan and Caroline Ashley. Pathways to Prosperity – How Can Tourism Reduce Poverty: A Review of Pathways, Evidence and Methods. Washington D.C.: World Bank, 2007.
Sauvé, Pierre and Shingal Anirudh. The Preferential Liberalization of Trade in Services: Comparative Regionalism. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2014.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Investment Policy Framework for Sustainable Development. Geneva: UNCTAD, 2012.
Widiatedja, I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit. Liberalisasi Pariwisata: Konstruksi Konsep, Ragam Masalah dan Alternatif Solusi. Denpasar: Udayana University Press, 2011.
Journal Article
Almeida-García, Fernando. “Analysis of tourism policy in a developing country: the case of Morocco” Journal of Policy Research in Tourism.” Leisure and Events 10, no. 1 (2018): 48-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2017.1312420
Barrowclough, Diana. “Foreign Investment in Tourism and Small Island Developing States.” Tourism Economics 13, no. 4 (2007): 615-634. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000007782696122
Bohlin, Magnus, Daniel Brandt and Jörgen Elbe. “Spatial Concentration of Tourism – a Case of Urban Supremacy.” Tourism Planning & Development (2020): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2020.1855239
Carvalho, Pedro, Miguel Ángel Márquez and Montserrat Díaz-Méndez. “Policies to increase business tourism income: A dynamic panel data model.” Journal of Convention & Event Tourism 19, no. 1 (2018): 63-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2017.1380546
Danish and Zhaohua Wang. “Dynamic Relationship Between Tourism, Economic Growth, and Environmental Quality.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 26, no. 11 (2018): 1928–1943. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1526293
Dans, Eva Parga, and Pablo Alonso González. “Sustainable tourism and social value at World Heritage Sites: Towards a conservation plan for Altamira, Spain.” Annals of Tourism Research 74 (2019): 68-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.10.011
Flagestad, Arvid and Christine A. Hope. “Scandinavian Winter: Antecedents, Concepts and Empirical Observations Underlying Destination Umbrella Branding Model,” Tourism Review 56, no. 5 (2001): 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058351
Gkartzios, Menelaos and Philip. “Revisiting neo-endogenous rural development.” The Routledge Companion to Rural Planning (2019): 159–169. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315102375-17
Kristensen, Anders E. “Foreign direct investment in the Chinese outbound tourism industry: the policies, participants and possibilities.” Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events 12, no. 1 (2020): 8-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2018.1505100
Lasso, Aldi, and Heidi Dahles. “Are tourism livelihoods sustainable? Tourism development and economic transformation on Komodo Island, Indonesia.” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 23, no. 5 (2018): 473-485. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1467939
Luo, Xianrong, and Jigang Bao. “Exploring the impacts of tourism on the livelihoods of local poor: the role of local government and major investors.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 27, no. 3 (2019): 344-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1578362
Nguyen, Canh Phuc, Pham Thai Binh and Thanh Dinh Su. “Capital Investment in Tourism: A Global Investigation.” Tourism Planning & Development (2020): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2020.1857825
Paramati, Sudharshan Reddy, Md Samsul Alam, and Chi Keung Marco Lau. “The effect of tourism investment on tourism development and CO2 emissions: empirical evidence from the EU nations.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 26, no. 9 (2018): 1587-1607. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1489398
Rakotondramaro, Hanitra, and Louisa Andriamasy. “Multivariate Granger Causality among tourism, poverty and growth in Madagascar.” Tourism Management Perspectives 20 (2016): 109-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.08.005
Scheyvens, Regina, and Emma Hughes. “Can tourism help to end poverty in all its forms everywhere? The challenge of tourism addressing SDG1.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 27, no. 7 (2019): 1061–1079. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1551404
Swenson, Deborah L., and Huiya Chen. “Multinational Exposure and the Quality of New Chinese Exports.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 76, no. 1 (2014): 41-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2012.00726.x
Widiatedja, I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit. “Incorporating Local Wisdom into the Consumer Protection Legal Regime: A Comparison between Indonesia and Australia.” Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 1, no.1 (2017): 31-45. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v01.i01.p03
Widiatedja, I. Gusti Ngurah Parikesit. “Towards Liberalization of Services in ASEAN: Challenges and Opportunities of ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS) on Tourism.” Indonesian Journal of International Law 10, no. 1 (2012): 65-90. https://doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol10.1.286
Widiatedja, I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit and I Gusti Ngurah Wairocana. “Fragmented and Unclear Laws and Regulations of Foreign Direct Investment in Tourism in Indonesia,” Padjajaran Journal of Law 5, no. 3 (2018): 408-427. https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v5n3.a1
Widiatedja, I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit, I Made Budi Arsika, Ni Gusti Ayu Dyah Satyawati and Putu Tuny Cakabawa Landra. “Retire In Paradise: Urgensi Pengaturan Pariwisata Pensiunan (Retirement Tourism) Di Indonesia.” Arena Hukum 11, no. 1 (2018): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2018.01001.1
Yazdi, Soheila Khoshnevis, Niloofar Nateghian and Niloofar Sheikh Rezaie. “The causality relationships between tourism development and foreign direct investment: an empirical study in EU countries.” Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events 9, no. 3 (2017): 247-263. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2017.1297310
Other Documents
Haxton, Peter. “A Review of Effective Policies for Tourism Growth.” http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en
International Monetary Fund. “The Balance of Payments Manual.” https://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/bop/BOPman.pdf
Ritchie, J.R. Brent and Ritchie, Robin J.B. “The Branding of Tourism Destinations – Past Achievements and Future Challenges.” http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.201.9520&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Stacey, Jane. “Supporting quality jobs in tourism.” https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/paper/5js4rv0g7szr-en
Tsounta, Evridiki. “What Attracts Tourists to Paradise?” https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2008/wp08277.pdf
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. “Policy Framework for Investment, 2015 Edition.” https://www.oecd.org/investment/investment-policy/Policy-Framework-for-Investment-2015-CMIN2015-5.pdf
United Nations World Tourism Organization. “UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2015 Edition.” http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284416899
United Nations World Tourism Organization. “Tourism in the Age of Alliances, Mergers and Acquisitions.” http://sete.gr/files/Media/Ebook/110301_Tourism%20in%20the%20Age%20of%20Alliances,%20Mergers%20and%20Acquisitions.pdf
World Justice Project. “Indonesia Country Report 2015.” https://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/indonesia_report_011315_eng.pdf
Legal Documents
Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Indonesia. Law No 5 of1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles.
Indonesia. Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower.
Indonesia. Law No. 25 of 2007 concerning Investment.
Indonesia. Law No. 10 of 2009 concerning Tourism.
Indonesia. Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
Indonesia. Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 34 of 2021 concerning The Use of Foreign Workers.
Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 49 of 2021 concerning the Business Fields of Investment.
Case Law
Indonesia. The Constitutional Court Decision No. 91 /PUU-XVIII/2020.
Website Content
Afriyadi, Achmad Dwi. “KSPI: TKA Kasar Masuk RI Paling Banyak di Sektor Pariwisata.” https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-3999587/kspi-tka-kasar-masuk-ri-paling-banyak-di-sektor-pariwisata
Aida, Nur Rohmi. “Strengths and Weaknesses of the Job Creation Law from a Political Observer's Point of View.” https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/10/10/103000865/kelebihan-dan-kekurangan-uu-cipta-kerja-dari-kacamata-pengamat-politik?page=all
Hartomo, Giri. “Ministry Siti: the EIA would not be revoked although there is Omnibus Law on Job Creation.” https://economy.okezone.com/read/2020/02/12/470/2167468/menteri-siti-amdal-tidak-dihapus-meski-ada-omnibus-law-ciptaker
Ideris, Muhammad. “3 Benefits of Job Creation Law for the People, Which Claimed by Jokowi.” https://money.kompas.com/read/2020/10/11/090645726/3-manfaat-uu-cipta-kerja-untuk-rakyat-seperti-yang-diklaim-jokowi?page=all
Karunia, Ade Miranti. “Luhut Claims the Omnibus Law on Job Creation Will Not Harm the People.” https://money.kompas.com/read/2020/10/07/134300626/luhut-klaim-omnibus-law-uu-cipta-kerja-tak-merugikan-rakyat
Ketut, Dewa and Kurmala, Azis. “Government Ensures Amdal Not Eliminated in Omnibus Law.” https://en.antaranews.com/news/158577/government-ensures-amdal-not-eliminated-in-omnibus-law
News Desk. “Jobs Law Needed for Indonesia to Advance Amid Pandemic, Jokowi Argues.” https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/10/25/jobs-law-needed-for-indonesia-to-advance-amid-pandemic-jokowi-argues.html
Okenews. “Tenaga Kerja Asing Ilegal Berkedok Wisatawan Merajalela di Bali.” https://news.okezone.com/read/2014/04/13/340/969534/tenaga-kerja-asing-ilegal-berkedok-wisatawan-merajalela-di-bali
Oktavianti, Tri Indah. “Pompeo Praises Indonesia’s Reform Effort to Cut Red Tape.” https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/10/29/pompeo-praises-indonesias-reform-effort-to-cut-red-tape.html
Posbali. “Ancaman Tenaga Asing Mulai Melanda Sektor Pariwisata di Bali.” https://www.posbali.id/ancaman-tenaga-asing-mulai-melanda-sektor-pariwisata-di-bali/
Sucahyo, Nurhadi. “Ketidakjelasan Bayangi Putusan MK Soal UU Cipta Kerja.” https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/ketidakjelasan-bayangi-putusan-mk-soal-uu-cipta-kerja-/6338052.html
The Government of Indonesia. “Omnibus Law: the Solution and Legal Breakthrough.” https://www.indonesia.go.id/narasi/indonesiadalamangka/ekonomi/omnibus-law-solusi-danterobosan-hukum
Wijaya, Callistasia. “Indonesia: Thousands Protest Against Omnibus Law on Jobs.” https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54460090
Abeysinghe, APC Subhashini. “Services Trade in South Asia: the India–Sri Lanka CEPA” in The Preferential Liberalization of Trade in Services: Comparative Regionalism. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2014.
Mitchell, Jonathan and Caroline Ashley. Pathways to Prosperity – How Can Tourism Reduce Poverty: A Review of Pathways, Evidence and Methods. Washington D.C.: World Bank, 2007.
Sauvé, Pierre and Shingal Anirudh. The Preferential Liberalization of Trade in Services: Comparative Regionalism. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2014.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Investment Policy Framework for Sustainable Development. Geneva: UNCTAD, 2012.
Widiatedja, I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit. Liberalisasi Pariwisata: Konstruksi Konsep, Ragam Masalah dan Alternatif Solusi. Denpasar: Udayana University Press, 2011.
Journal Article
Almeida-García, Fernando. “Analysis of tourism policy in a developing country: the case of Morocco” Journal of Policy Research in Tourism.” Leisure and Events 10, no. 1 (2018): 48-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2017.1312420
Barrowclough, Diana. “Foreign Investment in Tourism and Small Island Developing States.” Tourism Economics 13, no. 4 (2007): 615-634. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000007782696122
Bohlin, Magnus, Daniel Brandt and Jörgen Elbe. “Spatial Concentration of Tourism – a Case of Urban Supremacy.” Tourism Planning & Development (2020): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2020.1855239
Carvalho, Pedro, Miguel Ángel Márquez and Montserrat Díaz-Méndez. “Policies to increase business tourism income: A dynamic panel data model.” Journal of Convention & Event Tourism 19, no. 1 (2018): 63-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2017.1380546
Danish and Zhaohua Wang. “Dynamic Relationship Between Tourism, Economic Growth, and Environmental Quality.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 26, no. 11 (2018): 1928–1943. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1526293
Dans, Eva Parga, and Pablo Alonso González. “Sustainable tourism and social value at World Heritage Sites: Towards a conservation plan for Altamira, Spain.” Annals of Tourism Research 74 (2019): 68-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.10.011
Flagestad, Arvid and Christine A. Hope. “Scandinavian Winter: Antecedents, Concepts and Empirical Observations Underlying Destination Umbrella Branding Model,” Tourism Review 56, no. 5 (2001): 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb058351
Gkartzios, Menelaos and Philip. “Revisiting neo-endogenous rural development.” The Routledge Companion to Rural Planning (2019): 159–169. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315102375-17
Kristensen, Anders E. “Foreign direct investment in the Chinese outbound tourism industry: the policies, participants and possibilities.” Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events 12, no. 1 (2020): 8-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2018.1505100
Lasso, Aldi, and Heidi Dahles. “Are tourism livelihoods sustainable? Tourism development and economic transformation on Komodo Island, Indonesia.” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 23, no. 5 (2018): 473-485. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1467939
Luo, Xianrong, and Jigang Bao. “Exploring the impacts of tourism on the livelihoods of local poor: the role of local government and major investors.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 27, no. 3 (2019): 344-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1578362
Nguyen, Canh Phuc, Pham Thai Binh and Thanh Dinh Su. “Capital Investment in Tourism: A Global Investigation.” Tourism Planning & Development (2020): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2020.1857825
Paramati, Sudharshan Reddy, Md Samsul Alam, and Chi Keung Marco Lau. “The effect of tourism investment on tourism development and CO2 emissions: empirical evidence from the EU nations.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 26, no. 9 (2018): 1587-1607. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1489398
Rakotondramaro, Hanitra, and Louisa Andriamasy. “Multivariate Granger Causality among tourism, poverty and growth in Madagascar.” Tourism Management Perspectives 20 (2016): 109-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.08.005
Scheyvens, Regina, and Emma Hughes. “Can tourism help to end poverty in all its forms everywhere? The challenge of tourism addressing SDG1.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 27, no. 7 (2019): 1061–1079. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1551404
Swenson, Deborah L., and Huiya Chen. “Multinational Exposure and the Quality of New Chinese Exports.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 76, no. 1 (2014): 41-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2012.00726.x
Widiatedja, I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit. “Incorporating Local Wisdom into the Consumer Protection Legal Regime: A Comparison between Indonesia and Australia.” Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 1, no.1 (2017): 31-45. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v01.i01.p03
Widiatedja, I. Gusti Ngurah Parikesit. “Towards Liberalization of Services in ASEAN: Challenges and Opportunities of ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS) on Tourism.” Indonesian Journal of International Law 10, no. 1 (2012): 65-90. https://doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol10.1.286
Widiatedja, I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit and I Gusti Ngurah Wairocana. “Fragmented and Unclear Laws and Regulations of Foreign Direct Investment in Tourism in Indonesia,” Padjajaran Journal of Law 5, no. 3 (2018): 408-427. https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v5n3.a1
Widiatedja, I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit, I Made Budi Arsika, Ni Gusti Ayu Dyah Satyawati and Putu Tuny Cakabawa Landra. “Retire In Paradise: Urgensi Pengaturan Pariwisata Pensiunan (Retirement Tourism) Di Indonesia.” Arena Hukum 11, no. 1 (2018): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2018.01001.1
Yazdi, Soheila Khoshnevis, Niloofar Nateghian and Niloofar Sheikh Rezaie. “The causality relationships between tourism development and foreign direct investment: an empirical study in EU countries.” Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events 9, no. 3 (2017): 247-263. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2017.1297310
Other Documents
Haxton, Peter. “A Review of Effective Policies for Tourism Growth.” http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5js4vmp5n5r8-en
International Monetary Fund. “The Balance of Payments Manual.” https://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/bop/BOPman.pdf
Ritchie, J.R. Brent and Ritchie, Robin J.B. “The Branding of Tourism Destinations – Past Achievements and Future Challenges.” http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.201.9520&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Stacey, Jane. “Supporting quality jobs in tourism.” https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/paper/5js4rv0g7szr-en
Tsounta, Evridiki. “What Attracts Tourists to Paradise?” https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2008/wp08277.pdf
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. “Policy Framework for Investment, 2015 Edition.” https://www.oecd.org/investment/investment-policy/Policy-Framework-for-Investment-2015-CMIN2015-5.pdf
United Nations World Tourism Organization. “UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2015 Edition.” http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284416899
United Nations World Tourism Organization. “Tourism in the Age of Alliances, Mergers and Acquisitions.” http://sete.gr/files/Media/Ebook/110301_Tourism%20in%20the%20Age%20of%20Alliances,%20Mergers%20and%20Acquisitions.pdf
World Justice Project. “Indonesia Country Report 2015.” https://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/indonesia_report_011315_eng.pdf
Legal Documents
Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Indonesia. Law No 5 of1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles.
Indonesia. Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower.
Indonesia. Law No. 25 of 2007 concerning Investment.
Indonesia. Law No. 10 of 2009 concerning Tourism.
Indonesia. Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.
Indonesia. Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 34 of 2021 concerning The Use of Foreign Workers.
Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 49 of 2021 concerning the Business Fields of Investment.
Case Law
Indonesia. The Constitutional Court Decision No. 91 /PUU-XVIII/2020.
Website Content
Afriyadi, Achmad Dwi. “KSPI: TKA Kasar Masuk RI Paling Banyak di Sektor Pariwisata.” https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-3999587/kspi-tka-kasar-masuk-ri-paling-banyak-di-sektor-pariwisata
Aida, Nur Rohmi. “Strengths and Weaknesses of the Job Creation Law from a Political Observer's Point of View.” https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/10/10/103000865/kelebihan-dan-kekurangan-uu-cipta-kerja-dari-kacamata-pengamat-politik?page=all
Hartomo, Giri. “Ministry Siti: the EIA would not be revoked although there is Omnibus Law on Job Creation.” https://economy.okezone.com/read/2020/02/12/470/2167468/menteri-siti-amdal-tidak-dihapus-meski-ada-omnibus-law-ciptaker
Ideris, Muhammad. “3 Benefits of Job Creation Law for the People, Which Claimed by Jokowi.” https://money.kompas.com/read/2020/10/11/090645726/3-manfaat-uu-cipta-kerja-untuk-rakyat-seperti-yang-diklaim-jokowi?page=all
Karunia, Ade Miranti. “Luhut Claims the Omnibus Law on Job Creation Will Not Harm the People.” https://money.kompas.com/read/2020/10/07/134300626/luhut-klaim-omnibus-law-uu-cipta-kerja-tak-merugikan-rakyat
Ketut, Dewa and Kurmala, Azis. “Government Ensures Amdal Not Eliminated in Omnibus Law.” https://en.antaranews.com/news/158577/government-ensures-amdal-not-eliminated-in-omnibus-law
News Desk. “Jobs Law Needed for Indonesia to Advance Amid Pandemic, Jokowi Argues.” https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/10/25/jobs-law-needed-for-indonesia-to-advance-amid-pandemic-jokowi-argues.html
Okenews. “Tenaga Kerja Asing Ilegal Berkedok Wisatawan Merajalela di Bali.” https://news.okezone.com/read/2014/04/13/340/969534/tenaga-kerja-asing-ilegal-berkedok-wisatawan-merajalela-di-bali
Oktavianti, Tri Indah. “Pompeo Praises Indonesia’s Reform Effort to Cut Red Tape.” https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/10/29/pompeo-praises-indonesias-reform-effort-to-cut-red-tape.html
Posbali. “Ancaman Tenaga Asing Mulai Melanda Sektor Pariwisata di Bali.” https://www.posbali.id/ancaman-tenaga-asing-mulai-melanda-sektor-pariwisata-di-bali/
Sucahyo, Nurhadi. “Ketidakjelasan Bayangi Putusan MK Soal UU Cipta Kerja.” https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/ketidakjelasan-bayangi-putusan-mk-soal-uu-cipta-kerja-/6338052.html
The Government of Indonesia. “Omnibus Law: the Solution and Legal Breakthrough.” https://www.indonesia.go.id/narasi/indonesiadalamangka/ekonomi/omnibus-law-solusi-danterobosan-hukum
Wijaya, Callistasia. “Indonesia: Thousands Protest Against Omnibus Law on Jobs.” https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54460090
Published
2022-01-30
How to Cite
WIDIATEDJA, I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit; SUYATNA, I Nyoman.
Job Creation Law and Foreign Direct Investment in Tourism in Indonesia: Is It Better than Before?.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 1, p. 62-82, jan. 2022.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/78358>. Date accessed: 19 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2022.v06.i01.p04.
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