Rebalancing Religious Policy and the Concept of Public Sphere: Indonesia Cases
Abstract
As the largest Muslim country, Indonesia is on the way to balancing the order of its people, their religious practice, and how these two are influencing the public sphere. There is an existing regulation called Anti-Blasphemy Law which contains any rule to guarantee that religion and the public sphere do not contradict from one to another. Related to it, this research found that in this digital era with an advanced development on technology, some factors potentially create any form of manipulation on religion which comprises religion itself, social dynamic, and legal instrument. This form of manipulation has also triggered the advancement of the interdependency discourse on religion and the public sphere. In the context of Indonesia, by its characteristic, to separate religion and the public sphere will only create other problems among religious people. Using normative legal research, this paper aims to look at the relevance of the Anti-Blasphemy Law to the socio-structural conditions of Indonesian society. In this research, it is argued that religion and the public sphere (state) should be placed through a form of functional differentiation concept, and found that there is an interdependent relationship between religion and the public sphere, nevertheless, Anti-Blasphemy Law failed to create and maintain this relation. Hence, legal reform on the Anti-Blasphemy Law has become a necessity in ensuring a balanced and harmonious (state) religious life.
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References
Book
Adji, Oemar Seno. Perkembangan Hukum Pidana dan Hukum Acara Pidana Sekarang dan di masa jang akan Datang. Jakarta: Pantjuran Tujuh, 1984.
Assyaukanie, Luthfi. Islam and the Secular State in Indonesia. Singapore: ISEAS, 2009.
Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme. Social Media Dissemination Index. Jakarta: Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terrorism, 2019.
Bahar, Saafroedin, Ananda B. Kusuma & Nannie Hudawati eds., Risalah Sidang Badan Penyelenggara Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI)-Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) 28 Mei 1945-22 Agustus 1945. Ed. III. Cet. 2. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara R.I.,1995.
Cassanova, Jose. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago: The Univesity of Chicago Press, 1994.
Directorate General of Islamic Education. Sistem Informasi dan Humas Seketariat Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Islam, Annual Report. Jakarta: Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2017.
Habermas, Jurgen. The Theory of Communicative Action. Boston: Beacon Press, 1987.
Hutagalung, Muara. Hukum Islam dalam Era Pembangunan. Jakarta: Indo Hill Co, 1985.
Kersten, Carol. Berebut Wacana Pergulatan Wacana Umat Islam Indonesia Era Reformasi. Bandung: Mizan, 2018.
Kuntowijoyo. Selamat Tinggal Mitos Selamat Datang Realitas. Bandung: Mizan, 2002.
Menoh, Gusti A. B. Agama Dalam Ruang Publik. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2018.
Muhtadi, Burhanuddin. Populisme Politik Identitas & Dinamika Elektoral: Mengurai Jalan Panjang Demokrasi Prosedural. Malang: Intrans Publishing, 2019.
Nongbri, Brent. Before religion : a history of a modern concept, New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2013.
Rachman, Budhy Munawar. Reorientasi Pembaruan Islam: Sekularisme, Liberalisme, Pluralisme, Paradigma Baru Islam Indonesia. Jakarta: LSAF and Paramadina, 2010.
Segal, Robert. “Theories of Religion.” In The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion, edited by John R Hinnels. London; New York: Routledge, 2009.
Sutanto, Trisno S. “Pancasila dan Persoalan Kebebasan Beragama atau Berkeyakinan.” In Hak atas Kebebasan Beragama atau Berkeyakinan di Indonesia, edited by Alamsyah M. Dja’far and Atika Nur’aini. Jakarta: Wahid Foundation, 2016.
Tayeb, Azmil. Islamic Education in Indonesia and Malaysia: Shaping Minds, Saving Souls. Jakarta: Routledge, 2018.
Wignjodipoero, Soerojo. Pengantar dan Asas-Asas Hukum Adat. Jakarta: Haji Masagung, 1990.
Journal Article
Anggraini, Kurnia Dewi. “Penafsiran Tindak Pidana Penodaan Agama dalam Perspektif Hukum.” Era Hukum: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Hukum, 15, No. 2 (2017): 267-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/era%20hukum.v15i2.1071
Manan, Bagir, Ali Abdurahman, and Mei Susanto. "Pembangunan Hukum Nasional Yang Religius: Konsepsi dan Tantangan dalam Negara Berdasarkan Pancasila." Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum 5, no. 2 (2021): 176-195. https://doi.org/10.23920/jbmh.v5i2.303
Berger, Peter L. “Epistemological Modesty: An Interview with Peter Berger.” Christian Century 114, No. 30 (1997): 972–978.
Casanova, José. "The secular and secularisms." Social Research: An International Quarterly 76, no. 4 (2009): 1049-1066.
Christianto, H. "The Significant Impact of Law Number 1/PNPS/1965." Jurnal Yudisial 6, no. 1 (2013): 1-16.
Dahri, Muhammad. "Tindak Pidana Penodaan Agama Di Indonesia: Tinjauan Pengaturan Perundang-Undangan dan Konsep Hukum Islam." At-Tafahum: Journal of Islamic Law 1, no. 2 (2017).
Jatmiko, Akhmad. "Kebangkitan Agama Dan Prasangka Sekuler Dalam Kajian Hubungan Internasional." Politika: Jurnal Ilmu Politik 8, no. 1 (2017): 5-18. https://doi.org/10.14710/politika.8.1.2017.5-18
Fukuyama, Francis. "The end of history?." The national interest 16 (1989): 3-18.
Marshall, Paul. "The ambiguities of religious freedom in Indonesia." The Review of Faith & International Affairs 16, no. 1 (2018): 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2018.1433588
Mirzana, Hijrah Adhyanti. "Kebijakan Kriminalisasi Delik Penodaan Agama." Pandecta Research Law Journal 7, no. 2 (2012): 147-155. https://doi.org/10.15294/pandecta.v7i2.2380
Putri, Nella Sumika. "Pelaksanaan Kebebasan Beragama di Indonesia (External Freedom) Dihubungkan Ijin Pembangunan Rumah Ibadah." Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 11, no. 2 (2011): 230-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2011.11.2.183
Ramdan, Ajie. "Aspek-Aspek Konstitusional Penodaan Agama Serta Pertanggungjawaban Pidananya di Indonesia." Jurnal Konstitusi 15, no. 3 (2018): 616-641. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1538
Sopyan, Yayan. "Menyoal kebebasan beragama dan penodaan agama di Indonesia." Jurnal Cita Hukum 3, no. 2 (2015): 295-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jch.v2i2.2314
Stark, Rodney. "Secularization, rip." Sociology of Religion 60, no. 3 (1999): 249-273. https://doi.org/10.2307/3711936
Legal Documents
The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
Indonesian Criminal Law Code
Presidential Decree No. 1/PNPS/1965 concerning the Prevention of Abuse and/or Blasphemy of Religion
Joint Ministerial Regulations No. 9 and 8 of 2006 on the Guidelines for the Implementation of Duties of Regional Heads/Deputy Heads in the Maintenance of Religious Harmony, Empowerment of Religious Harmony Forums, and Establishment of Houses of Worship
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Case Law
Semarang High Court Decision No. 98/PID/2012/ PT.SMG-Andreas Guntur Wisnu Sarsono, 2017.
Ciamis Distric Court Decision No. 278/Pid.Sus/2012/PN. Cms, 2012
North Jakarta District Court Decision No. 1537/ Pid.B/2016/PN.Jkt Utr-Ir. Basuki Tjahaja Purnama
Website Content
Andreas Harsono. “Korban Penerapan Pasal Penodaan Agama di Indonesia”, https://www.hrw.org/id/news/2018/10/25/323701
Badan Pusat Statistik. “Citizen Based on Region and Adopted Religion.” http://bps.go.id/
____________________. “Development Index: Information and Communication Technology (IPTIK) Indonesia”. http://bps.go.id/
BBC News Indonesia. “Banding Meiliana, yang divonis penjara 1,5 tahun karena keluhkan suara azan, ditolak Mahkamah Agung”, https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-47859654
¬¬¬¬____________________. “Hoax seputar kasus Ahok, FPI, 4 November”, https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/trensosial-37843842
Berita Satu. “YLBHI: Januari-Mei 2020 Terjadi 38 Kasus Penodaan Agama” https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/670519/ylbhi-januarimei-2020-terjadi-38-kasus-penodaan-agama
Detik News. “Soal Al Maidah 51, Ahok: Saya Tak Berniat Melecehkan Ayat Suci Alquran”, https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3315203/soal-al-maidah-51-ahok-saya-tak-berniat-melecehkan-ayat-suci-alquran
Indonesian Internet Service Providers Association. “Penetration and Behavior of Internet User in Indonesia”. Source: http://teknopreneur.com/
Johnson Constance. “Indonesia: Constitutional Court Opens Way to Recognition of Native Faiths.” http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/indonesia-constitutional-courtopens-way-to-recognition-of-native-faiths/
Kontras. “Peradilan Sesat Tajul Muluk”. https://kontras.org/2012/07/16/peradilan-sesat-tajul-muluk/
Ministry of Information and Communication. “There are 800.000 Hoaxes’ Sites in Indonesia.” http://kominfo.go.id/
___________________________________________.“Ministry of Information and Communication Findings: Hoax is Most Separated in April 2019.” http://kominfo.go.id/
Persekutuan Gereja-Gereja di Indonesia. “Christian School Condition in Indonesia.” https://pgi.or.id
Peter L. Berger. “Secularization Falsified.” www.firstthings.com/article/2008/02 /002-secularization-falsified
Priyono, A.E. “Nalar Fundamentalisme Agama di Ruang-Publik,” Indoprogress.Com, 21 March 2011. https://indoprogress.com/2011/03/nalar-fundamentalisme-agama-di-ruang-publik1/
Tempo. “Begini Perjalanan Metamorfosa Lia Eden”, https://nasional.tempo.co/read/672566/begini-perjalananmetamorfosa-lia-eden
Wahid Foundation. “Membatasi Para Pelanggar: Laporan Tahunan Kemerdekaan Beragama Berkeyakinan Wahid Foundation 2018.” http://wahidfoundation.org/
Adji, Oemar Seno. Perkembangan Hukum Pidana dan Hukum Acara Pidana Sekarang dan di masa jang akan Datang. Jakarta: Pantjuran Tujuh, 1984.
Assyaukanie, Luthfi. Islam and the Secular State in Indonesia. Singapore: ISEAS, 2009.
Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme. Social Media Dissemination Index. Jakarta: Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terrorism, 2019.
Bahar, Saafroedin, Ananda B. Kusuma & Nannie Hudawati eds., Risalah Sidang Badan Penyelenggara Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI)-Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) 28 Mei 1945-22 Agustus 1945. Ed. III. Cet. 2. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara R.I.,1995.
Cassanova, Jose. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago: The Univesity of Chicago Press, 1994.
Directorate General of Islamic Education. Sistem Informasi dan Humas Seketariat Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Islam, Annual Report. Jakarta: Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2017.
Habermas, Jurgen. The Theory of Communicative Action. Boston: Beacon Press, 1987.
Hutagalung, Muara. Hukum Islam dalam Era Pembangunan. Jakarta: Indo Hill Co, 1985.
Kersten, Carol. Berebut Wacana Pergulatan Wacana Umat Islam Indonesia Era Reformasi. Bandung: Mizan, 2018.
Kuntowijoyo. Selamat Tinggal Mitos Selamat Datang Realitas. Bandung: Mizan, 2002.
Menoh, Gusti A. B. Agama Dalam Ruang Publik. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2018.
Muhtadi, Burhanuddin. Populisme Politik Identitas & Dinamika Elektoral: Mengurai Jalan Panjang Demokrasi Prosedural. Malang: Intrans Publishing, 2019.
Nongbri, Brent. Before religion : a history of a modern concept, New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2013.
Rachman, Budhy Munawar. Reorientasi Pembaruan Islam: Sekularisme, Liberalisme, Pluralisme, Paradigma Baru Islam Indonesia. Jakarta: LSAF and Paramadina, 2010.
Segal, Robert. “Theories of Religion.” In The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion, edited by John R Hinnels. London; New York: Routledge, 2009.
Sutanto, Trisno S. “Pancasila dan Persoalan Kebebasan Beragama atau Berkeyakinan.” In Hak atas Kebebasan Beragama atau Berkeyakinan di Indonesia, edited by Alamsyah M. Dja’far and Atika Nur’aini. Jakarta: Wahid Foundation, 2016.
Tayeb, Azmil. Islamic Education in Indonesia and Malaysia: Shaping Minds, Saving Souls. Jakarta: Routledge, 2018.
Wignjodipoero, Soerojo. Pengantar dan Asas-Asas Hukum Adat. Jakarta: Haji Masagung, 1990.
Journal Article
Anggraini, Kurnia Dewi. “Penafsiran Tindak Pidana Penodaan Agama dalam Perspektif Hukum.” Era Hukum: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Hukum, 15, No. 2 (2017): 267-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/era%20hukum.v15i2.1071
Manan, Bagir, Ali Abdurahman, and Mei Susanto. "Pembangunan Hukum Nasional Yang Religius: Konsepsi dan Tantangan dalam Negara Berdasarkan Pancasila." Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum 5, no. 2 (2021): 176-195. https://doi.org/10.23920/jbmh.v5i2.303
Berger, Peter L. “Epistemological Modesty: An Interview with Peter Berger.” Christian Century 114, No. 30 (1997): 972–978.
Casanova, José. "The secular and secularisms." Social Research: An International Quarterly 76, no. 4 (2009): 1049-1066.
Christianto, H. "The Significant Impact of Law Number 1/PNPS/1965." Jurnal Yudisial 6, no. 1 (2013): 1-16.
Dahri, Muhammad. "Tindak Pidana Penodaan Agama Di Indonesia: Tinjauan Pengaturan Perundang-Undangan dan Konsep Hukum Islam." At-Tafahum: Journal of Islamic Law 1, no. 2 (2017).
Jatmiko, Akhmad. "Kebangkitan Agama Dan Prasangka Sekuler Dalam Kajian Hubungan Internasional." Politika: Jurnal Ilmu Politik 8, no. 1 (2017): 5-18. https://doi.org/10.14710/politika.8.1.2017.5-18
Fukuyama, Francis. "The end of history?." The national interest 16 (1989): 3-18.
Marshall, Paul. "The ambiguities of religious freedom in Indonesia." The Review of Faith & International Affairs 16, no. 1 (2018): 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2018.1433588
Mirzana, Hijrah Adhyanti. "Kebijakan Kriminalisasi Delik Penodaan Agama." Pandecta Research Law Journal 7, no. 2 (2012): 147-155. https://doi.org/10.15294/pandecta.v7i2.2380
Putri, Nella Sumika. "Pelaksanaan Kebebasan Beragama di Indonesia (External Freedom) Dihubungkan Ijin Pembangunan Rumah Ibadah." Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 11, no. 2 (2011): 230-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2011.11.2.183
Ramdan, Ajie. "Aspek-Aspek Konstitusional Penodaan Agama Serta Pertanggungjawaban Pidananya di Indonesia." Jurnal Konstitusi 15, no. 3 (2018): 616-641. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1538
Sopyan, Yayan. "Menyoal kebebasan beragama dan penodaan agama di Indonesia." Jurnal Cita Hukum 3, no. 2 (2015): 295-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jch.v2i2.2314
Stark, Rodney. "Secularization, rip." Sociology of Religion 60, no. 3 (1999): 249-273. https://doi.org/10.2307/3711936
Legal Documents
The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
Indonesian Criminal Law Code
Presidential Decree No. 1/PNPS/1965 concerning the Prevention of Abuse and/or Blasphemy of Religion
Joint Ministerial Regulations No. 9 and 8 of 2006 on the Guidelines for the Implementation of Duties of Regional Heads/Deputy Heads in the Maintenance of Religious Harmony, Empowerment of Religious Harmony Forums, and Establishment of Houses of Worship
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Case Law
Semarang High Court Decision No. 98/PID/2012/ PT.SMG-Andreas Guntur Wisnu Sarsono, 2017.
Ciamis Distric Court Decision No. 278/Pid.Sus/2012/PN. Cms, 2012
North Jakarta District Court Decision No. 1537/ Pid.B/2016/PN.Jkt Utr-Ir. Basuki Tjahaja Purnama
Website Content
Andreas Harsono. “Korban Penerapan Pasal Penodaan Agama di Indonesia”, https://www.hrw.org/id/news/2018/10/25/323701
Badan Pusat Statistik. “Citizen Based on Region and Adopted Religion.” http://bps.go.id/
____________________. “Development Index: Information and Communication Technology (IPTIK) Indonesia”. http://bps.go.id/
BBC News Indonesia. “Banding Meiliana, yang divonis penjara 1,5 tahun karena keluhkan suara azan, ditolak Mahkamah Agung”, https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-47859654
¬¬¬¬____________________. “Hoax seputar kasus Ahok, FPI, 4 November”, https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/trensosial-37843842
Berita Satu. “YLBHI: Januari-Mei 2020 Terjadi 38 Kasus Penodaan Agama” https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/670519/ylbhi-januarimei-2020-terjadi-38-kasus-penodaan-agama
Detik News. “Soal Al Maidah 51, Ahok: Saya Tak Berniat Melecehkan Ayat Suci Alquran”, https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3315203/soal-al-maidah-51-ahok-saya-tak-berniat-melecehkan-ayat-suci-alquran
Indonesian Internet Service Providers Association. “Penetration and Behavior of Internet User in Indonesia”. Source: http://teknopreneur.com/
Johnson Constance. “Indonesia: Constitutional Court Opens Way to Recognition of Native Faiths.” http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/indonesia-constitutional-courtopens-way-to-recognition-of-native-faiths/
Kontras. “Peradilan Sesat Tajul Muluk”. https://kontras.org/2012/07/16/peradilan-sesat-tajul-muluk/
Ministry of Information and Communication. “There are 800.000 Hoaxes’ Sites in Indonesia.” http://kominfo.go.id/
___________________________________________.“Ministry of Information and Communication Findings: Hoax is Most Separated in April 2019.” http://kominfo.go.id/
Persekutuan Gereja-Gereja di Indonesia. “Christian School Condition in Indonesia.” https://pgi.or.id
Peter L. Berger. “Secularization Falsified.” www.firstthings.com/article/2008/02 /002-secularization-falsified
Priyono, A.E. “Nalar Fundamentalisme Agama di Ruang-Publik,” Indoprogress.Com, 21 March 2011. https://indoprogress.com/2011/03/nalar-fundamentalisme-agama-di-ruang-publik1/
Tempo. “Begini Perjalanan Metamorfosa Lia Eden”, https://nasional.tempo.co/read/672566/begini-perjalananmetamorfosa-lia-eden
Wahid Foundation. “Membatasi Para Pelanggar: Laporan Tahunan Kemerdekaan Beragama Berkeyakinan Wahid Foundation 2018.” http://wahidfoundation.org/
Published
2021-07-31
How to Cite
RICHARD SIANTURI, Petrus; PARDEDE, Josua Navirio; DWI RIADI, Septian.
Rebalancing Religious Policy and the Concept of Public Sphere: Indonesia Cases.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 2, p. 119-137, july 2021.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/72904>. Date accessed: 17 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2021.v05.i02.p02.
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