Strengthening Regulations In Protecting Indonesian Migrant Workers Before Departing to the Destination Country
Abstract
The lack of employment opportunities and intense level of job competitiveness contribute to the increasing number of job seekers in Indonesia. By the availability of opportunities to work abroad, people choose to work as migrant workers. Fact reveals many legal problems faced by migrant workers, especially those who work as domestic workers in foreign countries. This study analyzes the reasons and legal issues that cause Indonesian migrant workers to experience many violations of their rights, particularly in the pre-departure period. It discusses the rights and protection for migrant workers as stipulated in relevant laws and regulations. This research applies a normative legal method, analyzing legal documents in statutory regulations and several supporting references related to migrant workers. The results revealed that the violations of Indonesian Migrant workers’ rights occurred due to the lack of implementation of before working (pre-departure) protection. Besides, numerous migrant workers departed without going through a departure mechanism as determined in Law No. 18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers. Therefore, it is necessary to consider revising the current laws and regulations or strengthening them through implementing regulations.
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References
Book
Barbara, Bogusz. Ryszard C, Adam C, Erika. Irregular Migration and Human Rights: Theoretical, European, and International Perspectives. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2004.
ILO, Asian Labor Migration: Issues and Challenges in an Era of Globalization, International Migration Papers (IMP), 2002.
Rahardjo, Satjipto. Sisi-Sisi Lain dari Hukum di Indonesia. Jakarta: Kompas, 2003.
Rahardjo, Satjipto, Ilmu Hukum, Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 2000.
Journal Article
Albin, Einat. "Union Responsibility to Migrant Workers: A Global Justice Approach." Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 34, no. 1 (2014): 133–153, https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqt026
Anderson, Bridget. "Migrant Domestic Workers: Good Workers, Poor Slaves, New Connections." Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 22, no. 4 (2015): 636–652. https://doi.org//10.1093/sp/jxv040
Anggriani, Riri. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Irregular Migrant Workers Indonesia di Kawasan Asia Tenggara (Dalam Perspektif Hukum HAM Internasional).” Yuridika 32, no. 2 (2017): 310-335. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v32i2.4773
Izziyana, Wafda Vivid, Surisman, and Andika Yuli Rimbawan. “Perlindungan Hukum bagi Pekerja Migran melalui Pelatihan Paralegal di Ponorogo.” Legal Standing 4, no. 1 (2020): 328-336.
Kneebone, Susan. “Introduction Migrant Workers Between States: In Search of Exit and Integration Strategies in South East Asia.” Asian Journal of Social Science 40, no.4 (2012): 367–391. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685314-12341246
Low, Wah Yun, Wen Ting Tong, and Colin Binns. "Migrant Workers in Asia Pacific and Their Rights to Health." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 27, no. 6 (2015): 584-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539515600007
Rosengaertner, Sarah. "Pathways to Protection and Permanency: Towards Regulated Global Economic Migration and Mobility." Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 56, no. 2 (2018): 280-288.
Selberg, Niklas. "The Laws of "Illegal" Work and Dilemmas in Interest Representation on Segmented Labor Markets: À Propos Irregular Migrants in Sweden." Comparative Labor Law and Policy 35, no. 2 (2014): 247-288.
Ujita, Yuka, Paul J Douglas, Masatoki Adachi. "Enhancing the health and safety of migrant workers." Journal of Travel Medicine 26, no. 2, (2019): 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tay161
Widodo, Hartono and R. Jossi Belgradoputra. “Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia.” Jurnal Binamulia Hukum 8, no. 1 (2019): 107-116. https://doi.org/10.37893/jbh.v8i1.42
Yeoh, Brenda S. A., Charmian Goh, and Kellynn Wee. “Social Protection for Migrant Domestic Workers in Singapore: International Conventions, the Law, and Civil Society Action.” Journal of American Behavioral Scientist 64, no. 6 (2020): 841–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764220910208
Yusitarani, Safrida. “Analisis Yuridis Perlindungan Hukum Tenaga Migran Korban Perdagangan Manusia Oleh Pemerintah Indonesia.” Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia 2, no. 1 (2020): 24-37. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v2i1.24-37
Legal Documents of the Republic of Indonesia
The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
Law No.13 of 2003 concerning Manpower
Law No.39 of 2004 concerning the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers Abroad
Law No.6 of 2012 concerning Ratification of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant workers and Members of Their Families¬¬¬¬¬¬
Law No.18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers
Minister of Manpower Regulation No. 22 of 2014 concerning the Implementation of Placement and Protection of Indonesian Workers Abroad.
Indonesian Migrant Worker Protection Agency Regulation No. 9 of 2020 concerning Exemption from Placement Fees for Indonesian Migrant Workers
International Treaty
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Other Documents
Laporan Bank Dunia Indonesia, Pekerja Global Indonesia: Antara Peluang dan Risiko, World Bank Group, 2017.
Maulidyah Amalina Rizqi, Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Masyarakat untuk Menjadi Tenaga Kerja Indonesia di Luar Negeri, Seminar Nasional dan Call for Papers: Manajemen, Akuntansi, & Perbankan, Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, 2018.
Website Content
BP2MI, “Data Penempatan dan Perlindungan TKI Periode Tahun 2020.” https://bp2mi.go.id/statistik-detail/data-penempatan-dan-perlindungan-tki-periode-tahun-2019
BP2MI, “Bentuk Pengakuan Kualitas Pelayanan Pengaduan di BNP2TKI.” https://bp2mi.go.id/program-detail/iso-9001-2015-bentuk-pengakuan-kualitas-pelayanan-pengaduan-di-bnp2tki/Integrasi%20Informasi%20&%20Pengaduan
BP2MI, Sebanyak 149 PMI Purna Korea Asal Jawa Timur Lolos Ujian CBT Khusus, https://www.bp2mi.go.id/index.php/berita-detail/sebanyak-149-pmi-purn-korea-asal-jawa-timur-lolos-ujian-cbt-khusus 13/11/2020, accessed 21 January 2021.
Justice Without Borders, Standing Up for Unpaid Wages: One Woman's Fight Across Borders, https://forjusticewithoutborders.org/standing-up-for-unpaid-wages-one-womans-fight-across-borders/ Ministry of Female Empowerment and Child Protection, “Perkuat Mental Calon Pekerja Migran Perempuan Indonesia.” https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/29/1988/perkuat-mental-calon-pekerja-migran-perempuan-indonesia
Barbara, Bogusz. Ryszard C, Adam C, Erika. Irregular Migration and Human Rights: Theoretical, European, and International Perspectives. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2004.
ILO, Asian Labor Migration: Issues and Challenges in an Era of Globalization, International Migration Papers (IMP), 2002.
Rahardjo, Satjipto. Sisi-Sisi Lain dari Hukum di Indonesia. Jakarta: Kompas, 2003.
Rahardjo, Satjipto, Ilmu Hukum, Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 2000.
Journal Article
Albin, Einat. "Union Responsibility to Migrant Workers: A Global Justice Approach." Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 34, no. 1 (2014): 133–153, https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqt026
Anderson, Bridget. "Migrant Domestic Workers: Good Workers, Poor Slaves, New Connections." Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 22, no. 4 (2015): 636–652. https://doi.org//10.1093/sp/jxv040
Anggriani, Riri. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Irregular Migrant Workers Indonesia di Kawasan Asia Tenggara (Dalam Perspektif Hukum HAM Internasional).” Yuridika 32, no. 2 (2017): 310-335. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v32i2.4773
Izziyana, Wafda Vivid, Surisman, and Andika Yuli Rimbawan. “Perlindungan Hukum bagi Pekerja Migran melalui Pelatihan Paralegal di Ponorogo.” Legal Standing 4, no. 1 (2020): 328-336.
Kneebone, Susan. “Introduction Migrant Workers Between States: In Search of Exit and Integration Strategies in South East Asia.” Asian Journal of Social Science 40, no.4 (2012): 367–391. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685314-12341246
Low, Wah Yun, Wen Ting Tong, and Colin Binns. "Migrant Workers in Asia Pacific and Their Rights to Health." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 27, no. 6 (2015): 584-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539515600007
Rosengaertner, Sarah. "Pathways to Protection and Permanency: Towards Regulated Global Economic Migration and Mobility." Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 56, no. 2 (2018): 280-288.
Selberg, Niklas. "The Laws of "Illegal" Work and Dilemmas in Interest Representation on Segmented Labor Markets: À Propos Irregular Migrants in Sweden." Comparative Labor Law and Policy 35, no. 2 (2014): 247-288.
Ujita, Yuka, Paul J Douglas, Masatoki Adachi. "Enhancing the health and safety of migrant workers." Journal of Travel Medicine 26, no. 2, (2019): 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tay161
Widodo, Hartono and R. Jossi Belgradoputra. “Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia.” Jurnal Binamulia Hukum 8, no. 1 (2019): 107-116. https://doi.org/10.37893/jbh.v8i1.42
Yeoh, Brenda S. A., Charmian Goh, and Kellynn Wee. “Social Protection for Migrant Domestic Workers in Singapore: International Conventions, the Law, and Civil Society Action.” Journal of American Behavioral Scientist 64, no. 6 (2020): 841–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764220910208
Yusitarani, Safrida. “Analisis Yuridis Perlindungan Hukum Tenaga Migran Korban Perdagangan Manusia Oleh Pemerintah Indonesia.” Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia 2, no. 1 (2020): 24-37. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v2i1.24-37
Legal Documents of the Republic of Indonesia
The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
Law No.13 of 2003 concerning Manpower
Law No.39 of 2004 concerning the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers Abroad
Law No.6 of 2012 concerning Ratification of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant workers and Members of Their Families¬¬¬¬¬¬
Law No.18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers
Minister of Manpower Regulation No. 22 of 2014 concerning the Implementation of Placement and Protection of Indonesian Workers Abroad.
Indonesian Migrant Worker Protection Agency Regulation No. 9 of 2020 concerning Exemption from Placement Fees for Indonesian Migrant Workers
International Treaty
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Other Documents
Laporan Bank Dunia Indonesia, Pekerja Global Indonesia: Antara Peluang dan Risiko, World Bank Group, 2017.
Maulidyah Amalina Rizqi, Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Masyarakat untuk Menjadi Tenaga Kerja Indonesia di Luar Negeri, Seminar Nasional dan Call for Papers: Manajemen, Akuntansi, & Perbankan, Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, 2018.
Website Content
BP2MI, “Data Penempatan dan Perlindungan TKI Periode Tahun 2020.” https://bp2mi.go.id/statistik-detail/data-penempatan-dan-perlindungan-tki-periode-tahun-2019
BP2MI, “Bentuk Pengakuan Kualitas Pelayanan Pengaduan di BNP2TKI.” https://bp2mi.go.id/program-detail/iso-9001-2015-bentuk-pengakuan-kualitas-pelayanan-pengaduan-di-bnp2tki/Integrasi%20Informasi%20&%20Pengaduan
BP2MI, Sebanyak 149 PMI Purna Korea Asal Jawa Timur Lolos Ujian CBT Khusus, https://www.bp2mi.go.id/index.php/berita-detail/sebanyak-149-pmi-purn-korea-asal-jawa-timur-lolos-ujian-cbt-khusus 13/11/2020, accessed 21 January 2021.
Justice Without Borders, Standing Up for Unpaid Wages: One Woman's Fight Across Borders, https://forjusticewithoutborders.org/standing-up-for-unpaid-wages-one-womans-fight-across-borders/ Ministry of Female Empowerment and Child Protection, “Perkuat Mental Calon Pekerja Migran Perempuan Indonesia.” https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/29/1988/perkuat-mental-calon-pekerja-migran-perempuan-indonesia
Published
2021-01-31
How to Cite
KHAIRAZI, Rifqon.
Strengthening Regulations In Protecting Indonesian Migrant Workers Before Departing to the Destination Country.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 41-57, jan. 2021.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/65279>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2021.v05.i01.p03.
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