The Citizens’ Constitutional Rights Regarding Habitable and Wholesome Environment: Towards a Law State that Protects the Environment
Abstract
This paper aims to examine the protection of the environment in Indonesia which is part of the realization of a law state that guarantees the constitutional rights of its citizens. It is a legal research that reviews Indonesian constitutional and statutory provisions, besides adding a comparative perspective from a Japanese Constitution and legal system. It is found that the concept of a law state in Indonesia does not specifically follow the concept of a law state like what is meant in “rechtsstaat” or “the rule of law”. It has peculiar characteristics which indeed seem to adopt the noble values ??of those two concepts which clearly confesses in the constitution along with the elements and characters stated in it. One of the most prominent characteristics of a law state is the recognition and protection of human rights. In the Indonesian Constitution 1945, human rights as the fundamental rights of human beings have been arranged and compiled which is legally legitimized become constitutional rights. Among human rights, rights related to the environment include essential rights in array of international human rights formulations. Article 28 letter H of the Indonesian Constitution 1945 expressly states the rights to habitable and wholesome environment for citizen. The protection form can be a normative arrangement in the constitution or in a formal juridical through legislation. Protection of citizens' constitutional rights related to the environment is faced with due process of environmental protection that requires consistency in order to achieve the intention and direction of the Indonesian law state itself.
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References
Books
Asshidiqie, Jimly. Pengantar Ilmu Hukum Tata Negara. Jakarta: Konstitusi Press, 2006.
Assiddiqie, Jimly. Pengantar Ilmu Hukum Tata Negara, Cetakan Kedua. Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2010.
Bradley, A.W. and Ewing, K.D. Constitutional and Administrative Law. (Pearson Education Limited 13th ed. 2003).
Dean, Meryll. Japanese Legal System: Text and Material. Cavendish Publishing Limited, 1997.
Gresser, Julian et al., Environmental Law in Japan, Cambridge: The M.I.T. Press.,1981.
Hadjon, Phillipus M. Pengantar Hukum Administrasi Negara Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 2005.
Heinhard Steiger et.al., The Fundamental Right to a Decent Environment, Trends in Environmental Policy And Law (Tendances Actuelles De La Politique Et Du Droit De L'environnement), IUCN-WWF (project No. 1244) (1980).
Kelsen, Hans. General Theory of Law and State. New York: Anders Wedberg trans., Russell & Russell, 1945.
Oda, Hiroshi. Japanese Law. New York, Oxford University Press 3rd ed., 2009.
Palguna, I Dewa Gede. Pengaduan Konstitusional: Upaya Hukum Terhadap Pelanggaran Hak-Hak Konstitusional Warga Negara. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2013
Plato. The Laws of Plato. London: Thomas L. Pangle trans., The University of Chicago Press, 1980.
Paine, Thomas. The Rights of Man 1971-1972. ed. H Collins, Penguin Classics, 1969.
Plato. The Republic of Plato. London: Francis Macdonald Cornford trans, Oxford University Press, 1941.
James R. Silkenat, James E. Hickey Jr., Peter D. Barenboim eds., The Legal Doctrines of the Rule of Law and the Legal State (Rechsstaat), Switzerland: Springer, 2014.
Venn Dicey, Albert. Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution. London: Macmillan, 8th ed. 1915.
Wheare, K.C. Modern Constitutions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 1966.
Chapter in an Edited Book
Ito M, “The Modern Development of Law and Constitution in Japan,” in Japan Legal System: Text and Material, edited by Meryll Dean. London: Cavendish Publishing Limited, 1997.
Journal Articles
Gardbaum, Stephen. "Human Rights as International Constitutional Rights." European Journal of International Law 19, no. 4 (2008): 749-768. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chn042
Gardbaum, Stephen. "The" Horizontal Effect" of Constitutional Rights." Michigan Law Review 102, no. 3 (2003): 387-459.
Gresser, Julian. The Development of Pollution Control in Japan: An Historical Note, 1 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev 1 (1976).
Hildebrandt, Mireille. "Justice and Police: Regulatory Offenses and the Criminal Law." New Criminal Law Review: In International and Interdisciplinary Journal 12, no. 1 (2009): 43-68. https://doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2009.12.1.43
Jr. John Y. Pearson , "Toward a Constitutionally Protected Environment." Virginia Law Review (1970): 458-486. https://doi.org/10.2307/1071799
Klipsch, Ronald E. “Aspects of a Constitutional Right to a Habitable Environment: Towards an Environmental Due Process,” Ind. L.J. 49, (1974): 203-237.
Kawashima, Shiro. “A Survey of Environmental Law and Policy in Japan N.C.” J. Int'l L. & Com 20 (1994): 232-254
Neuman, Gerald L. Human Rights and Constitutional Rights: Harmony and Dissonance Stan. L. Rev. 55 (2003): 1863-1900.
Ratner, Leonard G. "The Function of the Due Process Clause." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 116, no. 6 (1968): 1048-1117. https://doi.org/10.2307/3311120
Rosenfeld, Michel. The Rule of Law and the Legitimacy of Constitutional Democracy, S. Cal. L. Rev. 74 (2001) 1307-1352
Schreurs, Miranda A. "Assessing Japan's Role as a Global Environmental Leader." Policy and Society 23, no. 1 (2004): 88-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1449-4035(04)70028-4
TAKEMORI, Kazumasa. "Niigata Minamata Disease and Showa Denko (産業経済研究所設立 30 周年記念号)." 産業経済研究所紀要 22 (2012): 53-80.
Zen, Nilwan Wilze Ananda, Untung Dwi Hananto, and Amalia Diamantina Jaminan Hak-Hak Konstitutional Warga Negara (the Protector of Citizen Constitutional Right) dengan Implementasi Constitutional Complaint Melalui Mahkamah Konstitusi di Negara Republik Indonesia, Diponegoro L. Rev 5, no. 2 (2016): 1-24.
Website Contents
Japan Basic Environmental Law. https://www.env.go.jp/en/laws/policy/basic/index.html
Dinah Selton, Stockholm Declaration (1972) and Rio Declaration (1992), OXFORD PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW. http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-978019 9231690-e1608#law-9780199231 690-e1608-div1-2
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Human Rights, Humanitarian Assistance, Refugees, https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/human/index.html
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992), http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/RIO_E.PDF
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
OECD Environmental Performance Review: Japan 2010. Last Modified November 16, 2010. https://www.oecd.org/env/oecd-environmental-performance-reviews-japan-2010-9789264087873-en.htm. See also https:// read.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/oecd-environmental-performance-reviews-japan-2010_9789264087873-en#page1
Review of Implementation of the Rio Principles, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1127 rioprinciples.pdf
Working Paper
Dinah Selton, Human Rights, Health & Environmental Protection: Linkages in Law & Practice, Health and Human Rights Working Paper Series No 1 A Background Paper for the World Health Organization (WHO)
Legal Documents
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE)
The Republic of Indonesia, The Constitution of Indonesia 1945
The Federal Republic of Indonesia, The Federal Constitution 1949
The Republic of Indonesia, The Provisional Constitution 1950
The Republic of Indonesia, The Act No. 4 Year 1982 concerning The Basic Provisions of Environmental Management
The Republic of Indonesia, The Act No. 23 Year 1997 concerning The Environmental Management.
The Republic of Indonesia, The Act Number 32 Year 2009 concerning The Environmental Protection and Management.
The Constitution of Japan (Shinjitai: 日本国憲法 Kyūjitai: 日本國憲法 Nihon-Koku Kenpō) 1947
Asshidiqie, Jimly. Pengantar Ilmu Hukum Tata Negara. Jakarta: Konstitusi Press, 2006.
Assiddiqie, Jimly. Pengantar Ilmu Hukum Tata Negara, Cetakan Kedua. Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2010.
Bradley, A.W. and Ewing, K.D. Constitutional and Administrative Law. (Pearson Education Limited 13th ed. 2003).
Dean, Meryll. Japanese Legal System: Text and Material. Cavendish Publishing Limited, 1997.
Gresser, Julian et al., Environmental Law in Japan, Cambridge: The M.I.T. Press.,1981.
Hadjon, Phillipus M. Pengantar Hukum Administrasi Negara Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 2005.
Heinhard Steiger et.al., The Fundamental Right to a Decent Environment, Trends in Environmental Policy And Law (Tendances Actuelles De La Politique Et Du Droit De L'environnement), IUCN-WWF (project No. 1244) (1980).
Kelsen, Hans. General Theory of Law and State. New York: Anders Wedberg trans., Russell & Russell, 1945.
Oda, Hiroshi. Japanese Law. New York, Oxford University Press 3rd ed., 2009.
Palguna, I Dewa Gede. Pengaduan Konstitusional: Upaya Hukum Terhadap Pelanggaran Hak-Hak Konstitusional Warga Negara. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2013
Plato. The Laws of Plato. London: Thomas L. Pangle trans., The University of Chicago Press, 1980.
Paine, Thomas. The Rights of Man 1971-1972. ed. H Collins, Penguin Classics, 1969.
Plato. The Republic of Plato. London: Francis Macdonald Cornford trans, Oxford University Press, 1941.
James R. Silkenat, James E. Hickey Jr., Peter D. Barenboim eds., The Legal Doctrines of the Rule of Law and the Legal State (Rechsstaat), Switzerland: Springer, 2014.
Venn Dicey, Albert. Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution. London: Macmillan, 8th ed. 1915.
Wheare, K.C. Modern Constitutions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 1966.
Chapter in an Edited Book
Ito M, “The Modern Development of Law and Constitution in Japan,” in Japan Legal System: Text and Material, edited by Meryll Dean. London: Cavendish Publishing Limited, 1997.
Journal Articles
Gardbaum, Stephen. "Human Rights as International Constitutional Rights." European Journal of International Law 19, no. 4 (2008): 749-768. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chn042
Gardbaum, Stephen. "The" Horizontal Effect" of Constitutional Rights." Michigan Law Review 102, no. 3 (2003): 387-459.
Gresser, Julian. The Development of Pollution Control in Japan: An Historical Note, 1 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev 1 (1976).
Hildebrandt, Mireille. "Justice and Police: Regulatory Offenses and the Criminal Law." New Criminal Law Review: In International and Interdisciplinary Journal 12, no. 1 (2009): 43-68. https://doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2009.12.1.43
Jr. John Y. Pearson , "Toward a Constitutionally Protected Environment." Virginia Law Review (1970): 458-486. https://doi.org/10.2307/1071799
Klipsch, Ronald E. “Aspects of a Constitutional Right to a Habitable Environment: Towards an Environmental Due Process,” Ind. L.J. 49, (1974): 203-237.
Kawashima, Shiro. “A Survey of Environmental Law and Policy in Japan N.C.” J. Int'l L. & Com 20 (1994): 232-254
Neuman, Gerald L. Human Rights and Constitutional Rights: Harmony and Dissonance Stan. L. Rev. 55 (2003): 1863-1900.
Ratner, Leonard G. "The Function of the Due Process Clause." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 116, no. 6 (1968): 1048-1117. https://doi.org/10.2307/3311120
Rosenfeld, Michel. The Rule of Law and the Legitimacy of Constitutional Democracy, S. Cal. L. Rev. 74 (2001) 1307-1352
Schreurs, Miranda A. "Assessing Japan's Role as a Global Environmental Leader." Policy and Society 23, no. 1 (2004): 88-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1449-4035(04)70028-4
TAKEMORI, Kazumasa. "Niigata Minamata Disease and Showa Denko (産業経済研究所設立 30 周年記念号)." 産業経済研究所紀要 22 (2012): 53-80.
Zen, Nilwan Wilze Ananda, Untung Dwi Hananto, and Amalia Diamantina Jaminan Hak-Hak Konstitutional Warga Negara (the Protector of Citizen Constitutional Right) dengan Implementasi Constitutional Complaint Melalui Mahkamah Konstitusi di Negara Republik Indonesia, Diponegoro L. Rev 5, no. 2 (2016): 1-24.
Website Contents
Japan Basic Environmental Law. https://www.env.go.jp/en/laws/policy/basic/index.html
Dinah Selton, Stockholm Declaration (1972) and Rio Declaration (1992), OXFORD PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW. http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-978019 9231690-e1608#law-9780199231 690-e1608-div1-2
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Human Rights, Humanitarian Assistance, Refugees, https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/human/index.html
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992), http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/RIO_E.PDF
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
OECD Environmental Performance Review: Japan 2010. Last Modified November 16, 2010. https://www.oecd.org/env/oecd-environmental-performance-reviews-japan-2010-9789264087873-en.htm. See also https:// read.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/oecd-environmental-performance-reviews-japan-2010_9789264087873-en#page1
Review of Implementation of the Rio Principles, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1127 rioprinciples.pdf
Working Paper
Dinah Selton, Human Rights, Health & Environmental Protection: Linkages in Law & Practice, Health and Human Rights Working Paper Series No 1 A Background Paper for the World Health Organization (WHO)
Legal Documents
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE)
The Republic of Indonesia, The Constitution of Indonesia 1945
The Federal Republic of Indonesia, The Federal Constitution 1949
The Republic of Indonesia, The Provisional Constitution 1950
The Republic of Indonesia, The Act No. 4 Year 1982 concerning The Basic Provisions of Environmental Management
The Republic of Indonesia, The Act No. 23 Year 1997 concerning The Environmental Management.
The Republic of Indonesia, The Act Number 32 Year 2009 concerning The Environmental Protection and Management.
The Constitution of Japan (Shinjitai: 日本国憲法 Kyūjitai: 日本國憲法 Nihon-Koku Kenpō) 1947
Published
2020-01-31
How to Cite
DANANJAYA, Nyoman Satyayudha; KAZUHIKO, Fuchikawa.
The Citizens’ Constitutional Rights Regarding Habitable and Wholesome Environment: Towards a Law State that Protects the Environment.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 1, p. 81-103, jan. 2020.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/53885>. Date accessed: 29 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2020.v04.i01.p05.
Section
Articles
