What Indonesia Should Learn from China's Social Credit System?: Measuring Government Authorities and Citizen’s Privacy Rights
Abstract
China's Social Credit System (CSC) is a reputation system adopted by the Government of the Peoples’ Republic of China that establish a mechanism of rewarding and imposing punishment to its citizen, by taking into account the behavioral performance and compliance to the law and regulation. This article aimed to reviews the concept and the scope of implementation of China’s SCS and to analyze the possibility of the Indonesian Government to adopt it into Indonesia’s legal system and legal culture. This article reflects a doctrinal legal research that collects primary and secondary sources and uses statutory, comparative, and analytical approaches. This article found that SCS basically aims at creating a comprehensive data based-system to improve the citizen's behavior based on the scoring system that entails rewards and sanctions. The widely accepted of this system by the citizen of PRC, however, does not correspond to a remaining legal issue about the lack of protection of privacy rights, particularly regarding the naming and shaming of a blacklisted person. This article suggests that Indonesia may adopt some China’s SCS aspects, including the basic idea of the upgrading of the standard of citizen behavior, the establishment of a comprehensive system that integrating all data, and partial adoption of the data analysis. However, it seems that the naming and shaming for blacklisted persons do not relevant to be adopted by the Indonesian government in the near future, in a consideration of the legal culture in Indonesia and the communal life of the Indonesian peoples.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Book
Siegbart, Paul. The Lawful Rights of Mankind. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Chapter in an Edited Book
Dobinson, Ian and Francis Johns. “Legal Research as Qualitative Research.” In Research Methods for Law, edited by Mike McConville. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2007
Journal Article
Creemers, Rogier. "China's Social Credit System: An Evolving Practice of Control." SSRN, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3175792
Yuvens, Damian Agata, Rangga Sujud Widigda, and Aisyah Sharifa. "Dilema Upaya Hukum Terhadap Penyadapan." Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 47, no. 3 (2018): 289-311.
Dicky Saputra, Nurlina, Lenny Hasan. “Pengaruh Reward (Penghargaan) dan Punishment (Sanksi) Terhadap Produktivitas Kerja Karyawan PT. Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Divisi Regional II Sumatera Barat,” Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 8, No.1, (2017): 1-14
Engelmann, Severin et al. 2019. “Clear Sanctions, Vague Rewards: How China’s Social Credit System Currently Defines Good and Bad Behavior.” Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT), Atalanta USA, January 2019 Pages 69–78, https://doi.org/10.1145/3287560.3287585
Karunian, Alia Yofira, Helka Halme, and Ann-Marie Söderholm, "Data Profiling and Elections: Has Data-Driven Political Campaign Gone Too Far?" Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 3, No.1 (2019): 95-122. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2019.v03.i01.p05
Kostka, Genia. “China’s Social Credit Systems and Public Opinion :Explaining High Levels of Approval,” New Media & Society 21, No. 7 (2019): 1565–1593. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819826402
Liu, Chuncheng. “Multiple Social Credit Systems in China,” Economic Sociology 21, No. 1 (2019): 22-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3423057
Suryadilaga, Rendra Maulana, Mochammad Al Musadieq, and Gunawan Eko Nurtjahjono. "Pengaruh Reward dan Punishment Terhadap Kinerja (Studi pada Karyawan PT Telkom Indonesia Witel Jatim Selatan Malang)." Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis 39, no. 1 (2016): 156-163.
Mac Síthigh, Daithí, and Mathias Siems. "The Chinese Social Credit System: A Model for Other Countries?." The Modern Law Review 82, no. 6 (2019): 1034-1071. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12462
Wong, Karen Li Xan, and Amy Shields Dobson. "We’re Just Data: Exploring China’s Social Credit System in Relation to Digital Platform Ratings Cultures in Westernised Democracies." Global Media and China 4, no. 2 (2019): 220-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/2059436419856090
Website Content
Backer, Larry Catá, China’s Social Credit System: Data-Driven Governance for a ‘New Era’, Current History (2019), http://www.currenthistory.com/Backer-CH2019.pdf
Balinews Network, Polresta Denpasar Kembali Pajang Wajah Pengedar Narkoba di Lapangan Renon, Last Modified September 8, 2019 http://balinewsnetwork.com/2019/09/08/polresta-denpasar-kembali-pajang-wajah-pengedar-narkoba-di-lapangan-renon/
Berita Satu, Ini 30 Wajib Pajak Besar RI yang Terima Penghargaan Kemkeu, Last Modified Maret 13, 2019.
https://www.beritasatu.com/ekonomi/542705/ini-30-wajib-pajak-besar-ri-yang-terima-penghargaan-kemkeu
Chorzempa, Martin, Paul Triolo, and Samm Sacks. 2018. China’s Social Credit System: A Mark of Progress or A Threat to Privacy? Policy Brief, Peterson Institute for International Economics. Washington DC. https://www.piie.com /system/files /documents/ pb18-14.pdf.
Detik News, China Bangun Kediktatoran Digital Lewat Sistem Kredit Sosial, Last Modified September 21, 2018. https://news.detik.com/abc-australia/d-4222035/china-bangun-kediktatoran-digital-lewat-sistem-kredit-sosial
Direktorat Jenderal Pajak, Penghargaan Wajib Pajak untuk Apresiasi Kontribusi Kepatuhan, Last Modified November 7, 2018. https://www.pajak.go.id/id/artikel/penghargaan-wajib-pajak-untuk-apresiasi-kontribusi-kepatuhan
E-KTP, Pemerintah Fokus Terapkan Sistem Identitas Tunggal (terkoneksi dengan SIM, BPJS, asuransi, pajak, dan data lain), Last Modified May 14. 2019, https://www.e-ktp.com/2019/05/pemerintah-fokus-terapkan-sistem-identitas-tunggal-terkoneksi-dengan-sim-bpjs-asuransi-pajak-dan-data-lain/
Ispranoto, Tri, Bukan Hanya Warga Miskin, Veteran Juga Dapat Keringanan Pajak, Detik News, Last Modified July 29, 2018. https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-4139440/bukan-hanya-warga-miskin-veteran-juga-dapat-keringanan-pajak
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia, 39 Tahun Penghargaan Kalpataru, Last Modified Juli 11. 2019, https://www.menlhk.go.id/site/single_post/2217
Kostka, Genia, What do people in China think about ‘social credit’ monitoring?, Washington Post, Last Modified March 21, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/03/21/what-do-people-china-think-about-social-credit-monitoring/
Kumparannews, Alasan Kapolresta Denpasar Pajang Bandar Narkoba di CFD: Sanksi Sosial, Last Modified Maret 2, 2019.https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/alasan-kapolresta-denpasar-pajang-bandar-narkoba-di-cfd-sanksi-sosial-1551503520217472792
Nurfadilah, Putri Syifa, BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Berikan Pelindungan untuk Atlet Kompas.com, Last Modified July 30, 2018. https://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2018/07/30/130400726/bpjs-ketenagakerjaan-berikan-pelindungan-untuk-atlet
Ramadhan, Devi Nindy Sari, Polrestro Jakbar beri penghargaan warga dan polisi berjasa, Antara, Last Modified September 17, 2018. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/749128/polrestro-jakbar-beri-penghargaan-warga-dan-polisi-berjasa
Wibisono, Aditya, Makna Apresiasi dan Penghargaan untuk Wajib Pajak, Majalah Pajak, Last Modified April 23, 2019. https://majalahpajak.net/makna-apresiasi-dan-penghargaan-untuk-wajib-pajak/
Yan, Sophia, The Village Testing China’s Social Credit System: Driven By Big Data, Its Citizens Earn a Star Rating, Post Magazine, Last Modified June 2, 2019, https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3012574/village-testing-chinas-social-credit-system
Legal Documents
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Constitution Law of People’s Republic of China, translation https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/cn/cn147en.pdf
Law of the Republic of Indonesia No 23 Year 2006 concerning Population Administration as Ammended by Law No. 24 Year 2013.
Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 23 Year 2014 concerning Regional Government
Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 31 Year 2013 Concerning the Implementation of Law Number 6 Year 2011 concerning Immigration
Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 11 Year 2017 concerning Civil Servants Management
Regulation of the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia No. 37 Year 2013 Concerning the Conferment of State Defense Awards
Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia No.P.30/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/4/2017 concerning The Conferment of Kalpataru Awards
Regulation of Financial Services Authority No. 42 /POJK.03/2017 concerning Obligations For Arrangement and Implementation of Credit Policies or Bank Financing For Commercial Banks
Qanun Aceh No. 6 Year 2014 concerning Jinayat Law
Regulation of Bali Province No. 4 Year 2019 concerning Customary Village in Bali
Governor Regulation of Aceh Province No. 5 Year 2018 concerning the Implementation of Jinayah Procedural Law
Case Law
Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia, Case No. 5/PUU-VIII/2010
Siegbart, Paul. The Lawful Rights of Mankind. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Chapter in an Edited Book
Dobinson, Ian and Francis Johns. “Legal Research as Qualitative Research.” In Research Methods for Law, edited by Mike McConville. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2007
Journal Article
Creemers, Rogier. "China's Social Credit System: An Evolving Practice of Control." SSRN, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3175792
Yuvens, Damian Agata, Rangga Sujud Widigda, and Aisyah Sharifa. "Dilema Upaya Hukum Terhadap Penyadapan." Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 47, no. 3 (2018): 289-311.
Dicky Saputra, Nurlina, Lenny Hasan. “Pengaruh Reward (Penghargaan) dan Punishment (Sanksi) Terhadap Produktivitas Kerja Karyawan PT. Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Divisi Regional II Sumatera Barat,” Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 8, No.1, (2017): 1-14
Engelmann, Severin et al. 2019. “Clear Sanctions, Vague Rewards: How China’s Social Credit System Currently Defines Good and Bad Behavior.” Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT), Atalanta USA, January 2019 Pages 69–78, https://doi.org/10.1145/3287560.3287585
Karunian, Alia Yofira, Helka Halme, and Ann-Marie Söderholm, "Data Profiling and Elections: Has Data-Driven Political Campaign Gone Too Far?" Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 3, No.1 (2019): 95-122. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2019.v03.i01.p05
Kostka, Genia. “China’s Social Credit Systems and Public Opinion :Explaining High Levels of Approval,” New Media & Society 21, No. 7 (2019): 1565–1593. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819826402
Liu, Chuncheng. “Multiple Social Credit Systems in China,” Economic Sociology 21, No. 1 (2019): 22-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3423057
Suryadilaga, Rendra Maulana, Mochammad Al Musadieq, and Gunawan Eko Nurtjahjono. "Pengaruh Reward dan Punishment Terhadap Kinerja (Studi pada Karyawan PT Telkom Indonesia Witel Jatim Selatan Malang)." Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis 39, no. 1 (2016): 156-163.
Mac Síthigh, Daithí, and Mathias Siems. "The Chinese Social Credit System: A Model for Other Countries?." The Modern Law Review 82, no. 6 (2019): 1034-1071. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12462
Wong, Karen Li Xan, and Amy Shields Dobson. "We’re Just Data: Exploring China’s Social Credit System in Relation to Digital Platform Ratings Cultures in Westernised Democracies." Global Media and China 4, no. 2 (2019): 220-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/2059436419856090
Website Content
Backer, Larry Catá, China’s Social Credit System: Data-Driven Governance for a ‘New Era’, Current History (2019), http://www.currenthistory.com/Backer-CH2019.pdf
Balinews Network, Polresta Denpasar Kembali Pajang Wajah Pengedar Narkoba di Lapangan Renon, Last Modified September 8, 2019 http://balinewsnetwork.com/2019/09/08/polresta-denpasar-kembali-pajang-wajah-pengedar-narkoba-di-lapangan-renon/
Berita Satu, Ini 30 Wajib Pajak Besar RI yang Terima Penghargaan Kemkeu, Last Modified Maret 13, 2019.
https://www.beritasatu.com/ekonomi/542705/ini-30-wajib-pajak-besar-ri-yang-terima-penghargaan-kemkeu
Chorzempa, Martin, Paul Triolo, and Samm Sacks. 2018. China’s Social Credit System: A Mark of Progress or A Threat to Privacy? Policy Brief, Peterson Institute for International Economics. Washington DC. https://www.piie.com /system/files /documents/ pb18-14.pdf.
Detik News, China Bangun Kediktatoran Digital Lewat Sistem Kredit Sosial, Last Modified September 21, 2018. https://news.detik.com/abc-australia/d-4222035/china-bangun-kediktatoran-digital-lewat-sistem-kredit-sosial
Direktorat Jenderal Pajak, Penghargaan Wajib Pajak untuk Apresiasi Kontribusi Kepatuhan, Last Modified November 7, 2018. https://www.pajak.go.id/id/artikel/penghargaan-wajib-pajak-untuk-apresiasi-kontribusi-kepatuhan
E-KTP, Pemerintah Fokus Terapkan Sistem Identitas Tunggal (terkoneksi dengan SIM, BPJS, asuransi, pajak, dan data lain), Last Modified May 14. 2019, https://www.e-ktp.com/2019/05/pemerintah-fokus-terapkan-sistem-identitas-tunggal-terkoneksi-dengan-sim-bpjs-asuransi-pajak-dan-data-lain/
Ispranoto, Tri, Bukan Hanya Warga Miskin, Veteran Juga Dapat Keringanan Pajak, Detik News, Last Modified July 29, 2018. https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-4139440/bukan-hanya-warga-miskin-veteran-juga-dapat-keringanan-pajak
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia, 39 Tahun Penghargaan Kalpataru, Last Modified Juli 11. 2019, https://www.menlhk.go.id/site/single_post/2217
Kostka, Genia, What do people in China think about ‘social credit’ monitoring?, Washington Post, Last Modified March 21, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/03/21/what-do-people-china-think-about-social-credit-monitoring/
Kumparannews, Alasan Kapolresta Denpasar Pajang Bandar Narkoba di CFD: Sanksi Sosial, Last Modified Maret 2, 2019.https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/alasan-kapolresta-denpasar-pajang-bandar-narkoba-di-cfd-sanksi-sosial-1551503520217472792
Nurfadilah, Putri Syifa, BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Berikan Pelindungan untuk Atlet Kompas.com, Last Modified July 30, 2018. https://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2018/07/30/130400726/bpjs-ketenagakerjaan-berikan-pelindungan-untuk-atlet
Ramadhan, Devi Nindy Sari, Polrestro Jakbar beri penghargaan warga dan polisi berjasa, Antara, Last Modified September 17, 2018. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/749128/polrestro-jakbar-beri-penghargaan-warga-dan-polisi-berjasa
Wibisono, Aditya, Makna Apresiasi dan Penghargaan untuk Wajib Pajak, Majalah Pajak, Last Modified April 23, 2019. https://majalahpajak.net/makna-apresiasi-dan-penghargaan-untuk-wajib-pajak/
Yan, Sophia, The Village Testing China’s Social Credit System: Driven By Big Data, Its Citizens Earn a Star Rating, Post Magazine, Last Modified June 2, 2019, https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3012574/village-testing-chinas-social-credit-system
Legal Documents
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Constitution Law of People’s Republic of China, translation https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/cn/cn147en.pdf
Law of the Republic of Indonesia No 23 Year 2006 concerning Population Administration as Ammended by Law No. 24 Year 2013.
Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 23 Year 2014 concerning Regional Government
Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 31 Year 2013 Concerning the Implementation of Law Number 6 Year 2011 concerning Immigration
Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 11 Year 2017 concerning Civil Servants Management
Regulation of the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia No. 37 Year 2013 Concerning the Conferment of State Defense Awards
Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia No.P.30/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/4/2017 concerning The Conferment of Kalpataru Awards
Regulation of Financial Services Authority No. 42 /POJK.03/2017 concerning Obligations For Arrangement and Implementation of Credit Policies or Bank Financing For Commercial Banks
Qanun Aceh No. 6 Year 2014 concerning Jinayat Law
Regulation of Bali Province No. 4 Year 2019 concerning Customary Village in Bali
Governor Regulation of Aceh Province No. 5 Year 2018 concerning the Implementation of Jinayah Procedural Law
Case Law
Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia, Case No. 5/PUU-VIII/2010
Published
2020-01-31
How to Cite
DEVI PADMANANDA, Cokorda Istri Chandra; SUYATNA, I Nyoman.
What Indonesia Should Learn from China's Social Credit System?: Measuring Government Authorities and Citizen’s Privacy Rights.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 1, p. 104-118, jan. 2020.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/50861>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2020.v04.i01.p06.
Section
Articles
