Indigenous Whaling Tradition in Faroe Islands under International Law
Abstract
The issue of whaling has been extensively debated in various international occasions since it causes a declines in many of the world’s whale population. Presently, Faroe Islands is one of the few regions in Denmark that still adamantly practiced whaling for traditional purposes, even though Denmark itself has prohibit it. This writing aims to analyze the whaling tradition in Faroe Islands from the International Law perspective. Further, to examine whether Denmark has an international obligation to end whaling activities in Faroe Islands. The method that is used in this writing is the normative legal research. The result of this analysis shows that the tradition in Faroe Islands is consistent with International Law, thus Denmark has no international obligation to end the tradition.
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References
BOOKS
Diantha, I. Made Pasek. Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif dalam Justifikasi Teori Hukum. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group, 2016
Drost, Philip J. J., “Multilateral Environmental Agreements: States of Affairs and Developments.” Eleven International Publishing, 2008
Evans, Malcolm D. International Law 2nd Edition. United States: Oxford University Press, 2006
Mamudji, Sri et al. Metode Penelitian dan Penulisan Hukum. Jakarta: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, 2005
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group, 2009
Soekanto, Soerjono. Pengantar Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: UI-Press, 1986
Soekanto, Soerjono. Sri Mamudji. Penelitian Normatif: Suatu Tinjauan Singkat. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2006
Stern, Pamela R. Historical dictionary of the Inuit. Scarecrow Press, 2013.
United Nations Environment Programmed (UNEP). Handbook of environmental Law, 1997
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Adekola, G., and Nwoye Charles Egbo. "Traditions and Customs in Community Development: The Case of Nkanu West and Nkanu East Local Government Areas of Enugu State, Nigeria." Journal of Education and Practice 7, no. 18 (2016): 120-127.
Alvardo, Leonardo J. "Prospects and Challenges in the Implementation of Indigenous Peoples' Human Rights in International Law: Lessons from the Case of Awas Tingni v. Nicaragua." Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 24 (2007): 609-643.
Bogadóttir, Ragnheiður, and Elisabeth Skarðhamar Olsen. "Making degrowth locally meaningful: the case of the Faroese grindadráp." Journal of Political Ecology 24, no. 1 (2017): 504-518. https://doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.20888
Burns, William CG. "The Berlin Initiative on Strengthening the Conservation Agenda of the International Whaling Commission: Toward a New Era for Cetaceans." Rev. Eur. Comp. & Int'l Envtl. L. 13 (2004): 72-84.
De Klemm, Cyril. "Migratory species in international law." Nat. Resources J. 29 (1989): 935-978.
E. B. Heinesen. “Cultural clashes make Sea Shepherd campaign counterproductive”, The Arctic Journal 67 (2014).
Egbo, Nwoye Charles. “Traditions and Customs in Community Development: The Case of Nkanu West and Nkanu East Local Government Areas of Enugu State, Nigeria.” Journal of Education and Practice Vol.7 No.18, 2016
Firestone, Jeremy, and Jonathan Lilley. "Aboriginal subsistence whaling and the right to practice and revitalize cultural traditions and customs." Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 8, no. 2-3 (2005): 177-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880290590965339
Gardi, Rez. "From Suppression to Secession: Kurds, Human Rights and the Right to Self-Determination in Turkey." ILSA J. Int'l & Comp. L. 24 (2017): 61-108.
Gillespie, Alexander. "Aboriginal subsistence whaling: a critique of the inter-relationship between international law and the international whaling commission." Colo. J. Int'l Envtl. L. & Pol'y 12 (2001): 77.
Holt, Sidney. Aboriginal/subsistence whaling (with special reference to the Alaska and Greenland fisheries). Oryx 18, no 2 (1984): 119-120. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300018846
Kamau, Evanson Chege, Bevis Fedder, and Gerd Winter. "The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing: What is new and what are the implications for provider and user countries and the scientific community." Law Env't & Dev. J. 6 (2010): 246-262.
Khoury, Monder. "Whaling in Circles: The Makahs, the International Whaling Commission, and Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling." Hastings LJ 67 (2015): 293-322
Iorns, Catherine J. "Indigenous peoples and self determination: Challenging state sovereignty." Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 24 (1992): 199-348.
O'Barry, Helene Hesselager. "HEART of Darkness." Earth Island Journal 27, no. 4 (2013): 18-23.
Singleton, Benedict E. "Love-iathan, the meat-whale and hidden people: ordering Faroese pilot whaling." Journal of political ecology 23, no. 1 (2016): 26-48, https://doi.org/10.2458/v23i1.20178
Soto, Max Valverde. "General Principles of International Environmental Law." ILSA J. Int'l & Comp. L. 3 (1996): 193-209.
Van Drimmelen, Benjamin. "The International Mismanagement of Whaling." UCLA Pac. Basin LJ 10 (1991): 240-259.
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS
Convention on Biological Diversity
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna
Convention on Migratory Species
Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Etnich, Religious and Linguistic Minorities
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
International Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
International Covenant on Civil and Political rights
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
IWC, Resolution on Japanese Proposal for Special Permits, IWC Res. 1987-4 (1987)
IWC, Resolution on Special Permit Catches by Japan in the Southern Hemisphere, IWC Res. 1994-10 (1994)
IWC, Resolution on Special Permit Catches by Japan in the Southern Hemisphere, IWC Res. 1993-7 (1993)
IWC, Resolution on Special Permit Catches by Japan in the Southern Hemisphere, IWC Res. 1991- Appendix 2 (1991)
IWC, Resolution on Special Permit Catches by Japan in the Southern Hemisphere, IWC Res. 1990-2 (1990)
IWC, Resolution on Special Permit Catches by Japan, IWC Res. 1996-7 (1996)
IWC, Resolution on Special Permit Catches by Norway, IWC Res. 1994-11 (1994)
IWC, Resolution on Special Permit Catches in the North Pacific by Japan, IWC Res. 1997-6 (1997)
IWC, Resolution on Special Permit Catches in the Southern Ocean by Japan, IWC Res. 1997-5 (1997)
IWC, Resolution on the Proposed Take by Japan of Whales in the Southern Hemisphere Under Special Permit, IWC Res. 1989-3 (1989)
IWC, Resolution on Whaling Under Special Permit in the North Pacific Ocean, IWC Res. 2000-5 (2000)
IWC, Resolution on Whaling Under Special Permit in the Southern Ocean Sanctuary, IWC Res. 2000-5 (2000)
IWC, Resolution on Whaling Under Special Permit, IWC Res. 1998-4 (1998)
Nagoya Protocol
UN Commission on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 21, para. 9, UN Doc. E/C.12/GC/21
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
CASES LAW
Aloeboetoe and Others v. Suriname, Reparations, IACtHR, Series C No. 15, 1993
Bamaca Velazquez v. Guatemala, Reparations, IACtHR, Series C No. 91, 2002
Case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tigni Community v. Nicaragua, Judgement on merits and reparations, IACtHR, Series C No. 79, 30 August 2001
Caso Masacres de Rio Negro v. Guatemala, IACtHR, Series C No. 250, 2012
Chief Bernanrd Ominyak and Lubicon Lake Band v. Canada, Merits, HRC, Communication No. 167/1984, 26 March 1990
Kichwa Indigenous People of Sarayaku v. Ecuador, IACtHR, Series C No. 245, 2012
Legal consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, 2004 ICJ 136
Mahuika and Others v. New Zealand, Views, Human Rights Committee 70th Session, 2000
North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v. Netherlands), ICJ Rep. 1969
Plan de Sanchez Massacre v. Guatemala, Merits, IACtHR, Series C No. 105, 2004
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, ICJ Rep. 2010
Southern Bluefin Tuna (New Zealand v. Japan; Australia v. Japan), Order, ITLOS Rep. 1999
Volga (Russian Federation v. Australia), Judgment, ITLOS Rep. 2002
Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia. v. Japan), Judgment, ICJ Rep. 2014
WEBSITE CONTENT
phys.org. Ecology. “Up to 50 Pilot Whales killed in Faroese: Activists”. http://phys.org/news/2016-07-whales-faroes-activists.html
phys.org. Ecology. “Pilot whale meal poses health hazard, Faroese warned”. http://phys.org/news/2018-06-whale-meat-poses-health-hazard.html
CITES, List of Contracting Parties. https://cites.org/eng/disc/parties/chronolo.php
Ian Hurd, whaling europe eu norway iceland greenland faroe islands https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2013/02/18/whaling-europe-eu-norway-iceland-greenland-faroe-islands0cites-international-whaling-commission
IWC, Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling. http://iwc.int/aboriginal
Lucas Isacowitz. “Culture or Cruelty: why the Faore Islands still Kills Hundreds of Whales Every Year”. http://projectearth.us/on-the-faroe-islands-killing-hundreds-of-whales-every-1796848516
Margherita. “Faroe Islands Grindadrap – Understanding Faroese Perspective”. https://www.thecrowdedplanet.com/faroe-islands-grindadrap-faroese-perspective/
Meg Jerrad, “Understanding The Faroe Islands Grindadrap”, https://www.mappingmegan.com/understanding-faroe-islands-grindadrap/
Megan Jerrard. “Whale hunting in the Faroe Islands has received a bad reputation. But here’s what social media is getting wrong”. https://matadornetwork.com/life/whale-hunting-faroe-islands-received-bad-reputation-heres-social-media-getting-wrong/
Petition to Certify Japan Pursuant to 22 U.S.C. § 1978 for Trading in the Meat of Minke, Bryde’s, and Sperm Whales from the North Pacific and the Southern Hemisphere. http://law.lclark.edu/clinics/international_environmental_law_project/our_work/whaling
Phillip Budgen. News. “What is Grindadrap and Why is Whaling in the Faroe Islands so Controversial”. https://www.lifegate.com/people/news/what-is-grindadrap-why-is-it-controversial
SSCS, About the campaign, GrindStop 2014: Defending Dolphins in the Faroe Islands. http://www.seashepherd.global/grindstop/about-campaign/about-the-campaign.html
SSCS, Sea Shepherd launches pilot whale defense campaign. Operation Grindstop 2014, at Press Conference in the Faroe Islands. http://www.seashepherd.global/news-and-media/news-140617-1.html
Stuart Winter. “We Kill Whales because its Communal, Natural, and Suistanable say Faroe Islands Officials”. http://www.express.co.uk/news/nature/599187/we-kill-whales-because-communal-natural-and-suistanable-faroe-islands-officials
Faroeisland.fo. The Official Gateway to the Faroe Islands. https://www.faroeislands.fo/people-society/people-of-the-faroe-islands/population/
Tim Ecott. “Why we should let Faroe Islanders Hunt Whales”. http://www.spectator.co.uk/2014/02/why-we-should-let-faroe-islanders-hunt-whales/
THESIS/DISSERTATION
Kerins, Sean Patrick. “Whaling in the Faroese.” Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Griffith School of Environment, 2008
OTHER
Office of the Commission, 1983, Report of the Thirty-Fifth Meeting of the International Commission on Whaling 38, app. III
Diantha, I. Made Pasek. Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif dalam Justifikasi Teori Hukum. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group, 2016
Drost, Philip J. J., “Multilateral Environmental Agreements: States of Affairs and Developments.” Eleven International Publishing, 2008
Evans, Malcolm D. International Law 2nd Edition. United States: Oxford University Press, 2006
Mamudji, Sri et al. Metode Penelitian dan Penulisan Hukum. Jakarta: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, 2005
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group, 2009
Soekanto, Soerjono. Pengantar Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: UI-Press, 1986
Soekanto, Soerjono. Sri Mamudji. Penelitian Normatif: Suatu Tinjauan Singkat. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2006
Stern, Pamela R. Historical dictionary of the Inuit. Scarecrow Press, 2013.
United Nations Environment Programmed (UNEP). Handbook of environmental Law, 1997
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Adekola, G., and Nwoye Charles Egbo. "Traditions and Customs in Community Development: The Case of Nkanu West and Nkanu East Local Government Areas of Enugu State, Nigeria." Journal of Education and Practice 7, no. 18 (2016): 120-127.
Alvardo, Leonardo J. "Prospects and Challenges in the Implementation of Indigenous Peoples' Human Rights in International Law: Lessons from the Case of Awas Tingni v. Nicaragua." Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 24 (2007): 609-643.
Bogadóttir, Ragnheiður, and Elisabeth Skarðhamar Olsen. "Making degrowth locally meaningful: the case of the Faroese grindadráp." Journal of Political Ecology 24, no. 1 (2017): 504-518. https://doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.20888
Burns, William CG. "The Berlin Initiative on Strengthening the Conservation Agenda of the International Whaling Commission: Toward a New Era for Cetaceans." Rev. Eur. Comp. & Int'l Envtl. L. 13 (2004): 72-84.
De Klemm, Cyril. "Migratory species in international law." Nat. Resources J. 29 (1989): 935-978.
E. B. Heinesen. “Cultural clashes make Sea Shepherd campaign counterproductive”, The Arctic Journal 67 (2014).
Egbo, Nwoye Charles. “Traditions and Customs in Community Development: The Case of Nkanu West and Nkanu East Local Government Areas of Enugu State, Nigeria.” Journal of Education and Practice Vol.7 No.18, 2016
Firestone, Jeremy, and Jonathan Lilley. "Aboriginal subsistence whaling and the right to practice and revitalize cultural traditions and customs." Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 8, no. 2-3 (2005): 177-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880290590965339
Gardi, Rez. "From Suppression to Secession: Kurds, Human Rights and the Right to Self-Determination in Turkey." ILSA J. Int'l & Comp. L. 24 (2017): 61-108.
Gillespie, Alexander. "Aboriginal subsistence whaling: a critique of the inter-relationship between international law and the international whaling commission." Colo. J. Int'l Envtl. L. & Pol'y 12 (2001): 77.
Holt, Sidney. Aboriginal/subsistence whaling (with special reference to the Alaska and Greenland fisheries). Oryx 18, no 2 (1984): 119-120. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300018846
Kamau, Evanson Chege, Bevis Fedder, and Gerd Winter. "The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing: What is new and what are the implications for provider and user countries and the scientific community." Law Env't & Dev. J. 6 (2010): 246-262.
Khoury, Monder. "Whaling in Circles: The Makahs, the International Whaling Commission, and Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling." Hastings LJ 67 (2015): 293-322
Iorns, Catherine J. "Indigenous peoples and self determination: Challenging state sovereignty." Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 24 (1992): 199-348.
O'Barry, Helene Hesselager. "HEART of Darkness." Earth Island Journal 27, no. 4 (2013): 18-23.
Singleton, Benedict E. "Love-iathan, the meat-whale and hidden people: ordering Faroese pilot whaling." Journal of political ecology 23, no. 1 (2016): 26-48, https://doi.org/10.2458/v23i1.20178
Soto, Max Valverde. "General Principles of International Environmental Law." ILSA J. Int'l & Comp. L. 3 (1996): 193-209.
Van Drimmelen, Benjamin. "The International Mismanagement of Whaling." UCLA Pac. Basin LJ 10 (1991): 240-259.
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS
Convention on Biological Diversity
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna
Convention on Migratory Species
Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Etnich, Religious and Linguistic Minorities
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
International Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
International Covenant on Civil and Political rights
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
IWC, Resolution on Japanese Proposal for Special Permits, IWC Res. 1987-4 (1987)
IWC, Resolution on Special Permit Catches by Japan in the Southern Hemisphere, IWC Res. 1994-10 (1994)
IWC, Resolution on Special Permit Catches by Japan in the Southern Hemisphere, IWC Res. 1993-7 (1993)
IWC, Resolution on Special Permit Catches by Japan in the Southern Hemisphere, IWC Res. 1991- Appendix 2 (1991)
IWC, Resolution on Special Permit Catches by Japan in the Southern Hemisphere, IWC Res. 1990-2 (1990)
IWC, Resolution on Special Permit Catches by Japan, IWC Res. 1996-7 (1996)
IWC, Resolution on Special Permit Catches by Norway, IWC Res. 1994-11 (1994)
IWC, Resolution on Special Permit Catches in the North Pacific by Japan, IWC Res. 1997-6 (1997)
IWC, Resolution on Special Permit Catches in the Southern Ocean by Japan, IWC Res. 1997-5 (1997)
IWC, Resolution on the Proposed Take by Japan of Whales in the Southern Hemisphere Under Special Permit, IWC Res. 1989-3 (1989)
IWC, Resolution on Whaling Under Special Permit in the North Pacific Ocean, IWC Res. 2000-5 (2000)
IWC, Resolution on Whaling Under Special Permit in the Southern Ocean Sanctuary, IWC Res. 2000-5 (2000)
IWC, Resolution on Whaling Under Special Permit, IWC Res. 1998-4 (1998)
Nagoya Protocol
UN Commission on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 21, para. 9, UN Doc. E/C.12/GC/21
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
CASES LAW
Aloeboetoe and Others v. Suriname, Reparations, IACtHR, Series C No. 15, 1993
Bamaca Velazquez v. Guatemala, Reparations, IACtHR, Series C No. 91, 2002
Case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tigni Community v. Nicaragua, Judgement on merits and reparations, IACtHR, Series C No. 79, 30 August 2001
Caso Masacres de Rio Negro v. Guatemala, IACtHR, Series C No. 250, 2012
Chief Bernanrd Ominyak and Lubicon Lake Band v. Canada, Merits, HRC, Communication No. 167/1984, 26 March 1990
Kichwa Indigenous People of Sarayaku v. Ecuador, IACtHR, Series C No. 245, 2012
Legal consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, 2004 ICJ 136
Mahuika and Others v. New Zealand, Views, Human Rights Committee 70th Session, 2000
North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v. Netherlands), ICJ Rep. 1969
Plan de Sanchez Massacre v. Guatemala, Merits, IACtHR, Series C No. 105, 2004
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, ICJ Rep. 2010
Southern Bluefin Tuna (New Zealand v. Japan; Australia v. Japan), Order, ITLOS Rep. 1999
Volga (Russian Federation v. Australia), Judgment, ITLOS Rep. 2002
Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia. v. Japan), Judgment, ICJ Rep. 2014
WEBSITE CONTENT
phys.org. Ecology. “Up to 50 Pilot Whales killed in Faroese: Activists”. http://phys.org/news/2016-07-whales-faroes-activists.html
phys.org. Ecology. “Pilot whale meal poses health hazard, Faroese warned”. http://phys.org/news/2018-06-whale-meat-poses-health-hazard.html
CITES, List of Contracting Parties. https://cites.org/eng/disc/parties/chronolo.php
Ian Hurd, whaling europe eu norway iceland greenland faroe islands https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2013/02/18/whaling-europe-eu-norway-iceland-greenland-faroe-islands0cites-international-whaling-commission
IWC, Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling. http://iwc.int/aboriginal
Lucas Isacowitz. “Culture or Cruelty: why the Faore Islands still Kills Hundreds of Whales Every Year”. http://projectearth.us/on-the-faroe-islands-killing-hundreds-of-whales-every-1796848516
Margherita. “Faroe Islands Grindadrap – Understanding Faroese Perspective”. https://www.thecrowdedplanet.com/faroe-islands-grindadrap-faroese-perspective/
Meg Jerrad, “Understanding The Faroe Islands Grindadrap”, https://www.mappingmegan.com/understanding-faroe-islands-grindadrap/
Megan Jerrard. “Whale hunting in the Faroe Islands has received a bad reputation. But here’s what social media is getting wrong”. https://matadornetwork.com/life/whale-hunting-faroe-islands-received-bad-reputation-heres-social-media-getting-wrong/
Petition to Certify Japan Pursuant to 22 U.S.C. § 1978 for Trading in the Meat of Minke, Bryde’s, and Sperm Whales from the North Pacific and the Southern Hemisphere. http://law.lclark.edu/clinics/international_environmental_law_project/our_work/whaling
Phillip Budgen. News. “What is Grindadrap and Why is Whaling in the Faroe Islands so Controversial”. https://www.lifegate.com/people/news/what-is-grindadrap-why-is-it-controversial
SSCS, About the campaign, GrindStop 2014: Defending Dolphins in the Faroe Islands. http://www.seashepherd.global/grindstop/about-campaign/about-the-campaign.html
SSCS, Sea Shepherd launches pilot whale defense campaign. Operation Grindstop 2014, at Press Conference in the Faroe Islands. http://www.seashepherd.global/news-and-media/news-140617-1.html
Stuart Winter. “We Kill Whales because its Communal, Natural, and Suistanable say Faroe Islands Officials”. http://www.express.co.uk/news/nature/599187/we-kill-whales-because-communal-natural-and-suistanable-faroe-islands-officials
Faroeisland.fo. The Official Gateway to the Faroe Islands. https://www.faroeislands.fo/people-society/people-of-the-faroe-islands/population/
Tim Ecott. “Why we should let Faroe Islanders Hunt Whales”. http://www.spectator.co.uk/2014/02/why-we-should-let-faroe-islanders-hunt-whales/
THESIS/DISSERTATION
Kerins, Sean Patrick. “Whaling in the Faroese.” Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Griffith School of Environment, 2008
OTHER
Office of the Commission, 1983, Report of the Thirty-Fifth Meeting of the International Commission on Whaling 38, app. III
Published
2019-07-31
How to Cite
SETYONUGROHO, Olivia Martha; WISANJAYA, I Gede Pasek Eka; YASA, Made Maharta.
Indigenous Whaling Tradition in Faroe Islands under International Law.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 3, n. 2, p. 184-203, july 2019.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/49230>. Date accessed: 23 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2019.v03.i02.p04.
Section
Articles
