Chthonic Legal Traditions: A Standpoint Legal Research Paradigm for Comparative Analysis on Australian Indigenous Legal Orders
Abstract
In contemporary comparative legal scholarship, it is no longer controversial to assert the relevance of investigations into chthonic legal orders; however, there is a significant divergence on how they should be undertaken. The paper takes in consideration the Australian chthonic legal orders and argues that their investigations by non-Indigenous researchers need to be undertaken acknowledging an Indigenous epistemological approach to research, with methodological frameworks that, consistent with the principles of an Indigenous standpoint theory, aim to develop a legal standpoint research paradigm informed by Indigenous legal ontologies, epistemic theories and research practices. The research paradigm so elaborated is justified by the necessity of devising new epistemological models to guide understandings—and theoretical elaboration—of Australian Indigenous orders which are consistent and coherent with their ontological, epistemological and axiological universe.
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References
Book
Abel, Richard L and Phillip S C Lewis. Lawyers in Society: An Overview. Berkely: University of California Press, 1995.
Arbon, Veronica. Arlathirnda Ngurkarnda Ityirnda: Being-Knowing Doing: De-Colonising Indigenous Tertiary Education. Teneriffe: Post Pressed, 2008.
Bateson, Gregory. Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin & Company, 1979.
Battiste, Marie and James (Sa’ke’j) Youngblood Henderson. Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage. Saskatoon: Purich, 2000.
Bell, John. French Legal Cultures. London: Butterworks, 2001.
Berthelot, Jean-Michael. L’Intelligence du Social. Le pluralisme explicatif en sociologie . Paris: Presses Universitaries de France, 1996.
Blaut, James Morris. The Colonizer’s Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History. New York: Guilford Press, 1993.
Borrows, John. Recovering Canada: The Resurgence of Indigenous Law. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002.
Borrows, John. Canada’s Indigenous Constitutions. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.
Borrows, John, ‘Living Law on a Living Earth: Aboriginal Religion, Law and the Constitution’ in Richard Moon (ed), Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2008.
Borrows, John, Drawing Out the Law. A Spirit’s Guide. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012.
Bourdieu, Pierre and Loïc Wacquant. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Crotty, Michael. The Foundations of Social Research: Meaning and Perspectives in the Research Process. London: Sage Publications, 3rd ed, 2003.
Dretske, Fred. “Perception”. In The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy Robert Audi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 1999.
Fay, Brian. Critical Social Science: Liberation and Its Limits. New York: Cornell University Press, 1987.
Feyerabend, Paul. Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge. London: Verso, 1993.
Fuery, Patrick and Nick Mansfield. Cultural Studies and Critical Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Garroutte, Eva Marie. Real Indians: Identity and the Survival of Native America. Berkely: University of California Press, 2003.
Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Book, 1973.
Gill, Jerry H. Native American Worldviews: An Introduction. New York: Humanity Press, 2002.
Glenn, Patrick H. Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press, 4th ed, 2010.
E Goldsmith,E. The Way: an Ecological World View. London: Rider, 1992.
Hanrahan, Nancy Weiss. Difference in Time: A Critical Theory of Culture. London: Praeger, 2000.
Harding, Sandra. Feminism and Methodology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.
Harring, Sydney L. Crow Dog’s Case: American Indian Sovereignty, Tribal Law, and United States Law in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Hart, Chris. Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research Imagination. London: Sage, 1998.
Hart, Michael Anthony. Seeking Mino-Pimatisiwin: An Aboriginal Approach to Helping. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 2002.
Legrand, Pierre. Épistemologie du Droit. Paris: Presses Universitaries de France, 1994.
Lombardi, Giorgio. Premesse al Corso do Diritto Public Comparato. Milano: Giuffre, 1986.
Martin, Karen. Please Knock Before You Enter: Aboriginal Regulation of Outsiders and the Implications for Researchers. (Country Flaxton: Post Pressed, 2008.
Mead, Anne. Working with Aboriginal Worldviews: Tracks to Two-Way Learning. Western Australia: West One Service, 2012.
Meyer, Meleanna. Ho`oulu. Our Time of Becoming. Honolulu: Native Books, 1st ed, 2004.
Miller, Gale and Robert Dingwall. Context and Method in Qualitative Research. London: Sage, 1988.
Moreton-Robinson, Aileen. Talkin’ up to the White Women: Indigenous Women and Feminism. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 2000.
Olsen, M E, D G Lodwick and R E Dunlap. Viewing the World Ecologically . San Francisco: Westview Press, 2002.
Rouland, Norbert. Legal Anthropology. P Planel trans, London: Athlone, 1994.
Slim, Hogo et al. Listening for a Change: Oral Testimony and Community Development. Philadelphia: New Society, 1995.
Smith, Dorothy E. Writing the Social: Critique, Theory and Investigations. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999.
Smith, Linda Tuhiwai. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. New Zealand: Zed Books, 2nd ed, 2012.
Susskind, Richard E. Expert Systems in Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Van Hoecke, Mark. Epistemology and Methodology of Comparative Law. Oxford: Hart, 2004.
White, James Body, Justice as Translation: An Essay in Cultural and Legal Criticism . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
Wilson, Sandra. Research is Ceremony: Indigenous Research Methods. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 2008.
Zweigert, Konrad and Hein Kötz, An Introduction to Comparative Law. T Weir trans, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3rd ed, 1998.
Chapter in an Edited Book
Berthelot, Jean-Michael. ”Programmes, Paradigms, Disciplines: Pluralité et Unite`des Sciences Sociales’. In Épistemologie des Sciences Sociales, edited by Jean-Michael Berthelot, 457-519. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2001
Castellano, Marlene Brant. “Updating Aboriginal Traditions of Knowledge”. In Indigenous Knowledges in Global Contexts: Multiple Readings of Our World, edited by George J Sefa et. al, 21-36. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.
Ermine, Willie, “Aboriginal Epistemology.” In First Nations Education in Canada, edited by Marie Battiste and Jean Barman, 101–112. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995.
Henderson, James Y. “Challenges of Respecting Indigenous World Views in Eurocentric Education” in Voice of the Drum: Indigenous Education, edited by Roger Neil. Manitoba: Kingfisher Publications, 2000.
Kovach, Margaret. “Emerging from the Margins: Indigenous Methodologies.” In Research as Resistance: Critical, Indigenous, & Anti-Oppressive Approaches, edited by Leslie Brown and Susan Strega, 19–36. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press, 2005.
Meyer, Manulani Aluli. “Indigenous and Authentic”. In Handbook of Critical and Indigenous Methodologies, edited by Norman K Denzin, Yonna S Lincoln and Linda Tuhiwai Smith. London: Sage Publications, 2008.
Journal Articles
Alford, William P. “On the Limits of “Grand Theory in Comparative Law.” Washington Law Review 61(1986): 947-979.
Foley, Dennis. “Indigenous Standpoint Theory: An Indigenous Epistemology.” Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues 5, no.3 (2002): 3-13.
Foley, Dennis. “A Dichotomy: Indigenous Epistemological Views.” Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues 6, no.3 (2003): 13-28.
Foley, Dennis. “An Examination of Indigenous Australian Entrepreneurs” Social Alternatives 8, no. 2 (2003): 133-151.
Foley, Dennis. “Indigenous Epistemology and Indigenous Standpoint Theory.” Social Alternatives 22, no. 1 (2003): 44-52.
Hart, Michael Anthony. “Indigenous Worldviews, Knowledge and Research: The Development of an Indigenous Research Paradigm.” Journal of Indigenous Voices in Social Science 1, no.1 (2010): 1-16.
Jones, Carwyn, “A Maori constitutional tradition.” New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law 16, no.2 (2014):187-204.
Kelly, Danial. "The Legal and Religious Nature of Aboriginal Customary Law: Focus on Madayin." U. Notre Dame Austl. L. Rev. 16 (2014): 50.
Legrand, Pierre. “European Legal Systems Are Not Converging” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 45, no.1 (1996): 52-81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589300058656
Legrand, Pierre. “The Impossibility of Legal Transplants” Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 4, no. 2 (1997):111-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X9700400202
Martin, Karen. ‘Ways of Knowing, Being and Doing: A Theoretical Framework and Methods for Indigenous and Indigenist Research.” Journal of Australian Studies 27, no. 76 (2003): 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/14443050309387838
Mills, Aaron. "The Lifeworlds of Law: On Revitalizing Indigenous Legal Orders Today."McGill Law Journal/Revue de Droit de McGill 61, no. 4 (2016): 847-884. https://doi.org/10.7202/1038490ar
Moore, Sally Falk. “Certainties Undone: Fifty Turbulent Years of Legal Anthropology 1949–1999.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 7, no.1 (2001): 95-116.
Moreton-Robinson, Aileen. “Towards an Australian Indigenous Women’s Standpoint Theory.” Australian Feminist Studies 28, no.78 (2013): 331-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2013.876664
Nakata, Martin Nicholas. “But What Does it Mean?” Noonjook Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues 15(1998): 5-15.
Nakata, Martin. “Anthropological Texts and Indigenous Standpoints.” Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies 2 (1998): 3-12.
Rigney, Lester Irabinna. “Internalization of an Indigenous Anticolonialist Cultural Critique of Research Methodologies: A Guide to Indigenist Research Methodology and its Principles.” Wicazo sa Review: Journal of Native American Studies 14, no.2 (1999):109-122. https://doi.org/10.2307/1409555
Twining, William. “Law and Anthropology: A Case Study in Inter-Disciplinary Collaboration.” Law & Society Review 7, no. 4 (1973): 561-584. https://doi.org/10.2307/3052961
Sack, Peter. "Law, Language, Culture: Verbal Acrobatics and Social Technology." The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 30, no. 41 (1998): 15-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.1998.10756504
Tully, James. “Political Philosophy as a Critical Activity.” Political Theory 30, no. 4 (2002): 533-555. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591702304005
Webber, Jeremy. “Relations of Force and Relations of Justice: The Emergence of Normative Community Between Colonists and Aboriginal Peoples.” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 33, no.4 (1995): 623-660.
Webber, Jeremy. “Legal Pluralism and Human Agency.” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 44, no.1 (2006):167-198.
Webber, Jeremy. “The Past and Foreign Countries.” Legal History 10 (2006):1-13.
Webber, Jeremy. “The Grammar of Customary Law.” McGill Law Journal 54, no.4 (2009): 579-626. https://doi.org/10.7202/039646ar
Wilson, Sandra “What is Indigenous Research Methodology?” Canadian Journal of Native Education 25, no. 1(2001): 175-179.
Thesis or Dissertation
Danial Terence Kelly. “Law From the Earth, Law From the Demos and Law From Heaven: Nature and Intersections of Authority of Madayin, Australian Law and Christianity in Arnhem Land.” PhD Thesis, Charles Darwin University, 2014.
Napoleon, Valerie Ruth. “Ayook: Gitksan Legal Order, Law and Legal Theory. PhD Thesis, University of Victoria, 2009.
Other Documents
Grieves, Vickie. “Aboriginal Spirituality: Aboriginal Philosophy, The Basis of Aboriginal Social and Emotional Wellbeing.” Discussion Paper No 9, Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal Health, Darwin, 2009.
Mack, Johnny. “Understanding Academic Critique as Relational Practice.” In Thinking Through Relationship: The Ethics of Research and Reflectivity, collected papers presented at the Multidisciplinary Student Workshop of the Indigenous Peoples and Governance Conference, University of Montreal, 8–9 October 2008.
Dictionary
Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 2nd ed, 1989).
Abel, Richard L and Phillip S C Lewis. Lawyers in Society: An Overview. Berkely: University of California Press, 1995.
Arbon, Veronica. Arlathirnda Ngurkarnda Ityirnda: Being-Knowing Doing: De-Colonising Indigenous Tertiary Education. Teneriffe: Post Pressed, 2008.
Bateson, Gregory. Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin & Company, 1979.
Battiste, Marie and James (Sa’ke’j) Youngblood Henderson. Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage. Saskatoon: Purich, 2000.
Bell, John. French Legal Cultures. London: Butterworks, 2001.
Berthelot, Jean-Michael. L’Intelligence du Social. Le pluralisme explicatif en sociologie . Paris: Presses Universitaries de France, 1996.
Blaut, James Morris. The Colonizer’s Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History. New York: Guilford Press, 1993.
Borrows, John. Recovering Canada: The Resurgence of Indigenous Law. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002.
Borrows, John. Canada’s Indigenous Constitutions. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.
Borrows, John, ‘Living Law on a Living Earth: Aboriginal Religion, Law and the Constitution’ in Richard Moon (ed), Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2008.
Borrows, John, Drawing Out the Law. A Spirit’s Guide. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012.
Bourdieu, Pierre and Loïc Wacquant. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Crotty, Michael. The Foundations of Social Research: Meaning and Perspectives in the Research Process. London: Sage Publications, 3rd ed, 2003.
Dretske, Fred. “Perception”. In The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy Robert Audi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 1999.
Fay, Brian. Critical Social Science: Liberation and Its Limits. New York: Cornell University Press, 1987.
Feyerabend, Paul. Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge. London: Verso, 1993.
Fuery, Patrick and Nick Mansfield. Cultural Studies and Critical Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Garroutte, Eva Marie. Real Indians: Identity and the Survival of Native America. Berkely: University of California Press, 2003.
Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Book, 1973.
Gill, Jerry H. Native American Worldviews: An Introduction. New York: Humanity Press, 2002.
Glenn, Patrick H. Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press, 4th ed, 2010.
E Goldsmith,E. The Way: an Ecological World View. London: Rider, 1992.
Hanrahan, Nancy Weiss. Difference in Time: A Critical Theory of Culture. London: Praeger, 2000.
Harding, Sandra. Feminism and Methodology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.
Harring, Sydney L. Crow Dog’s Case: American Indian Sovereignty, Tribal Law, and United States Law in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Hart, Chris. Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Social Science Research Imagination. London: Sage, 1998.
Hart, Michael Anthony. Seeking Mino-Pimatisiwin: An Aboriginal Approach to Helping. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 2002.
Legrand, Pierre. Épistemologie du Droit. Paris: Presses Universitaries de France, 1994.
Lombardi, Giorgio. Premesse al Corso do Diritto Public Comparato. Milano: Giuffre, 1986.
Martin, Karen. Please Knock Before You Enter: Aboriginal Regulation of Outsiders and the Implications for Researchers. (Country Flaxton: Post Pressed, 2008.
Mead, Anne. Working with Aboriginal Worldviews: Tracks to Two-Way Learning. Western Australia: West One Service, 2012.
Meyer, Meleanna. Ho`oulu. Our Time of Becoming. Honolulu: Native Books, 1st ed, 2004.
Miller, Gale and Robert Dingwall. Context and Method in Qualitative Research. London: Sage, 1988.
Moreton-Robinson, Aileen. Talkin’ up to the White Women: Indigenous Women and Feminism. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 2000.
Olsen, M E, D G Lodwick and R E Dunlap. Viewing the World Ecologically . San Francisco: Westview Press, 2002.
Rouland, Norbert. Legal Anthropology. P Planel trans, London: Athlone, 1994.
Slim, Hogo et al. Listening for a Change: Oral Testimony and Community Development. Philadelphia: New Society, 1995.
Smith, Dorothy E. Writing the Social: Critique, Theory and Investigations. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999.
Smith, Linda Tuhiwai. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. New Zealand: Zed Books, 2nd ed, 2012.
Susskind, Richard E. Expert Systems in Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Van Hoecke, Mark. Epistemology and Methodology of Comparative Law. Oxford: Hart, 2004.
White, James Body, Justice as Translation: An Essay in Cultural and Legal Criticism . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
Wilson, Sandra. Research is Ceremony: Indigenous Research Methods. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 2008.
Zweigert, Konrad and Hein Kötz, An Introduction to Comparative Law. T Weir trans, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3rd ed, 1998.
Chapter in an Edited Book
Berthelot, Jean-Michael. ”Programmes, Paradigms, Disciplines: Pluralité et Unite`des Sciences Sociales’. In Épistemologie des Sciences Sociales, edited by Jean-Michael Berthelot, 457-519. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2001
Castellano, Marlene Brant. “Updating Aboriginal Traditions of Knowledge”. In Indigenous Knowledges in Global Contexts: Multiple Readings of Our World, edited by George J Sefa et. al, 21-36. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.
Ermine, Willie, “Aboriginal Epistemology.” In First Nations Education in Canada, edited by Marie Battiste and Jean Barman, 101–112. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995.
Henderson, James Y. “Challenges of Respecting Indigenous World Views in Eurocentric Education” in Voice of the Drum: Indigenous Education, edited by Roger Neil. Manitoba: Kingfisher Publications, 2000.
Kovach, Margaret. “Emerging from the Margins: Indigenous Methodologies.” In Research as Resistance: Critical, Indigenous, & Anti-Oppressive Approaches, edited by Leslie Brown and Susan Strega, 19–36. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press, 2005.
Meyer, Manulani Aluli. “Indigenous and Authentic”. In Handbook of Critical and Indigenous Methodologies, edited by Norman K Denzin, Yonna S Lincoln and Linda Tuhiwai Smith. London: Sage Publications, 2008.
Journal Articles
Alford, William P. “On the Limits of “Grand Theory in Comparative Law.” Washington Law Review 61(1986): 947-979.
Foley, Dennis. “Indigenous Standpoint Theory: An Indigenous Epistemology.” Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues 5, no.3 (2002): 3-13.
Foley, Dennis. “A Dichotomy: Indigenous Epistemological Views.” Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues 6, no.3 (2003): 13-28.
Foley, Dennis. “An Examination of Indigenous Australian Entrepreneurs” Social Alternatives 8, no. 2 (2003): 133-151.
Foley, Dennis. “Indigenous Epistemology and Indigenous Standpoint Theory.” Social Alternatives 22, no. 1 (2003): 44-52.
Hart, Michael Anthony. “Indigenous Worldviews, Knowledge and Research: The Development of an Indigenous Research Paradigm.” Journal of Indigenous Voices in Social Science 1, no.1 (2010): 1-16.
Jones, Carwyn, “A Maori constitutional tradition.” New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law 16, no.2 (2014):187-204.
Kelly, Danial. "The Legal and Religious Nature of Aboriginal Customary Law: Focus on Madayin." U. Notre Dame Austl. L. Rev. 16 (2014): 50.
Legrand, Pierre. “European Legal Systems Are Not Converging” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 45, no.1 (1996): 52-81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589300058656
Legrand, Pierre. “The Impossibility of Legal Transplants” Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 4, no. 2 (1997):111-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X9700400202
Martin, Karen. ‘Ways of Knowing, Being and Doing: A Theoretical Framework and Methods for Indigenous and Indigenist Research.” Journal of Australian Studies 27, no. 76 (2003): 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/14443050309387838
Mills, Aaron. "The Lifeworlds of Law: On Revitalizing Indigenous Legal Orders Today."McGill Law Journal/Revue de Droit de McGill 61, no. 4 (2016): 847-884. https://doi.org/10.7202/1038490ar
Moore, Sally Falk. “Certainties Undone: Fifty Turbulent Years of Legal Anthropology 1949–1999.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 7, no.1 (2001): 95-116.
Moreton-Robinson, Aileen. “Towards an Australian Indigenous Women’s Standpoint Theory.” Australian Feminist Studies 28, no.78 (2013): 331-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2013.876664
Nakata, Martin Nicholas. “But What Does it Mean?” Noonjook Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues 15(1998): 5-15.
Nakata, Martin. “Anthropological Texts and Indigenous Standpoints.” Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies 2 (1998): 3-12.
Rigney, Lester Irabinna. “Internalization of an Indigenous Anticolonialist Cultural Critique of Research Methodologies: A Guide to Indigenist Research Methodology and its Principles.” Wicazo sa Review: Journal of Native American Studies 14, no.2 (1999):109-122. https://doi.org/10.2307/1409555
Twining, William. “Law and Anthropology: A Case Study in Inter-Disciplinary Collaboration.” Law & Society Review 7, no. 4 (1973): 561-584. https://doi.org/10.2307/3052961
Sack, Peter. "Law, Language, Culture: Verbal Acrobatics and Social Technology." The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 30, no. 41 (1998): 15-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.1998.10756504
Tully, James. “Political Philosophy as a Critical Activity.” Political Theory 30, no. 4 (2002): 533-555. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591702304005
Webber, Jeremy. “Relations of Force and Relations of Justice: The Emergence of Normative Community Between Colonists and Aboriginal Peoples.” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 33, no.4 (1995): 623-660.
Webber, Jeremy. “Legal Pluralism and Human Agency.” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 44, no.1 (2006):167-198.
Webber, Jeremy. “The Past and Foreign Countries.” Legal History 10 (2006):1-13.
Webber, Jeremy. “The Grammar of Customary Law.” McGill Law Journal 54, no.4 (2009): 579-626. https://doi.org/10.7202/039646ar
Wilson, Sandra “What is Indigenous Research Methodology?” Canadian Journal of Native Education 25, no. 1(2001): 175-179.
Thesis or Dissertation
Danial Terence Kelly. “Law From the Earth, Law From the Demos and Law From Heaven: Nature and Intersections of Authority of Madayin, Australian Law and Christianity in Arnhem Land.” PhD Thesis, Charles Darwin University, 2014.
Napoleon, Valerie Ruth. “Ayook: Gitksan Legal Order, Law and Legal Theory. PhD Thesis, University of Victoria, 2009.
Other Documents
Grieves, Vickie. “Aboriginal Spirituality: Aboriginal Philosophy, The Basis of Aboriginal Social and Emotional Wellbeing.” Discussion Paper No 9, Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal Health, Darwin, 2009.
Mack, Johnny. “Understanding Academic Critique as Relational Practice.” In Thinking Through Relationship: The Ethics of Research and Reflectivity, collected papers presented at the Multidisciplinary Student Workshop of the Indigenous Peoples and Governance Conference, University of Montreal, 8–9 October 2008.
Dictionary
Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 2nd ed, 1989).
Published
2019-01-31
How to Cite
SALVATRICE RANDAZZO, Maria.
Chthonic Legal Traditions: A Standpoint Legal Research Paradigm for Comparative Analysis on Australian Indigenous Legal Orders.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 3, n. 1, p. 1-29, jan. 2019.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/44722>. Date accessed: 28 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2019.v03.i01.p01.
Section
Articles
