Climate Change and Human Migration: Towards More Humane Interpretation of Refugee
Abstract
This article seeks to highlight the existing 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (hereinafter referred to as Refugee Convention) and the possibilities of the document to encompass climate-induced migration by modifying, reconstructing and establishing a specific legal regime, considering that the concept of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) has been inadequate and incapable to incorporate the ‘newly introduced’ type of migrant. The definition of refugee in the Convention explicitly limits the scope of people who are forced to flee their home into migrants due to warfare and civil disturbance. In fact, there are people who can no longer gain decent livelihood due to environmental and social problems including poverty, drought, soil erosion, desertification, deforestation, floods and other environmental deterioration. However, these people have not been legally accepted as ‘refugee’ in the international arena. The author argues that ‘environmental refugee’ or ‘climate refugee’ is a clear and present issue, as climate change-related disasters are rampant and deteriorating. Therefore, this article will examine the existing and potential role of international law in effectively responding to climate change and its related humanitarian problems in the future. The development of a specific legal document on environmental refugee and the global acceptance of the status of the people not only represent a short-term solution for the affected people, but also introduce a long-term commitment of international community to alleviate poverty and guarantee the fulfilment of basic human rights and social justice for everyone. This article primarily investigates relevant legal documents and discovers some legal and non-legal concepts that are connected to the central topic of this article.
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References
BOOK
Birne, Patricia, Alan Boyle, Catherine Ridgwell. International Law and the Environment. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Goldsmith, Jack L., and Eric A. Posner. The Limits of International Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Kolmansskog, Vikram Odedra. Future Floods of Refugees: A Comment on Climate Change, Conflict and Forced Migration. Oslo: Norwegian Refugee Council, 2008.
McAdam, Jane. Climate Change, Forced Migration, and International Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587087.001.0001
BOOK REVIEW
Baldwin, Andrew. “Rising Tides: Climate Refugees in the Twenty-first Century,” by John Wennersten and Denise Robbins, book review, International Migration Review 1-3, 2018. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918318770161.
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ahmad, Bayes. “Who Takes Responsibility for the Climate Refugees?,” International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 10, no. 1 (2018): 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-10-2016-0149
Bates, Diane C. “Environmental Refugees? Classifying Human Migrations Caused by Environmental Change.” Population and Environment 23, no. 5 (2002): 465-477
Biermann, Frank, and Ingrid Boas. “Preparing for a Warmer World: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Refugees.” Global Environmental Politics 10, no. 1 (2010): 60-88. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2010.10.1.60
Boer, Ben and Alan Boyle. “Human Rights and the Environment.” Background Paper for the 13th Informal ASEM Seminar on Human Rights, Sydney Law School Research Paper, no. 14/14. (2014): 1-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2393753
Bozdag, Cigdem, and Kevin Smets. “Understanding the Images of Alan Kurdi With “Small Data”: A Qualitative, Comparative Analysis of Tweets About Refugees in Turkey and Flanders (Belgium).” International Journal of Communication 11 (2017): 4046-4069.
Brzoska, Michael and Christiane Fröhlich. “Climate Change, Migration and Violent Conflict: Vulnerabilities, Pathways and Adaptation Strategies.” Migration and Development 5, no.2 (2016): 190-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2015.1022973
Burleson, Elizabeth. ‘Climate Change Displacement to Refuge.’ Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation 25, no. 19 (2010): 19-36.
Docherty, Bonnie, and Tyler Giannini. “Confronting a Rising Tide: A Proposal for a Convention on Climate Change Refugees.” Harvard Environmental Law Review 33 (2009): 349-403.
Greussing, Esther, and Hajo G. Boomgaarden. “Shifting the Refugee Narrative? An Automated Frame Analysis of Europe’s 2015 Refugee Crisis.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43, no. 11 (2017): 1749-1774. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1282813
Hansen, Randall. “The Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework: A Commentary.” Journal of Refugee Studies 31, no. 2 (2018): 131-151. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey020
Hendrix, Cullen S. and Idean Salehyan. “Climate Change, Rainfall, and Social Conflict in Africa.” Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 35-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311426165
Hingley, Rebecca. “Climate Refugees: An Oceanic Perspective.” Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies 4, no. 1 (2017):158-165.
Keane, David. “The Environmental Causes and Consequences of Migration: A Search for the Meaning of Environmental Refugees.” Georgetown International Environ¬mental Law Review 16 (2004): 209-223.
Kibreab, Gaim. “Environmental Causes and Impact of Refugee Movements: A Critique of the Current Debate.” Disasters 21, no. 1 (1997): 20-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7717.00042
Kolmannskog, Vikram, and Lisetta Trebbi. “Climate Change, Natural Disasters and Displacement: A Multi-Track Approach to Filling the Protection Gaps.” International Review of the Red Cross 92, no. 879 (2010): 713-730. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383110000500
Lonergan, Steve. “The Role of Environmental Degradation in Population Displacement.” Environmental Change And Security Project Report 4, no. 6 (1998): 5-15.
McAdam, Jane. “Swimming against the Tide: Why a Climate Change Displacement Treaty is not the Answer.” International Journal of Refugee Law 23, no. 1 (2011): 2-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeq045
McNamara, Karen Elizabeth. “Conceptualizing Discourses on Environmental Refugees at the United Nations.” Population and Environment 29, no. 1 (2007): 12-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-007-0058-1
Myers, Norman. “Environmental Refugees in a Globally Warmed World.” Bio Science 43, no. 11 (1993): 752-761. DOI: 10.2307/1312319
Myers, Norman. ‘Environmental Refugees,” Population and Environment 19, no.2 (1997): 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024623431924
Selby, Jan, and Clemens Hoffmann. “Beyond Scarcity: Rethinking Water, Climate Change and Conflict in the Sudans.” Global Environmental Change 29 (2014): 360-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.01.008
Stevens, Dallal. “Asylum, Refugee Protection and the European Response to Syrian Migration.” Journal of Human Rights Practice 9, no. 2 (2017): 184-189. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/hux016
Williams, Angela. “Turning the Tide: Recognizing Climate Change Refugees In Inter-national Law.” Law & Policy 30, no. 4 (2008): 502-529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008.00290.x
Worster, William Thomas. “The Evolving Definition of the Refugee in Contemporary International Law.” Berkeley Journal of International Law 30 (2012): 94-160. http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38ZP90
LEGAL DOCUMENTS
International Instruments
African Union Convention
The 1951 Convention relating to the status of Refugee
Kyoto Protocol
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
The Global Compact on Refugees, 3rd Draft (as at 26 June 2018)
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United Nations General Assembly, A/RES/71/1 (2016)
Draft Convention on the International Status of Environmentally-Displaced Persons, (2013)
OTHER DOCUMENTS/REPORTS
Chase Sova. “The First Climate Change Conflict”, World Food Program USA (November 2017) https://wfpusa.org/articles/the-first-climate-change-conflict/
IPCC, ‘Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability’ (2007)
IPCC, ‘Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report’, (2015),
The 2018 Human Rights Watch Report, ‘Middle East Conflicts Spur Disastrous New Trends for Region’, (January 2018), https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/01/18/middle-east-conflicts-spur-disastrous-new-trends-region UNEP, ‘Human De¬velopment Report 2007/2008: Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World’, (2007),
Phillip Connor, ‘Conflicts in Syria, Iraq and Yemen Lead to Millions of Displaced Migrants in the Middle East Since 2005’, Pew Research Center, (October 2016), http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/10/18/conflicts-in-syria-iraq-and-yemen-lead-to-millions-of-displaced-migrants-in-the-middle-east-since-2005/;
UNEP, ‘The Emissions Gap Report, 2014, A UNEP Synthesis Report’;
UNHCR, ‘2007 Global trends: Refugees, Asylum Seekers, Returnees, Internally Displaced and Stateless Persons’ (2008)
Wesley Dockery, ‘Which Conflicts are Causing Migration from Africa?’, Info Migrants, (May 2017)
World Food Program USA Report, “Winning the Peace: Hunger and Instability” (December 2017)
NEWS OR MAGAZINE ARTICLE
Ineli-Ciger, Meltem. “Will the Global Compact on Refugees Address the Gap in International Refugee Law Concerning Burden Sharing?,” European Journal of International Law (EJIL) Talk!, June 20, 2018, https://www.ejiltalk.org/will-the-global-compact-on-refugees-address-the-gap-in-international-refugee-law-concerning-burden-sharing/
Poon, Jenny. “Addressing the Protection Gap of Environmental Refugees: A Reform of the 1951 Refugee Convention?,” Groningen Journal of International Law, blog, March 28, 2017, https://grojil.org/2017/03/28/addressing-the-protection-gap-of-environmental-refugees-a-reform-of-the-1951-refugee-convention/
WEBSITE CONTENT
ABC News, ‘Tuvalu Climate Family Granted New Zealand Residency on Appeal’ (2014),
Al Jazeera, ‘Inside Story: Is Climate Change A Global Security Threat?’, Video, (2011);
Alberto Angulo Morales, Oscar Alvarez Gila, ‘Disasters and Migration in Western Early Modern Societies (17th-18th Centuries)’, (2014) Migracionesen 3
Milenio.indd
Alex Randall, ‘Why New Zealand Did not Accept “World’s First Climate Refugees’, Climate Home, (2014),
Antonio Guterres, ‘Climate change, natural disasters and human displacement: a UNHCR perspective’, (2008)
BBC News, ‘France Floods: 17 Dead on Riviera After Storms’, (2015)
Becky Oskin, ‘Japan Earthquake & Tsunami of 2011: Facts and Information’, (2015),
Carolina Fritz, ‘Climate Change and Migration: Sorting Through Complex Issues Without the Hype’, (2010)
CISDL, ‘The Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities: Origins and Scope’, (2002);
CNN, ‘Hurricane Katrina Statistics Fast Facts’, (2016),
Jeff Crisp, 2011 Refugee Conference - Jane Mc Adam in conversation with Jeff Crisp, UNSWTV, (2011);
Olivia Dun and Francois Gemenne, “Defining ‘Environmental Migration,” Forced Mi¬gration Review 31 (2008): 10-11. http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2406&context=sspapers
Essam El Hinnawi, Environmental Refugees, UNEP, (1985)
Freija Van Duijne, ‘Scientists’s Prediction of Climate Change: Business as Usual Versus Alternative Futures’, (2015);
Immigration and Protection Tribunal New Zealand, “[2014] NZIPT 800517-520
International Organization for Migration, ‘Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Assesing the Evidence’, (2009)
IOM, ‘Migration, Climate Change and the Environment’,
Library of Congress, ‘New Zealand: “Climate Change Refugee” Case Overview’, (2015)
N95/09386 [1996] RRTA 3191 (7 November 1996); 0907346 [2009] RRTA 1168 (10 December 2009); 1004726 [2010] RRTA 845 (30 September 2010).
Norman Myers, “Environmental Refugees: An Emergent Security Issue”,
A paper presented at the Economic Forum (May 2005)https://www.osce.org/eea/14851?download=true
Richard Black, ‘Environmental Refugees: Myth or Reality?’, (2001); http://www.un-hcr.org/3ae6a0d00.html
Saiful Huq, Tim Gaynor (ed), UNHCR, ‘As Sea Levels Rise, Bangladeshis Seek Higher Ground’, (2015)
The Sydney Morning Herald, ‘”We May be Witnessing New Zealand’s Darkest Day”: PM Says 65 Killed in Quake, (2011),
The Telegraph, ‘Kiribati Climate Change Refugee Rejected by New Zealand’, (2013);
The Weather Channel, ‘Super Typhoon Maysak (RECAP)’, 2015,
UNFCCC, ‘Climate Change: Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation in Developing Countries’, 2007;
UNHCR, ‘Climate Change, Natural Disaster, and Human Displacement: a UNHCR Perspective’, (2009), 3
UNHCR, ‘UNHCR Backs Increased Protection for People Fleeing Disasters and Climate Change’ (2015)
UNHCR, ‘UNHCR Pledges to Better Protect and Assist People Displaced by Disaster’,(2016)
United Nations University, As Ranks of “Environmental Refugees” Swell Worldwide, Calls Grow for Better Definition, Recognition, Support, (October 2005);
Walter Kalin, ‘The Climate Change-Displacement Nexus’, (Brookings, 2008);
Birne, Patricia, Alan Boyle, Catherine Ridgwell. International Law and the Environment. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Goldsmith, Jack L., and Eric A. Posner. The Limits of International Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Kolmansskog, Vikram Odedra. Future Floods of Refugees: A Comment on Climate Change, Conflict and Forced Migration. Oslo: Norwegian Refugee Council, 2008.
McAdam, Jane. Climate Change, Forced Migration, and International Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587087.001.0001
BOOK REVIEW
Baldwin, Andrew. “Rising Tides: Climate Refugees in the Twenty-first Century,” by John Wennersten and Denise Robbins, book review, International Migration Review 1-3, 2018. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918318770161.
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ahmad, Bayes. “Who Takes Responsibility for the Climate Refugees?,” International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 10, no. 1 (2018): 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-10-2016-0149
Bates, Diane C. “Environmental Refugees? Classifying Human Migrations Caused by Environmental Change.” Population and Environment 23, no. 5 (2002): 465-477
Biermann, Frank, and Ingrid Boas. “Preparing for a Warmer World: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Refugees.” Global Environmental Politics 10, no. 1 (2010): 60-88. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep.2010.10.1.60
Boer, Ben and Alan Boyle. “Human Rights and the Environment.” Background Paper for the 13th Informal ASEM Seminar on Human Rights, Sydney Law School Research Paper, no. 14/14. (2014): 1-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2393753
Bozdag, Cigdem, and Kevin Smets. “Understanding the Images of Alan Kurdi With “Small Data”: A Qualitative, Comparative Analysis of Tweets About Refugees in Turkey and Flanders (Belgium).” International Journal of Communication 11 (2017): 4046-4069.
Brzoska, Michael and Christiane Fröhlich. “Climate Change, Migration and Violent Conflict: Vulnerabilities, Pathways and Adaptation Strategies.” Migration and Development 5, no.2 (2016): 190-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2015.1022973
Burleson, Elizabeth. ‘Climate Change Displacement to Refuge.’ Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation 25, no. 19 (2010): 19-36.
Docherty, Bonnie, and Tyler Giannini. “Confronting a Rising Tide: A Proposal for a Convention on Climate Change Refugees.” Harvard Environmental Law Review 33 (2009): 349-403.
Greussing, Esther, and Hajo G. Boomgaarden. “Shifting the Refugee Narrative? An Automated Frame Analysis of Europe’s 2015 Refugee Crisis.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43, no. 11 (2017): 1749-1774. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1282813
Hansen, Randall. “The Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework: A Commentary.” Journal of Refugee Studies 31, no. 2 (2018): 131-151. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey020
Hendrix, Cullen S. and Idean Salehyan. “Climate Change, Rainfall, and Social Conflict in Africa.” Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 35-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311426165
Hingley, Rebecca. “Climate Refugees: An Oceanic Perspective.” Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies 4, no. 1 (2017):158-165.
Keane, David. “The Environmental Causes and Consequences of Migration: A Search for the Meaning of Environmental Refugees.” Georgetown International Environ¬mental Law Review 16 (2004): 209-223.
Kibreab, Gaim. “Environmental Causes and Impact of Refugee Movements: A Critique of the Current Debate.” Disasters 21, no. 1 (1997): 20-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7717.00042
Kolmannskog, Vikram, and Lisetta Trebbi. “Climate Change, Natural Disasters and Displacement: A Multi-Track Approach to Filling the Protection Gaps.” International Review of the Red Cross 92, no. 879 (2010): 713-730. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383110000500
Lonergan, Steve. “The Role of Environmental Degradation in Population Displacement.” Environmental Change And Security Project Report 4, no. 6 (1998): 5-15.
McAdam, Jane. “Swimming against the Tide: Why a Climate Change Displacement Treaty is not the Answer.” International Journal of Refugee Law 23, no. 1 (2011): 2-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeq045
McNamara, Karen Elizabeth. “Conceptualizing Discourses on Environmental Refugees at the United Nations.” Population and Environment 29, no. 1 (2007): 12-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-007-0058-1
Myers, Norman. “Environmental Refugees in a Globally Warmed World.” Bio Science 43, no. 11 (1993): 752-761. DOI: 10.2307/1312319
Myers, Norman. ‘Environmental Refugees,” Population and Environment 19, no.2 (1997): 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024623431924
Selby, Jan, and Clemens Hoffmann. “Beyond Scarcity: Rethinking Water, Climate Change and Conflict in the Sudans.” Global Environmental Change 29 (2014): 360-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.01.008
Stevens, Dallal. “Asylum, Refugee Protection and the European Response to Syrian Migration.” Journal of Human Rights Practice 9, no. 2 (2017): 184-189. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/hux016
Williams, Angela. “Turning the Tide: Recognizing Climate Change Refugees In Inter-national Law.” Law & Policy 30, no. 4 (2008): 502-529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2008.00290.x
Worster, William Thomas. “The Evolving Definition of the Refugee in Contemporary International Law.” Berkeley Journal of International Law 30 (2012): 94-160. http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38ZP90
LEGAL DOCUMENTS
International Instruments
African Union Convention
The 1951 Convention relating to the status of Refugee
Kyoto Protocol
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
The Global Compact on Refugees, 3rd Draft (as at 26 June 2018)
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United Nations General Assembly, A/RES/71/1 (2016)
Draft Convention on the International Status of Environmentally-Displaced Persons, (2013)
OTHER DOCUMENTS/REPORTS
Chase Sova. “The First Climate Change Conflict”, World Food Program USA (November 2017) https://wfpusa.org/articles/the-first-climate-change-conflict/
IPCC, ‘Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability’ (2007)
IPCC, ‘Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report’, (2015),
The 2018 Human Rights Watch Report, ‘Middle East Conflicts Spur Disastrous New Trends for Region’, (January 2018), https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/01/18/middle-east-conflicts-spur-disastrous-new-trends-region UNEP, ‘Human De¬velopment Report 2007/2008: Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World’, (2007),
Phillip Connor, ‘Conflicts in Syria, Iraq and Yemen Lead to Millions of Displaced Migrants in the Middle East Since 2005’, Pew Research Center, (October 2016), http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/10/18/conflicts-in-syria-iraq-and-yemen-lead-to-millions-of-displaced-migrants-in-the-middle-east-since-2005/;
UNEP, ‘The Emissions Gap Report, 2014, A UNEP Synthesis Report’;
UNHCR, ‘2007 Global trends: Refugees, Asylum Seekers, Returnees, Internally Displaced and Stateless Persons’ (2008)
Wesley Dockery, ‘Which Conflicts are Causing Migration from Africa?’, Info Migrants, (May 2017)
World Food Program USA Report, “Winning the Peace: Hunger and Instability” (December 2017)
NEWS OR MAGAZINE ARTICLE
Ineli-Ciger, Meltem. “Will the Global Compact on Refugees Address the Gap in International Refugee Law Concerning Burden Sharing?,” European Journal of International Law (EJIL) Talk!, June 20, 2018, https://www.ejiltalk.org/will-the-global-compact-on-refugees-address-the-gap-in-international-refugee-law-concerning-burden-sharing/
Poon, Jenny. “Addressing the Protection Gap of Environmental Refugees: A Reform of the 1951 Refugee Convention?,” Groningen Journal of International Law, blog, March 28, 2017, https://grojil.org/2017/03/28/addressing-the-protection-gap-of-environmental-refugees-a-reform-of-the-1951-refugee-convention/
WEBSITE CONTENT
ABC News, ‘Tuvalu Climate Family Granted New Zealand Residency on Appeal’ (2014),
Al Jazeera, ‘Inside Story: Is Climate Change A Global Security Threat?’, Video, (2011);
Alberto Angulo Morales, Oscar Alvarez Gila, ‘Disasters and Migration in Western Early Modern Societies (17th-18th Centuries)’, (2014) Migracionesen 3
Milenio.indd
Alex Randall, ‘Why New Zealand Did not Accept “World’s First Climate Refugees’, Climate Home, (2014),
Antonio Guterres, ‘Climate change, natural disasters and human displacement: a UNHCR perspective’, (2008)
BBC News, ‘France Floods: 17 Dead on Riviera After Storms’, (2015)
Becky Oskin, ‘Japan Earthquake & Tsunami of 2011: Facts and Information’, (2015),
Carolina Fritz, ‘Climate Change and Migration: Sorting Through Complex Issues Without the Hype’, (2010)
CISDL, ‘The Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities: Origins and Scope’, (2002);
CNN, ‘Hurricane Katrina Statistics Fast Facts’, (2016),
Jeff Crisp, 2011 Refugee Conference - Jane Mc Adam in conversation with Jeff Crisp, UNSWTV, (2011);
Olivia Dun and Francois Gemenne, “Defining ‘Environmental Migration,” Forced Mi¬gration Review 31 (2008): 10-11. http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2406&context=sspapers
Essam El Hinnawi, Environmental Refugees, UNEP, (1985)
Freija Van Duijne, ‘Scientists’s Prediction of Climate Change: Business as Usual Versus Alternative Futures’, (2015);
Immigration and Protection Tribunal New Zealand, “[2014] NZIPT 800517-520
International Organization for Migration, ‘Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Assesing the Evidence’, (2009)
IOM, ‘Migration, Climate Change and the Environment’,
Library of Congress, ‘New Zealand: “Climate Change Refugee” Case Overview’, (2015)
N95/09386 [1996] RRTA 3191 (7 November 1996); 0907346 [2009] RRTA 1168 (10 December 2009); 1004726 [2010] RRTA 845 (30 September 2010).
Norman Myers, “Environmental Refugees: An Emergent Security Issue”,
A paper presented at the Economic Forum (May 2005)https://www.osce.org/eea/14851?download=true
Richard Black, ‘Environmental Refugees: Myth or Reality?’, (2001); http://www.un-hcr.org/3ae6a0d00.html
Saiful Huq, Tim Gaynor (ed), UNHCR, ‘As Sea Levels Rise, Bangladeshis Seek Higher Ground’, (2015)
The Sydney Morning Herald, ‘”We May be Witnessing New Zealand’s Darkest Day”: PM Says 65 Killed in Quake, (2011),
The Telegraph, ‘Kiribati Climate Change Refugee Rejected by New Zealand’, (2013);
The Weather Channel, ‘Super Typhoon Maysak (RECAP)’, 2015,
UNFCCC, ‘Climate Change: Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation in Developing Countries’, 2007;
UNHCR, ‘Climate Change, Natural Disaster, and Human Displacement: a UNHCR Perspective’, (2009), 3
UNHCR, ‘UNHCR Backs Increased Protection for People Fleeing Disasters and Climate Change’ (2015)
UNHCR, ‘UNHCR Pledges to Better Protect and Assist People Displaced by Disaster’,(2016)
United Nations University, As Ranks of “Environmental Refugees” Swell Worldwide, Calls Grow for Better Definition, Recognition, Support, (October 2005);
Walter Kalin, ‘The Climate Change-Displacement Nexus’, (Brookings, 2008);
Published
2018-07-31
How to Cite
SARJANA, I Gede Eka.
Climate Change and Human Migration: Towards More Humane Interpretation of Refugee.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 2, p. 220 - 248, july 2018.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/40062>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2018.v02.i02.p05.
Section
Articles
