Protecting the Village Credit Institution: Should Traditional Communities Adopt Modern Financial Management Practices?
Abstract
A Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (Village Credit Institution or LPD) is a type of financial institution that is associated with a Balinese customary village. LPDs face competing pressures to both maintain their traditional character and align themselves with national standards for financial management. This article establishes the hybrid legal character of LPDs (under Balinese customary law and Indonesian national law) in order to analyse their evident shortcomings, being the vulnerability of some monitoring and protection systems to misappropriation. We rely on normative legal research methods, including statutory analysis and analysis of case studies. We examine the LPD Regulations and Balinese customary law, supplemented by interviews on issues of relevance. We conclude that the recognition of LPDs under the law, given the fundamental basis of the LPD in the customary village, ought to be given primacy to their status under Balinese customary law. However, the monitoring and protection systems of LPDs must be improved and uniform standards must be enforced – otherwise, their customers will simply use other financial institutions. We also conclude that it is possible to improve management practices while respecting the autonomy of customary villages. Therefore, we assert that properly implemented measures will make a direct intervention from government unnecessary.
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References
BOOK
Dherana, Tjokorda Raka. Masyarakat Desa dan Awig-Awig dalam Struktur Pemerintahan Bali [the Village People and Awig-Awig in Government Structure Bali]. Bali: PT. Upada Literature, 1995.
Kerr, Michael, Richard Janda, and Chip Pitts. Corporate social responsibility: A le¬gal analysis. Markham, Ontario: LexisNexis, 2009.
Miru, Ahmadi. Hukum Kontrak dan Perancangan Kontrak [the Contract Law and Contract Design]. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2007.
Warren, Carol. “Adat in Balinese Discourse and Practice.” In The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism, edited by Jamie S. Davidson and David Henley, 170-202. Oxford: Routledge, 2007.
Windia, Wayan P. and Ketut Sudantra. Hukum Adat Bali [Bali Customary Law]. Denpasar: Institute for Documentation and Publication Law Faculty Udayana University, 2006.
Windia, Wayan P. Danda Pacamil; Catatan Populer Istilah Hukum Adat Bali [Note of Popular Terms of Balinese Customary Law]. Denpasar: Upada Literature, 2004.
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Baskara, I Gde Kajeng. “Lembaga Keuangan Micro di Indonesia.” Buletin Studi Ekonomi 18, no.2 (2013): 114-125.
Davis, Ian. “Rural Banking: Designing an Effective Legal Framework for Microfinance.” The Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship & the Law 2, no. 2 (2009): 394-423.
Howell, Nicola and Therese Wilson. “Access to Consumer Credit: The Problem of Financial Exclusion in Australia and the Current Regulatory Framework.” Macquarie Law Journal 5, no. 7 (2005):127-148.
Jayantiari, I Gusti Agung Mas Rwa. “Eksistensi Tanah Adat di Bali dan Problematika Hukum dalam Pengembangan Investasi.” Kertha Patrika 39, no. 2 (2017): 108-199, doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/KP.2017.v39.i02.p03.
Ndun, Hanna Christine, Sarah Suttor, and I Gusti Agung Ayu Dike Widhiyaastuti. “Does Customary Law Discriminate Balinese Women’s Inheritance Rights?” Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 2, no. 1 (2018): 97-114, https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v02.i01.p05.
Ofeh, Moses A., and Zangue Nguekeu Jeanne. “Financial Performances of Microfinance Institutions in Cameroon: Case of CamCCUL Ltd.” International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 4 (2017): 207-224.
Power, Michael. “The Invention of Operational Risk”. Review of Inter¬national Political Economy 12, no. 4 (2005): 577-599. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290500240271
Prijandhini Devi Salain, M. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Kebudayaan Bali Sebagai Sumber Daya Ekonomi Pariwisata.” Kertha Patrika 39, no. 1 (2017): 1-15, doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/KP.2017.v39.i01.p01.
Sadiartha, Anak Agung Ngurah Gede. “Lembaga Perkreditan Desa sebagai Penopang Ke-Ajegan Budaya Ekonomi Masyarakat Bali.” Jurnal Kajian Bali 7, no.2 (2017): 1-18.
Suartana, I Wayan and I Ketut Jati. “Risk-Based Internal Audit Based on Culture: Case Study at LPD Desa Adat Pecatu in Bali” Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 8, no. 18 (2017): 190-200.
Susila, Gede Putu Agus Jana. “Pengukuran Kinerja Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD) Kecamatan Susut Dengan Analisis Balanced Scorecard.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora 5, no.2 (2016): 810-816. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jish-undiksha.v5i2.8564
Varottil, Umakanth. “Microfinance and the Corporate Governance Conundrum.” Berkeley Business Law Journal 9, no 1 (2013): 242-292.
THESIS OR DISSERTATION
Adnyani, Ketut Sonya. “Praktik Tata Kelola dalam Perspektif Nilai Budaya Lokal pada Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD).” Thesis, Magister of Accounting, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2017.
Jayanthi, Ni Made Devi. “Status dan Kedudukan Hukum Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD) terkait Pengikatan Jaminan dengan Berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2013 Tentang Lembaga Keuangan Mikro.” Thesis, Magister of Notary, Universitas Udayana, 2016.
Sukandia, I Nyoman. “Kedudukan Hukum dan Fungsi Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD) sebagai Lembaga Perekonomian Komunitas dalam Masyarakat Hukum Adat di Bali.” PhD diss., Faculty of Law Universitas Brawijaya, 2012.
LEGAL DOCUMENTS
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 [The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia].
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 4 Tahun 1996 tentang Hak Tanggungan [Act No. 4/1996 regarding Mortgage Regulation].
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia [Act No. 39/1999 concerning Human Rights].
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 2013 tentang Lembaga Keuangan Mikro [Act No. 1/2013 concerning Micro Finance Institutions].
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa [Act No. 6/2014 concerning Village].
The 2013 Microfinance Act of Zimbabwe. Availableat http://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/Microfinance%20Act%20%5BChapter%2024-29%5D.pdf.
Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 3 Tahun 2017 tentang Lembaga Perkreditan Desa [Local Regulation of Bali Province No. 3/2017 concerning Village Credit Institution].
Peraturan Gubernur Bali Nomor 44 Tahun 2017 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 3 Tahun 2017 tentang Lembaga Perkreditan Desa [Governor Regulation of Bali No. 44/2017 concerning Implementation Rules of Local Regulation of Bali Province No. 3/2017 concerning Village Credit Institution].
Joint Decree by Minister of Finance, Minister for Domestic Affairs, Minister of Co-operative and Small and Middle size- Enterprises, and Governor of Central Bank of Indonesia No: 351.1/KMK.010/2009; No: 900-639A Tahun 2009; No: 01/SKB/M.KUKM/IX/2009; No: 11/43A/KEP.GBI/2009 concerning Strategy to Develop Micro Finance Institution.
Perarem Pangele Desa Adat Pecatu tentang Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD) Desa Adat Pecatu [Customary Rules of the Customary Village of Pecatu regarding the Village Credit Institution of the Customary Village of Pecatu].
OTHER DOCUMENTS
ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint 2025. http://asean.org/storage/2016/01/ASCC-Blueprint-2025.pdf.
Ingrid Burkett and Genevieve Sheehan, “From the Margins to the Mainstream: The challenges for microfinance in Australia”, Fitzroy, Australia: Brotherhood of St Laurence (2009).
UN General Assembly. “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, 21 October 2015, A/RES/70/1.Available at http://www.ref-world.org/docid/57b6e3e44.html.
INTERVIEW
Giriarta, I Ketut, Chief of LPD Desa Adat Pecatu. Interview by Luh Putu Yeyen Karista Putri and Eric Gordon Withnall, December 4, 2015.
Kariasih, Ni Wayan, Head of Credit Administration of LPD Desa Adat Pecatu. Interview by Luh Putu Yeyen Karista Putri, May 25, 2018.
Wijaya, I Nyoman Krisnadinata, Legal Officer of LPD Desa Adat Pecatu. Interview by Luh Putu Yeyen Karista Putri, June 2, 2018.
CASE LAW
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia [Decision of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia] No. 53/PUU-VI/2008.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia [Decision of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia] No. 35/PUU-X/2012.
Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar [Decision of the District Court of Denpasar] No. 34/Pid.Sus-TPK/2014/PNDpsTahun 2015.
Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar [Decision of District Court of Denpasar]No. 36 /Pid.Sus-TPK/2015/PNDps Tahun 2016.
Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar [Decision of the District Court of Denpasar] No. 5/Pid.Sus.TPK /2017/PN.Dps Tahun 2017.
Putusan Pengadilan Tinggi Sumatera Utara [Decision of the Court of Appeal of Sumatera Utara] No. 16/PDT/2011/PT.MDN.
WEBSITE CONTENT
AA Seri Kusniarti, “Dewan LPD Seperti Bank Indonesia.” Tribun Bali. Last modified October 23, 2015, http://bali.tribunnews.com/2015/10/23/dewan-lpd-seperti-bank-Indonesia.
Antara Bali. Maret 31, 2013. “42 LPD Terancam Pailit.” Accessed 2 December 2015. https://bali.antaranews.com/berita/36456/42-lpd-terancam-pailit
Bali Post. August 20, 2015.“Case Problem LPD Suwat, Party Down LPLPD Had Hand. ”Accessed 3 December 2015. http://balipost.com/read/kriminal-danhukum/2015/08/20/40032/soal-kasus-lpd-suwat-pihak-lpdp-sempat-turun-tangan.html.
Bali Post. March 18, 2014.“The Board LPD Troubled.” Accessed 3 December 2015.http://balipost.com/read/headline/2014/03/18/7316/pengurus-lpd-ber-masalah-dipanggil.html.
Indonesia Satu. Co. “OJK Ingatkan LPD Bali yang Gagal Bayar Uang Nasabah.” Last modified August 24, 2016. http://indonesiasatu.co/detail/ojk-ingatkan-lpd-bali-yang-gagal-bayar-uang-nasabah.
Kabarnusa.com. “Kekayaan LPD di Bali capai 15,5 Triliun.” Last modified April 29, 2017. https://www.kabarnusa.com/2017/04/kekayaan-lpd-di-bali-capai-rp155-triliun.html.
Kontan.co.id. “BI Bali Desak Pembentukan Pengawasan LPD.” Last modified October 18, 2016. http://regional.kontan.co.id/news/bi-bali-desak-pembentukan-penga¬wasan-lpd.
Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan. “Establishment, Status, and Designated Positions of IDIC.” Accessed May 1, 2018. http://www.lps.go.id/en/web/guest/bentuk-status.
LPD Desa Adat Pecatu.“Produk Unggulan Kami.” Accessed May 28, 2018. https://lpdpecatu.or.id/lpd_pecatu/.
Magister Manajemen Universitas Udayana. “15 Persen LPD di Karangasem Bermasalah.” Last modified August 24, 2011. https://sites.google.com/a/mmunud.com/dosen/bali/15-persen-lpd-di-karangasem-bermasalah/pesan¬tanpajudul.
Pemerintah Kabupaten Badung. “Badung Serahkan Hadiah Untuk 12 LPD Berprestasi”, Last modified Desember 12, 2014, https://www.badungkab.go.id/index.php/baca-berita/857/Badung-Serahkan-Hadiah-Untuk-12-LPD-Berprestasi.
United Nations.“Sustainable Development Goals.” Accessed May 28, 2018. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/.
Dherana, Tjokorda Raka. Masyarakat Desa dan Awig-Awig dalam Struktur Pemerintahan Bali [the Village People and Awig-Awig in Government Structure Bali]. Bali: PT. Upada Literature, 1995.
Kerr, Michael, Richard Janda, and Chip Pitts. Corporate social responsibility: A le¬gal analysis. Markham, Ontario: LexisNexis, 2009.
Miru, Ahmadi. Hukum Kontrak dan Perancangan Kontrak [the Contract Law and Contract Design]. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2007.
Warren, Carol. “Adat in Balinese Discourse and Practice.” In The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism, edited by Jamie S. Davidson and David Henley, 170-202. Oxford: Routledge, 2007.
Windia, Wayan P. and Ketut Sudantra. Hukum Adat Bali [Bali Customary Law]. Denpasar: Institute for Documentation and Publication Law Faculty Udayana University, 2006.
Windia, Wayan P. Danda Pacamil; Catatan Populer Istilah Hukum Adat Bali [Note of Popular Terms of Balinese Customary Law]. Denpasar: Upada Literature, 2004.
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Baskara, I Gde Kajeng. “Lembaga Keuangan Micro di Indonesia.” Buletin Studi Ekonomi 18, no.2 (2013): 114-125.
Davis, Ian. “Rural Banking: Designing an Effective Legal Framework for Microfinance.” The Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship & the Law 2, no. 2 (2009): 394-423.
Howell, Nicola and Therese Wilson. “Access to Consumer Credit: The Problem of Financial Exclusion in Australia and the Current Regulatory Framework.” Macquarie Law Journal 5, no. 7 (2005):127-148.
Jayantiari, I Gusti Agung Mas Rwa. “Eksistensi Tanah Adat di Bali dan Problematika Hukum dalam Pengembangan Investasi.” Kertha Patrika 39, no. 2 (2017): 108-199, doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/KP.2017.v39.i02.p03.
Ndun, Hanna Christine, Sarah Suttor, and I Gusti Agung Ayu Dike Widhiyaastuti. “Does Customary Law Discriminate Balinese Women’s Inheritance Rights?” Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 2, no. 1 (2018): 97-114, https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v02.i01.p05.
Ofeh, Moses A., and Zangue Nguekeu Jeanne. “Financial Performances of Microfinance Institutions in Cameroon: Case of CamCCUL Ltd.” International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 4 (2017): 207-224.
Power, Michael. “The Invention of Operational Risk”. Review of Inter¬national Political Economy 12, no. 4 (2005): 577-599. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290500240271
Prijandhini Devi Salain, M. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Kebudayaan Bali Sebagai Sumber Daya Ekonomi Pariwisata.” Kertha Patrika 39, no. 1 (2017): 1-15, doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/KP.2017.v39.i01.p01.
Sadiartha, Anak Agung Ngurah Gede. “Lembaga Perkreditan Desa sebagai Penopang Ke-Ajegan Budaya Ekonomi Masyarakat Bali.” Jurnal Kajian Bali 7, no.2 (2017): 1-18.
Suartana, I Wayan and I Ketut Jati. “Risk-Based Internal Audit Based on Culture: Case Study at LPD Desa Adat Pecatu in Bali” Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 8, no. 18 (2017): 190-200.
Susila, Gede Putu Agus Jana. “Pengukuran Kinerja Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD) Kecamatan Susut Dengan Analisis Balanced Scorecard.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora 5, no.2 (2016): 810-816. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jish-undiksha.v5i2.8564
Varottil, Umakanth. “Microfinance and the Corporate Governance Conundrum.” Berkeley Business Law Journal 9, no 1 (2013): 242-292.
THESIS OR DISSERTATION
Adnyani, Ketut Sonya. “Praktik Tata Kelola dalam Perspektif Nilai Budaya Lokal pada Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD).” Thesis, Magister of Accounting, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2017.
Jayanthi, Ni Made Devi. “Status dan Kedudukan Hukum Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD) terkait Pengikatan Jaminan dengan Berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2013 Tentang Lembaga Keuangan Mikro.” Thesis, Magister of Notary, Universitas Udayana, 2016.
Sukandia, I Nyoman. “Kedudukan Hukum dan Fungsi Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD) sebagai Lembaga Perekonomian Komunitas dalam Masyarakat Hukum Adat di Bali.” PhD diss., Faculty of Law Universitas Brawijaya, 2012.
LEGAL DOCUMENTS
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 [The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia].
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 4 Tahun 1996 tentang Hak Tanggungan [Act No. 4/1996 regarding Mortgage Regulation].
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia [Act No. 39/1999 concerning Human Rights].
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 2013 tentang Lembaga Keuangan Mikro [Act No. 1/2013 concerning Micro Finance Institutions].
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa [Act No. 6/2014 concerning Village].
The 2013 Microfinance Act of Zimbabwe. Availableat http://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/Microfinance%20Act%20%5BChapter%2024-29%5D.pdf.
Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 3 Tahun 2017 tentang Lembaga Perkreditan Desa [Local Regulation of Bali Province No. 3/2017 concerning Village Credit Institution].
Peraturan Gubernur Bali Nomor 44 Tahun 2017 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali Nomor 3 Tahun 2017 tentang Lembaga Perkreditan Desa [Governor Regulation of Bali No. 44/2017 concerning Implementation Rules of Local Regulation of Bali Province No. 3/2017 concerning Village Credit Institution].
Joint Decree by Minister of Finance, Minister for Domestic Affairs, Minister of Co-operative and Small and Middle size- Enterprises, and Governor of Central Bank of Indonesia No: 351.1/KMK.010/2009; No: 900-639A Tahun 2009; No: 01/SKB/M.KUKM/IX/2009; No: 11/43A/KEP.GBI/2009 concerning Strategy to Develop Micro Finance Institution.
Perarem Pangele Desa Adat Pecatu tentang Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD) Desa Adat Pecatu [Customary Rules of the Customary Village of Pecatu regarding the Village Credit Institution of the Customary Village of Pecatu].
OTHER DOCUMENTS
ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint 2025. http://asean.org/storage/2016/01/ASCC-Blueprint-2025.pdf.
Ingrid Burkett and Genevieve Sheehan, “From the Margins to the Mainstream: The challenges for microfinance in Australia”, Fitzroy, Australia: Brotherhood of St Laurence (2009).
UN General Assembly. “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, 21 October 2015, A/RES/70/1.Available at http://www.ref-world.org/docid/57b6e3e44.html.
INTERVIEW
Giriarta, I Ketut, Chief of LPD Desa Adat Pecatu. Interview by Luh Putu Yeyen Karista Putri and Eric Gordon Withnall, December 4, 2015.
Kariasih, Ni Wayan, Head of Credit Administration of LPD Desa Adat Pecatu. Interview by Luh Putu Yeyen Karista Putri, May 25, 2018.
Wijaya, I Nyoman Krisnadinata, Legal Officer of LPD Desa Adat Pecatu. Interview by Luh Putu Yeyen Karista Putri, June 2, 2018.
CASE LAW
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia [Decision of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia] No. 53/PUU-VI/2008.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia [Decision of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia] No. 35/PUU-X/2012.
Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar [Decision of the District Court of Denpasar] No. 34/Pid.Sus-TPK/2014/PNDpsTahun 2015.
Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar [Decision of District Court of Denpasar]No. 36 /Pid.Sus-TPK/2015/PNDps Tahun 2016.
Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar [Decision of the District Court of Denpasar] No. 5/Pid.Sus.TPK /2017/PN.Dps Tahun 2017.
Putusan Pengadilan Tinggi Sumatera Utara [Decision of the Court of Appeal of Sumatera Utara] No. 16/PDT/2011/PT.MDN.
WEBSITE CONTENT
AA Seri Kusniarti, “Dewan LPD Seperti Bank Indonesia.” Tribun Bali. Last modified October 23, 2015, http://bali.tribunnews.com/2015/10/23/dewan-lpd-seperti-bank-Indonesia.
Antara Bali. Maret 31, 2013. “42 LPD Terancam Pailit.” Accessed 2 December 2015. https://bali.antaranews.com/berita/36456/42-lpd-terancam-pailit
Bali Post. August 20, 2015.“Case Problem LPD Suwat, Party Down LPLPD Had Hand. ”Accessed 3 December 2015. http://balipost.com/read/kriminal-danhukum/2015/08/20/40032/soal-kasus-lpd-suwat-pihak-lpdp-sempat-turun-tangan.html.
Bali Post. March 18, 2014.“The Board LPD Troubled.” Accessed 3 December 2015.http://balipost.com/read/headline/2014/03/18/7316/pengurus-lpd-ber-masalah-dipanggil.html.
Indonesia Satu. Co. “OJK Ingatkan LPD Bali yang Gagal Bayar Uang Nasabah.” Last modified August 24, 2016. http://indonesiasatu.co/detail/ojk-ingatkan-lpd-bali-yang-gagal-bayar-uang-nasabah.
Kabarnusa.com. “Kekayaan LPD di Bali capai 15,5 Triliun.” Last modified April 29, 2017. https://www.kabarnusa.com/2017/04/kekayaan-lpd-di-bali-capai-rp155-triliun.html.
Kontan.co.id. “BI Bali Desak Pembentukan Pengawasan LPD.” Last modified October 18, 2016. http://regional.kontan.co.id/news/bi-bali-desak-pembentukan-penga¬wasan-lpd.
Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan. “Establishment, Status, and Designated Positions of IDIC.” Accessed May 1, 2018. http://www.lps.go.id/en/web/guest/bentuk-status.
LPD Desa Adat Pecatu.“Produk Unggulan Kami.” Accessed May 28, 2018. https://lpdpecatu.or.id/lpd_pecatu/.
Magister Manajemen Universitas Udayana. “15 Persen LPD di Karangasem Bermasalah.” Last modified August 24, 2011. https://sites.google.com/a/mmunud.com/dosen/bali/15-persen-lpd-di-karangasem-bermasalah/pesan¬tanpajudul.
Pemerintah Kabupaten Badung. “Badung Serahkan Hadiah Untuk 12 LPD Berprestasi”, Last modified Desember 12, 2014, https://www.badungkab.go.id/index.php/baca-berita/857/Badung-Serahkan-Hadiah-Untuk-12-LPD-Berprestasi.
United Nations.“Sustainable Development Goals.” Accessed May 28, 2018. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/.
Published
2018-07-31
How to Cite
KARISTA PUTRI, Luh Putu Yeyen; GORDON WITHNALL, Eric.
Protecting the Village Credit Institution: Should Traditional Communities Adopt Modern Financial Management Practices?.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 2, p. 115-139, july 2018.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/39905>. Date accessed: 23 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2018.v02.i02.p01.
Section
Articles
