Regulating Indigenous Culture as a Tourism Economic Resource
Abstract
There have been some cases indicating the dissatisfaction of traditional communities with regards to tourism that does not economically contribute to their cultural activities. The legal issue raised in this writing is the lack of, or maybe the abstention of, a regulation that specifically regulates indigenous culture as a tourism economic resource. This article is aimed at describing and analyzing relevant international and national instruments that regulate the issues of indigenous culture and economic activities of tourism. The cases of Indonesia, especially Bali, compared with Australia are the focus of this article. It has been found that Indonesian laws and regulations are insufficient to protect culture as a tourism economic resource. In contrast, Australia has adopted a trichotomous approach wherein economic, social and cultural factors are separate and can be managed separately, an approach that has had mixed results.
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References
BOOK
Booth, Katharine, and Lisa Ford. “Ross v Chambers: Assimilation law and policy in the Northern Territory.” Aboriginal History 40 (2016): 3-25.
Hujbers, Theo. Filsafat Hukum Dalam Lintasan Sejarah. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1993.
Hutchinson, Terry. Researching and Writing in Law. Sydney: Lawbook Co., 2002.
Iida, Akira. Paradigm Theory & Policy Making: Reconfiguring The Future, 1st Edition.
Japan: Tuttle Publishing, 2004.
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Pasek Diantha, I Made. Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif dalam Justifikasi Teori Hukum. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group, 2016.
Sirtha, I Nyoman. Aspek Hukum Dalam Konflik Adat Bali. Denpasar: Udayana University Press, 2008
Soekanto, Soerjono and Sri Mamudji. Penelitian Hukum Normatif: Suatu Tinjauan Singkat. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2001.
Putra, I.B. Wyasa. Teori Hukum Dengan Orientasi Kebijakan (Policy-Oriented Theory of Law): Pemecahan Problem Konteks Dalam Proses Legislasi Indonesia. Denpasar: Udayana University Press, 2016.
JOURNAL
Altman, Jon and Julie Finlayson. “Aborigines, Tourism and Sustainable Development.” The Journal Of Tourism Studies 14, No. 1, (2003): 78-91 https://www.jcu.edu. au/ data/assets/pdf_file/0011/122204/jcudev_012859.pdf
Atmadja, Nengah Bawa and Tuty Maryati. “Geria Pusat Industri Banten Ngaben di Bali Perspektif Sosiologi Komodifikasi Agama.” jurnal Kawistara 4, no. 2 (2014): 162-176. https://doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.5670
Barratt, Amanda, and Ashimizo Afadameh-Adeyemi. “Indigenous peoples and the right to culture: The potential significance for African indigenous communities of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ General Comment 21.” African Human Rights Law journal 11, no. 2 (2011): 560-587. http://hdl. handle.net/10520/EJC51950
Gunn, Brenda L. “Protecting Indigenous Peoples’ Lands: Making Room for the Application of Indigenous Peoples’ Laws Within the Canadian Legal System.” Indigenous Law journal 6, Issue 1 (2007): 31-69.
McNeil, Kent. “The vulnerability of Indigenous land rights in Australia and Canada.” Osgoode Hall Law journal 42. No. 2 (2004): 271-301. http://digitalcommons. osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol42/iss2/3
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Triari, Putri, Kali Jones, and Ni Gusti Ayu Dyah Satyawati. “Indigenous People, Eco- nomic Development and Sustainable Tourism: A Comparative Analysis between Bali, Indonesia and Australia.” Udayana journal of Law and Culture 1, no. 1 (2017): 16-30. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v01.i01.p02
Putra, I.B. Wyasa. “Indonesian Tourism Law: In Search of Law and Regulations Model.” 1 Lex Mercatoria: journal of International Trade and Business Law, (2013): 57.
LEGAL DOCUMENT
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 1948.
International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Populations 1957 (No. 107).
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 1966.
International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples 1989 (No. 169).
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) 1994. Global Code of Ethics for Tourism (GCET) 1999.
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) 2007
General Assembly of the United Nations, A/65/275, Sixty-Fifth Session, Item 20 of the provisional Agenda, “Sustainable Development, Implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism”, 10 August 2010, http://cf.cdn.unwto.org/ sites/all/files/pdf/item_7a.pdf
Indonesia Constitutions 1945.
Indonesia Constitutional Court Act No. 24 Year 2003.
Indonesia Limited Company Act No. 40 Year 2007.
Indonesia Tourism Act No. 9 Year 2010.
Indonesia Formatting Regulations Act No. 12 Year 2011.
Indonesia Village Act No. 6 Year 2014.
Indonesia Local Government Act No. 23 Year 2014.
Government Regulation No. 50 Year 2011 concerning Master Plan of National Tourism Development Year 2010 – 2025.
Constitutional Court Regulations No. 06/PMK/2005 concerning the Guideline of the Judicial Review Procedures.
Regulation of Bali Province No. 3 Year 2001 concerning Desa Pakraman.
Regulation of Bali Province No. 2 Year 2012 concerning Culture Tourism of Bali.
Regulation of Bali Province No. 10 Year 2015 concerning Master Plan of the Bali
Province Tourism Development Year 2015 - 2029.
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Australia Act 1979.
Native Title Australia Act 1993 (Cth).
OTHER DOCUMENT
Ashley, Caroline, Peter de Drine, Amy Lehr, and Hannah Wilde. “The Role of the Tourism Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity.” Corporate Social Respon- sibility Initative Report, No. 23, Cambridge, MA: Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2007
Colquhoun, Simon and Alfred Michael Dockery. “The link between Indigenous culture and wellbeing: Qualitative evidence for Australian Aboriginal peoples.” CLMR discussion paper Series 2012/01. http://ceebi.curtin.edu.au/local/ docs/2012.01_LSIC_qualitative_CLMR1.pdf
Sudantra, I Ketut. “Pelaksanaan Fungsi Hakim Perdamaian Desa dalam Kondisi Dualisme Pemerintahan Desa di Bali.” Thesis S2 Ilmu Hukum Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Udayana, 2007.
Wyasa Putra, I.B. “A Contra-productive Impact of Indonesian New Legislation on Administrative Village against Indonesian Indigenous Culture as an Economic Resources.” International Conference on Access to Justice for Indigenous Peoples. Malaysia: Faculty of Law University of Malaya, 2015
CASE LAW
Indonesia Constitutional Court decision No. 35/pUU-X/2012
Mabo v Queensland [No 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1
The Wik Peoples v Queensland (1996) 141 ALR 129
WEBSITE CONTENT/INTERNET
DeMarco, Claire. “Legal Research Strategy,” http://guides.library.harvard.edu/law/ researchstrategy/primarysources
http://bali.tribunnews.com/2017/07/26/ini-alasan-pura-ulun-danu-beratan-di- tutup-puluhan-orang-berpakaian-adat
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-are-economic-resources-defini-tion- types-examples.html
http://www.balipost.com/news/2017/04/30/7149/Wajib-Libatkan-Desa-Adat-
Dalam.html
http://www.jawapos.com/radarbali/read/2017/07/26/3807/gawat-ob¬jek- wisata-danau-beratan-disegel-warga
https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/agriculturalmanagement/agmgmt/coursemate-rials/ econresources
smallbusiness.chron.com/economic-definition-four-factors-production-3941.html
Lowe, Kirstie and Stephen Ollerenshaw. “Cultural Tourism Development Program An Introduction to the Tourism Industry and Business Development.” http:// www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/parksecopass/CTDProgram.pdf
New South Wales Destination. “Cultural and Heritage Tourism to NSW Year Ended December 2016.” https://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/ 2013/05/Cultural-and-Heritage-Tourism-to-NSW-Snapshot-YE-Dec-2016.pdf
Top 10 Tourist Attractions in Australia, www.touropia.com/tourist-attractions-in- australia/
Booth, Katharine, and Lisa Ford. “Ross v Chambers: Assimilation law and policy in the Northern Territory.” Aboriginal History 40 (2016): 3-25.
Hujbers, Theo. Filsafat Hukum Dalam Lintasan Sejarah. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1993.
Hutchinson, Terry. Researching and Writing in Law. Sydney: Lawbook Co., 2002.
Iida, Akira. Paradigm Theory & Policy Making: Reconfiguring The Future, 1st Edition.
Japan: Tuttle Publishing, 2004.
McDougal, Myres S. Law as a process of decision: A policy-Oriented Approach to Legal Study. USA: Yale Law School Scholarship Resipotory, 1956.
Pasek Diantha, I Made. Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif dalam Justifikasi Teori Hukum. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group, 2016.
Sirtha, I Nyoman. Aspek Hukum Dalam Konflik Adat Bali. Denpasar: Udayana University Press, 2008
Soekanto, Soerjono and Sri Mamudji. Penelitian Hukum Normatif: Suatu Tinjauan Singkat. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2001.
Putra, I.B. Wyasa. Teori Hukum Dengan Orientasi Kebijakan (Policy-Oriented Theory of Law): Pemecahan Problem Konteks Dalam Proses Legislasi Indonesia. Denpasar: Udayana University Press, 2016.
JOURNAL
Altman, Jon and Julie Finlayson. “Aborigines, Tourism and Sustainable Development.” The Journal Of Tourism Studies 14, No. 1, (2003): 78-91 https://www.jcu.edu. au/ data/assets/pdf_file/0011/122204/jcudev_012859.pdf
Atmadja, Nengah Bawa and Tuty Maryati. “Geria Pusat Industri Banten Ngaben di Bali Perspektif Sosiologi Komodifikasi Agama.” jurnal Kawistara 4, no. 2 (2014): 162-176. https://doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.5670
Barratt, Amanda, and Ashimizo Afadameh-Adeyemi. “Indigenous peoples and the right to culture: The potential significance for African indigenous communities of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ General Comment 21.” African Human Rights Law journal 11, no. 2 (2011): 560-587. http://hdl. handle.net/10520/EJC51950
Gunn, Brenda L. “Protecting Indigenous Peoples’ Lands: Making Room for the Application of Indigenous Peoples’ Laws Within the Canadian Legal System.” Indigenous Law journal 6, Issue 1 (2007): 31-69.
McNeil, Kent. “The vulnerability of Indigenous land rights in Australia and Canada.” Osgoode Hall Law journal 42. No. 2 (2004): 271-301. http://digitalcommons. osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol42/iss2/3
Salain, Made Suksma Prijandhini Devi. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Kebudayaan Bali Sebagai Sumber Daya Ekonomi Pariwisata.” Kertha Patrika 39, No. 01 (2017): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.24843/KP.2017.v39.i01.p01
Sendra, I Made. “Komodifikasi Informasi Pariwisata Budaya Fungsi Dan Makna Upacara Memasuki Usia Dewasa Di Jepang Dan Bali: Perspektif Lintas Budaya.” Analisis pariwisata 13, No. 1 (2013).
Sonata, Depri Liber. “Metode Penelitian Hukum Normatif dan Empiris: Karakteristik Khas dari Metode Meneliti Hukum.” jurnal Fiat justisia 8, no. 1 (2014). https:// doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v8no1.283
Subadra, I Nengah, I Wayan Arta Artana, I Made Bayu Wisnawa. “Pura di Tanah Lot: Konflik di Obyek dan Daya Tarik Wisata Global.” jurnal perhotelan dan pariwisata 6, No.1 (2016): 51-72.
Triari, Putri, Kali Jones, and Ni Gusti Ayu Dyah Satyawati. “Indigenous People, Eco- nomic Development and Sustainable Tourism: A Comparative Analysis between Bali, Indonesia and Australia.” Udayana journal of Law and Culture 1, no. 1 (2017): 16-30. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v01.i01.p02
Putra, I.B. Wyasa. “Indonesian Tourism Law: In Search of Law and Regulations Model.” 1 Lex Mercatoria: journal of International Trade and Business Law, (2013): 57.
LEGAL DOCUMENT
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 1948.
International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Populations 1957 (No. 107).
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 1966.
International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples 1989 (No. 169).
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) 1994. Global Code of Ethics for Tourism (GCET) 1999.
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) 2007
General Assembly of the United Nations, A/65/275, Sixty-Fifth Session, Item 20 of the provisional Agenda, “Sustainable Development, Implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism”, 10 August 2010, http://cf.cdn.unwto.org/ sites/all/files/pdf/item_7a.pdf
Indonesia Constitutions 1945.
Indonesia Constitutional Court Act No. 24 Year 2003.
Indonesia Limited Company Act No. 40 Year 2007.
Indonesia Tourism Act No. 9 Year 2010.
Indonesia Formatting Regulations Act No. 12 Year 2011.
Indonesia Village Act No. 6 Year 2014.
Indonesia Local Government Act No. 23 Year 2014.
Government Regulation No. 50 Year 2011 concerning Master Plan of National Tourism Development Year 2010 – 2025.
Constitutional Court Regulations No. 06/PMK/2005 concerning the Guideline of the Judicial Review Procedures.
Regulation of Bali Province No. 3 Year 2001 concerning Desa Pakraman.
Regulation of Bali Province No. 2 Year 2012 concerning Culture Tourism of Bali.
Regulation of Bali Province No. 10 Year 2015 concerning Master Plan of the Bali
Province Tourism Development Year 2015 - 2029.
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Australia Act 1979.
Native Title Australia Act 1993 (Cth).
OTHER DOCUMENT
Ashley, Caroline, Peter de Drine, Amy Lehr, and Hannah Wilde. “The Role of the Tourism Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity.” Corporate Social Respon- sibility Initative Report, No. 23, Cambridge, MA: Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2007
Colquhoun, Simon and Alfred Michael Dockery. “The link between Indigenous culture and wellbeing: Qualitative evidence for Australian Aboriginal peoples.” CLMR discussion paper Series 2012/01. http://ceebi.curtin.edu.au/local/ docs/2012.01_LSIC_qualitative_CLMR1.pdf
Sudantra, I Ketut. “Pelaksanaan Fungsi Hakim Perdamaian Desa dalam Kondisi Dualisme Pemerintahan Desa di Bali.” Thesis S2 Ilmu Hukum Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Udayana, 2007.
Wyasa Putra, I.B. “A Contra-productive Impact of Indonesian New Legislation on Administrative Village against Indonesian Indigenous Culture as an Economic Resources.” International Conference on Access to Justice for Indigenous Peoples. Malaysia: Faculty of Law University of Malaya, 2015
CASE LAW
Indonesia Constitutional Court decision No. 35/pUU-X/2012
Mabo v Queensland [No 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1
The Wik Peoples v Queensland (1996) 141 ALR 129
WEBSITE CONTENT/INTERNET
DeMarco, Claire. “Legal Research Strategy,” http://guides.library.harvard.edu/law/ researchstrategy/primarysources
http://bali.tribunnews.com/2017/07/26/ini-alasan-pura-ulun-danu-beratan-di- tutup-puluhan-orang-berpakaian-adat
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-are-economic-resources-defini-tion- types-examples.html
http://www.balipost.com/news/2017/04/30/7149/Wajib-Libatkan-Desa-Adat-
Dalam.html
http://www.jawapos.com/radarbali/read/2017/07/26/3807/gawat-ob¬jek- wisata-danau-beratan-disegel-warga
https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/agriculturalmanagement/agmgmt/coursemate-rials/ econresources
smallbusiness.chron.com/economic-definition-four-factors-production-3941.html
Lowe, Kirstie and Stephen Ollerenshaw. “Cultural Tourism Development Program An Introduction to the Tourism Industry and Business Development.” http:// www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/parksecopass/CTDProgram.pdf
New South Wales Destination. “Cultural and Heritage Tourism to NSW Year Ended December 2016.” https://www.destinationnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/ 2013/05/Cultural-and-Heritage-Tourism-to-NSW-Snapshot-YE-Dec-2016.pdf
Top 10 Tourist Attractions in Australia, www.touropia.com/tourist-attractions-in- australia/
Published
2017-07-31
How to Cite
DEVI SALAIN, Made Suksma Prijandhini; ISLES, David; WAIROCANA, I Gusti Ngurah.
Regulating Indigenous Culture as a Tourism Economic Resource.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 1, n. 2, p. 121-140, july 2017.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/32588>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v01.i02.p03.
Section
Articles
