A Legal and Psychosocial Communication Analysis to End Silence around Sexual Harassment Inside Islamic Boarding Schools

  • Dwi Rini Sovia Firdaus Pakuan University, Bogor, Indonesia
  • Ahsani Taqwim Aminuddin Pakuan University, Bogor, Indonesia
  • Feri Ferdinan Alamsyah Pakuan University, Bogor, Indonesia
  • Valianty Sariswara Pakuan University, Bogor, Indonesia
  • Roni Jayawinangun Pakuan University, Bogor, Indonesia
  • Nadia Ismi Soleha Pakuan University, Bogor, Indonesia

Abstract

Sexual harassment in educational institutions has increasingly become a topic of concern worldwide, with Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia not exempt from these issues. In West Java - Indonesia, the stigma surrounding sexual harassment in pesantrens (Islamic boarding schools) presents unique challenges, deeply rooted in cultural, religious, and institutional norms. This paper investigates the factors that contribute to the stigma associated with reporting sexual harassment in pesantren, examining how it affects santris’ (students’) willingness to disclose incidents, seek support, and obtain justice. It also reveals the efforts made by the government in terms of the adoption of law and policy to address such matters. It applies a mixed-methods approach, including field observation, quantitative survey amongst santris, in-depth qualitative interviews with santri victims, and a focus group discussion with parent, psychologist, and pesantren administrator from some pesantrens in West Java. It also involves a legal approach by analysing relevant laws and regulations. The study explores the psychosocial, socio-cultural, religious, and educational dimensions perpetuating silence around harassment issues. Findings indicate that fear of damaging the school’s reputation, social retaliation, victim-blaming, and interpretations of religious principles are significant barriers to open disclosure and reporting. By addressing the stigma, this study contributes to safer, more transparent educational environments in pesantrens, ultimately empowering santri and enhancing community awareness of the need to confront and prevent sexual harassment. The paper advocates for targeted interventions, including sensitive programs, reforms in school policies, and collaborations with religious authorities to foster a supportive environment.

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References

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Legal Document
Republic of Indonesia. Indonesian Criminal Code.
Republic of Indonesia. Law No.12 of 2022 concerning Crime of Sexual Violence.
Republic of Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 27 of 2024 concerning Coordination and Monitoring of the Implementation of Prevention and Handling of Victims of Sexual Violence Crimes.
Republic of Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 9 of 2024 concerning the Implementation of Education and Training for the Prevention and Handling of Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence.
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Republic of Indonesia. Regulation of the Minister of Religion No. 73 of 2022 concerning the Prevention and Handling of Sexual Violence in Educational Units at the Ministry of Religion.
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Republic of Indonesia. Decree of the Minister of Religion No. 91 of 2025 concerning the Roadmap for the Child-Friendly Islamic Boarding School Development Program.

Other Document
International Commission of Jurists (ICJ). “Indonesia: Law No. 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes and Online Gender‑Based Violence Against Women: Legal Briefing.” https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Briefing-Paper-on-OGBV_ENG.pdf

Interview
AR and Li (pseudonym). “We can cope with my psychological well-being even though we experienced harassment.” Interview by Valianty Sariswara, Tasikmalaya, August 12, 2024.
Kenta and Alex (pseudonym). “Being far away from my parents, we are struggling to find someone to trust to support us in this situation.” Interview by Ahsani Taqwim Aminuddin, Tasikmalaya, August 12, 2024.
Munawar, Asep. “Internal policy adaptations, educational initiatives, and private support structures have been carried out responding to sexual harassment issue in the pesantren.” Interview by Dwi Rini Sovia Firdaus. Pondok Pesantren Riyadlul Ulum Wadda’wah, Tasikmalaya. August 13, 2024.
Negel (pseudonym). “Experienced leaving boarding school, but had to come back because of my parents.” Interview by Ahsani Taqwim Aminuddin, Tasikmalaya, August 12, 2024.
Okta (pseudonym). “I guess the termination effort can rebuild my psychological well-being.” Interview by Valianty Sariswara, Tasikmalaya, August 12, 2024.
Parent 1 statement during FGD session. “On weekends when my child comes home from her pesantren, I deliberately spend time listening to her stories about everything that she wants to tell before bedtime. This is my way to know her routines and feelings about her environment.” (November 2024).
Parent 2 statement during FGD session. “I still think there is a positive value that the pesantren gives for my child in terms of Islamic education.” (November 2024).
Pesantren Administrators statement during FGD session. “Not all pesantrens are bad in handling sexual harassment issues. For example: we have the system for reporting cases confidentially to protect victim santri from shame.” (November 2024).
Psychologist's statement during FGD session. “A storytelling from the victims mostly works to heal the trauma.” (November 2024).
Saskia and Kim (pseudonym), “It is not kept secret, so we hesitate to report if there is another incident occurs.” Interview by Valianty Sariswara, Tasikmalaya, August 12, 2024.
XG (pseudonym). “The existing policy has not been socialized, at least I have not heard about it.” Interview by Ahsani Taqwim Aminuddin, Tasikmalaya, August 12, 2024.
Yara (pseudonym). “Handling is not getting better.” Interview by Valianty Sariswara, Tasikmalaya, August 12, 2024.

Case Law
Decision of the District Court of Surabaya No.1361/Pid.B/2022/PN Sby. https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/zaed671f16a771d882f2313535373534.html

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Published
2025-07-30
How to Cite
FIRDAUS, Dwi Rini Sovia et al. A Legal and Psychosocial Communication Analysis to End Silence around Sexual Harassment Inside Islamic Boarding Schools. Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 156-194, july 2025. ISSN 2549-0680. Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/126343>. Date accessed: 15 oct. 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2025.v09.i02.p02.
Section
Articles