The Interplay of Socio-Cultural, Religiosity and Law Perspectives Toward Gender Role Distribution in Co-Preneurship Business Practice
Abstract
This study highlights the complex interplay of social, cultural, and religious factors in shaping gender roles within co-preneurial businesses in Indonesia. Using an empirical qualitative approach, the research incorporates in-depth interviews with seven co-preneurial couples from diverse cultural backgrounds i.e., Javanese, Minangkabau, and Mandarese ethnicities in Indonesia. The findings reveal that co-preneurial couples often challenge traditional gender stereotypes by establishing equitable roles based on individual capacities rather than societal norms. This flexibility is underpinned by mutual trust, effective communication, and respect, crucial for entrepreneurial endeavour. Cultural analysis shows that Javanese and Mandarese cultures, while patriarchal, allow for adaptable role distributions. Meanwhile, Minangkabau culture, which is matrilineal, is more gender-balanced. From a religious perspective, all participants view Islam as advocating for collaborative efforts between male and female in business and promoting balanced gender roles. Despite traditional biases favouring male dominance in work and industry, current trends indicate increasing female involvement in business activities, challenging long-standing stereotypes. The study identifies potential disadvantages, including conflicts arising from the overlap between personal and professional roles and underlying cultural and social biases influencing role dynamics. The study implies that advocating more intensive gender equality, establishing clearer professional boundaries, developing supportive policies and legal frameworks to foster an equitable co-preneurial environment are still needed, which should emphasize the importance of mutual respect, trust, and flexibility in creating balanced and productive business partnerships, contributing valuable insights into the intersection of law, culture, and entrepreneurship.
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References
Books
Anderson, Benedict Richard O’Gorman. The Idea of Power in Javanese Culture. Culture and Politics in Indonesia. New York: Cornell University, 2019.
Barnett, Frank and Sharon Barnett. Working Together: Entrepreneurial couples. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press, 1988.
Jugović, Ivana Pikić & Ančić, Branko. Effects of religiosity and spirituality on gender roles and homonegativity in Croatia and Slovenia. In Nada Furlan Štante, Harcet Marjana (eds). Spirituality of Balkan Women Breaking Boundaries: The Voices of Women of Ex-Yugoslavia (pp.91-115) Univerzitetna založba Annales, 2014. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265685605_Effects_of_religiosity_and_spirituality_on_gender_roles_and_homonegativity_in_Croatia_and_Slovenia
Vujadinović, Dragica, Mareike Fröhlich, Thomas Giegerich (eds), Gender-Competent Legal Education. Cham: Springer Textbooks in Law, Springer, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14360-1
Saldaña, Johnny. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. London: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2015.
Journal Articles
Amal, Yunus Khoirul, Wibowo, Prasetyo Adi Wisnu & Pitana, Titis Srimuda. "Dadi Lemek Dadi Gandhek" in Javanese Cultural Perspective.” International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 10, no. 11 (2023): 298-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v10i11.5296
Aladejebi, Olufemi. “Copreneurs: The Impact of Spousal Relationship on Business Success in Nigeria.” Archives of Business Research 8, no. 2 (2020): 65-78. https:// doi.org/10.14738/abr.82.7835
Bardasi, Elena, Sabarwal, Shwetlena, and Terrell, Katherine. “How do Female Entrepreneurs Perform? Evidence from Three Developing Regions.” Small Business Economics 37, no. 4 (2011): 417–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9374-z
Brannon, David L., Wiklund, Johan, and Haynie, Michael. “The varying effects of family relationships in entrepreneurial teams.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37 (2013): 107-132. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6520.2012.00533
Brickell, Chris. “The Sociological Construction of Gender and Sexuality.” The Sociological Review 54, no. 1 (2006): 87-113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00603.x
Chaudhuri, Kausik, Sasidharan, Subash and Raj, Rajesh Seethamma Natarajan. “Gender, small firm ownership, and credit access: some insights from India.” Small Business Economics 54 (2020): 1165–1181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0124-3
Corner, Patricia Doyle, and Kathryn Pavlovich. “Entrepreneurship Research: Follow the Yellow-Brick Road?” Journal of Management & Organization 13, no. 4 (2007): 288–294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1833367200003552
Dahl, Michael S., Mirjam van Praag, and Peter Thompson. “Entrepreneurial couples.” 75th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, AOM 2015: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2015.204
de Bruin, Anne and Kate Lewis. “Toward Enriching United Career Theory: Familial Entrepreneurship and Copreneurship.” Career Development International 9, no. 10 (2004): 1108-1130. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430410570347
El Shoubaki, Aliaa, Joern Block, and Frank Lasch. “The Couple Business as a Unique Form of Business: A Review of the Empirical Evidence.” Management Review Quarterly 72 (2022): 115–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-020-00206-5
Franco, Mário and Patricia Piceti. “Family Dynamics and Gender Perspective Influencing Copreneurship Practices: A Qualitative Analysis in the Brazilian Context.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 26, no. 1 (2020): 14-33. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-11-2017-0431
Galloway, Laura, John W. Sanders, Jo Bensemann and Alexei Tretiakov. “Social Networks and Relationships in Copreneurial Firms: An International Study.” Journal of Family Business Management 12, no. 4 (2021): 908-922. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFBM-03-2021-0030
Harris, Jacqueline, Jonatahan Deacon and Catherine Morgan. “The Value of Copreneurship, and Investigation into SMEs in South Wales” Proceeding of AGSE 2020 (2010): 603-611. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-value-of-copreneurship%2C-an-investigation-into-Harris-Deacon/afd3acf808eedfbe4dea266d88e3c37b0bbc8c9d
Hastuti, Dhian Lestari, Imama Santosa, Achmad Syarief, and Pribadi Widodo. “The Meaning of Women as Kanca Wingking in Javanese House Organization of Pura Mangkunegaran (Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts & Humanities (ICONARTIES) (2020): 183-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3800622
Hedberg, Patricia and Sharon Danes. “Explorations of Dynamic Power Processes Within Copreneurial Couples.” Journal of Family Business Strategy 3, (2012): 228–238. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2012.10.004
Hidayah, Nur. “Gender, Economy, and the Law: Women Entrepreneurs in Indonesian and Islamic Legal Perspectives.” Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 9, no. 2 (2023): 1121-1142. https://10.22373/sjhk.v7i2.17944
Larasati, Novia Puspa Ayu. “Gender Inequality in Indonesia: Facts and Legal Analysis.” Law Research Review Quarterly 7, no. 4 (2021): 445-458. https://doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v7i4.48170
Machek, Ondřej, Jiří Hnilica, Kolouchová Daniela and Martin Machek. “Are Couple-Run Companies More Profitable than Professionally Managed Firms?.” International Advances in Economic Research, International Atlantic Economic Society 21, no. 3 (2015): 351-363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-015-9528-x
Mahyuddin, Mahyuddin, Muhammad Wahyuddin and Wahyuni. “Keluarga Nelayan dan Budaya Sibaliparri’: Menyingkap Relasi Kesetaraan Gender dalam Masyarakat Mandar.” Al-Maiyyah: Media Transformasi Gender dalam Paradigma Sosial Keagamaan 13, no.1 (2020): 77-89. https:// doi.org/10.35905/al-maiyyah.v13i1.715
Neneh, Brownhilder Ngek. “Role Salience and the Growth Intention of Women Entrepreneurs: Does Work-life Balance Make a Difference?” The Spanish Journal of Psychology 24, no. 4 (2021): 1–16. https:// doi.org/10.1017/SJP.2021.9
Othman, Norashmah, Suzana Mohamed, and Salpiah Suradi. “Motivating Factors of Couple Involvement in Copreneurship Businesses in Malaysia.” International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering 10, no. 1 (2016): 256-259. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1338906
Pareek, Surbhi & Jain, Ruby. “Traditional Or Modern, Where Does India Stand on Gender Role Attitude Scale?.” International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research 8, no. 10 (2019): 1032-1037. https://www.ijstr.org/final-print/oct2019/Traditional-Or-Modern-Where-Does-India-Stand-On-Gender-Role-Attitude-Scale.pdf
Patoari, Manjur Hossain. “The Rights of Women in Islam and Some Misconceptions: An Analysis from Bangladesh Perspective.” Beijing Law Review 10 (2019): 1211-1224. https://doi.org/10.4236/blr.2019.105065
Purwanto, Sutanto, Eddy Madiono, and Nunik Kustiningsih. “Resilience and Conflict: The Roles of Copreneurship, Transgeneration and Dark Side of Family Business.” Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 26, no. 1 (2024): 46–63. https://doi.org/10.9744/jmk.26.1.46-63
Raday, Frances. “Gender and Democratic Citizenship: the Impact of CEDAW.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 10, no. 2 (2012): 512–530. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mor068
Rahman, Hafiz, Sri Oktavia, and Eri Besra. “Psycho-Cultural Perspective on the Formation of Entrepreneurial Culture of Minangkabau Tribe in West Sumatra Indonesia.” Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 3, no. 1 (2019): 53-77. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2019.v03.i01.p03
Sangu, Deogratius. “Cultural Factors and Women SMEs Performance”. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education 6, no 1, (2025): 22-36. https://doi.org/10.56442/ijble.v6i1.971
Sismarni. “Perubahan Peranan Bundo Kanduang dalam Kehidupan masyarakat Minangkabau Modern.” Kafa'ah: Journal of Gender Studies 1, no. 1 (2011): 95-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.15548/jk.v1i1.46
Stark, Alexander. “The Matrilineal System of the Minangkabau and its Persistence Throughout History: A Structural Perspective.” Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal 13, (2013): 1-13. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324329469_The_Matrilineal_System_of_the_Minangkabau_and_its_Persistence_Throughout_History_A_Structural_Perspective
van de Vijver, Fons J.R. “Cultural and Gender Differences in Gender-Role Beliefs, Sharing Household Task and Child-Care Responsibilities, and Well-Being Among Immigrants and Majority Members in The Netherlands.” Sex Roles 57 (2007): 813–824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9316-z
Wibowo, Dwi Edi. “Peran Ganda Perempuan Dan Kesetaraan Gender.” Muwazah 3, no. 1 (2012): 356–364. https://doi.org/10.28918/muwazah.v3i1.6
Thesis and Dissertation
Dreyer, Romana Jasmin. “It is a Balancing Act: How Copreneurs Craft Work-Life Balance.” Doctoral Dissertation, Institute of Psychology, Universitaet Hamburg, Summer-term 2022.
Ngulube, Zitha. “The Influence of Traditional Gender Roles and Power Relations on Women and Girls’ Education and Health in Northern Ghana”, unpublished theses in Education Studies of University of Iceland School of Education, 2018.
Peregrino-Dartey, Eunice."Copreneurs' Coping Strategies for Work-Family Conflict." Doctor of Business Administration, School Management, Walden University, 2018.
Legal Documents
Indonesia. Law No. 7 of 1984 concerning The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.
Indonesia. Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights.
Indonesia. Law No. 24 of 2004 concerning Domestic Violence.
Indonesia. Law No. 12 of 2006 concerning the Citizenship.
Indonesia. Law No. 21 of 2007 concerning Human Trafficking.
Indonesia. Law No. 2 of 2008 concerning Political Parties.
Indonesia. Law No. 7 of 2017 concerning the Election.
Other Document
Evans, Jonathan, Sahgal, Neha, Salazar, Ariana Monique, Starr, Kelsey Jo and Manolo Corichi. How Indians View Gender Roles in Families and Societies: Indians Accept Woman as Political Leader, but many Favor Traditional Gender Roles in Family Life, Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures, Pew Research Center, 2022. https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/02/PF_03.02.22_gender.India_.report.pdf
Istiandari, Rahmasari & Anandhika, Muhammad Rizqy, The Role of Gender in Micro and Small Enterprises in Indonesia: A Firm-Level Analysis, Asia-Pacific Foundation of Canada, 2019. https://apfcanada-msme.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Role-of-Gender-In-Micro-and-Small-Enterprise-Business-Development-in-Indonesia-A-Firm-Level-Analysis_0.pdf
Interview
Agustina, Novi. “Freedom of Females in Co-preneurship.” Interview by Rifa Cantika, Jakarta, Wulandari, June 22, 2024.
Alatsari, Abdu. “The Stereotype of the Roles of Females in Co-preneurship,” Interview by Rifa Cantika Wulandari, Jakarta, July 8, 2024.
Fachrevy, Reza. “Respect for Female Potentials in Co-preneurship.” Interview by Rifa Cantika Wulandari, Jakarta, July 15, 2024.
Fajrin, Yuda. “The Relationship Status in Co-preneurship.” Interview by Rifa Cantika Wulandari, Jakarta, June 25, 2024.
Indra, Dodi. “Defining Roles in Co-preneurship,” Interview by Rifa Cantika Wulandari, Jakarta, July 6, 2024.
Indra, Dodi. “Religious Perspectives Regarding Gender Roles in Co-preneurship.” Interview by Rifa Cantika Wulandari, Jakarta, July 6, 2024.
Yetti, Zurmi. “Egoistic Feeling in Co-preneurship.” Interview by Rifa Cantika Wulandari, Jakarta, July 2, 2024.
Anderson, Benedict Richard O’Gorman. The Idea of Power in Javanese Culture. Culture and Politics in Indonesia. New York: Cornell University, 2019.
Barnett, Frank and Sharon Barnett. Working Together: Entrepreneurial couples. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press, 1988.
Jugović, Ivana Pikić & Ančić, Branko. Effects of religiosity and spirituality on gender roles and homonegativity in Croatia and Slovenia. In Nada Furlan Štante, Harcet Marjana (eds). Spirituality of Balkan Women Breaking Boundaries: The Voices of Women of Ex-Yugoslavia (pp.91-115) Univerzitetna založba Annales, 2014. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265685605_Effects_of_religiosity_and_spirituality_on_gender_roles_and_homonegativity_in_Croatia_and_Slovenia
Vujadinović, Dragica, Mareike Fröhlich, Thomas Giegerich (eds), Gender-Competent Legal Education. Cham: Springer Textbooks in Law, Springer, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14360-1
Saldaña, Johnny. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. London: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2015.
Journal Articles
Amal, Yunus Khoirul, Wibowo, Prasetyo Adi Wisnu & Pitana, Titis Srimuda. "Dadi Lemek Dadi Gandhek" in Javanese Cultural Perspective.” International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 10, no. 11 (2023): 298-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v10i11.5296
Aladejebi, Olufemi. “Copreneurs: The Impact of Spousal Relationship on Business Success in Nigeria.” Archives of Business Research 8, no. 2 (2020): 65-78. https:// doi.org/10.14738/abr.82.7835
Bardasi, Elena, Sabarwal, Shwetlena, and Terrell, Katherine. “How do Female Entrepreneurs Perform? Evidence from Three Developing Regions.” Small Business Economics 37, no. 4 (2011): 417–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9374-z
Brannon, David L., Wiklund, Johan, and Haynie, Michael. “The varying effects of family relationships in entrepreneurial teams.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37 (2013): 107-132. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6520.2012.00533
Brickell, Chris. “The Sociological Construction of Gender and Sexuality.” The Sociological Review 54, no. 1 (2006): 87-113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00603.x
Chaudhuri, Kausik, Sasidharan, Subash and Raj, Rajesh Seethamma Natarajan. “Gender, small firm ownership, and credit access: some insights from India.” Small Business Economics 54 (2020): 1165–1181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0124-3
Corner, Patricia Doyle, and Kathryn Pavlovich. “Entrepreneurship Research: Follow the Yellow-Brick Road?” Journal of Management & Organization 13, no. 4 (2007): 288–294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1833367200003552
Dahl, Michael S., Mirjam van Praag, and Peter Thompson. “Entrepreneurial couples.” 75th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, AOM 2015: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2015.204
de Bruin, Anne and Kate Lewis. “Toward Enriching United Career Theory: Familial Entrepreneurship and Copreneurship.” Career Development International 9, no. 10 (2004): 1108-1130. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430410570347
El Shoubaki, Aliaa, Joern Block, and Frank Lasch. “The Couple Business as a Unique Form of Business: A Review of the Empirical Evidence.” Management Review Quarterly 72 (2022): 115–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-020-00206-5
Franco, Mário and Patricia Piceti. “Family Dynamics and Gender Perspective Influencing Copreneurship Practices: A Qualitative Analysis in the Brazilian Context.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 26, no. 1 (2020): 14-33. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-11-2017-0431
Galloway, Laura, John W. Sanders, Jo Bensemann and Alexei Tretiakov. “Social Networks and Relationships in Copreneurial Firms: An International Study.” Journal of Family Business Management 12, no. 4 (2021): 908-922. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFBM-03-2021-0030
Harris, Jacqueline, Jonatahan Deacon and Catherine Morgan. “The Value of Copreneurship, and Investigation into SMEs in South Wales” Proceeding of AGSE 2020 (2010): 603-611. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-value-of-copreneurship%2C-an-investigation-into-Harris-Deacon/afd3acf808eedfbe4dea266d88e3c37b0bbc8c9d
Hastuti, Dhian Lestari, Imama Santosa, Achmad Syarief, and Pribadi Widodo. “The Meaning of Women as Kanca Wingking in Javanese House Organization of Pura Mangkunegaran (Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts & Humanities (ICONARTIES) (2020): 183-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3800622
Hedberg, Patricia and Sharon Danes. “Explorations of Dynamic Power Processes Within Copreneurial Couples.” Journal of Family Business Strategy 3, (2012): 228–238. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2012.10.004
Hidayah, Nur. “Gender, Economy, and the Law: Women Entrepreneurs in Indonesian and Islamic Legal Perspectives.” Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 9, no. 2 (2023): 1121-1142. https://10.22373/sjhk.v7i2.17944
Larasati, Novia Puspa Ayu. “Gender Inequality in Indonesia: Facts and Legal Analysis.” Law Research Review Quarterly 7, no. 4 (2021): 445-458. https://doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v7i4.48170
Machek, Ondřej, Jiří Hnilica, Kolouchová Daniela and Martin Machek. “Are Couple-Run Companies More Profitable than Professionally Managed Firms?.” International Advances in Economic Research, International Atlantic Economic Society 21, no. 3 (2015): 351-363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-015-9528-x
Mahyuddin, Mahyuddin, Muhammad Wahyuddin and Wahyuni. “Keluarga Nelayan dan Budaya Sibaliparri’: Menyingkap Relasi Kesetaraan Gender dalam Masyarakat Mandar.” Al-Maiyyah: Media Transformasi Gender dalam Paradigma Sosial Keagamaan 13, no.1 (2020): 77-89. https:// doi.org/10.35905/al-maiyyah.v13i1.715
Neneh, Brownhilder Ngek. “Role Salience and the Growth Intention of Women Entrepreneurs: Does Work-life Balance Make a Difference?” The Spanish Journal of Psychology 24, no. 4 (2021): 1–16. https:// doi.org/10.1017/SJP.2021.9
Othman, Norashmah, Suzana Mohamed, and Salpiah Suradi. “Motivating Factors of Couple Involvement in Copreneurship Businesses in Malaysia.” International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering 10, no. 1 (2016): 256-259. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1338906
Pareek, Surbhi & Jain, Ruby. “Traditional Or Modern, Where Does India Stand on Gender Role Attitude Scale?.” International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research 8, no. 10 (2019): 1032-1037. https://www.ijstr.org/final-print/oct2019/Traditional-Or-Modern-Where-Does-India-Stand-On-Gender-Role-Attitude-Scale.pdf
Patoari, Manjur Hossain. “The Rights of Women in Islam and Some Misconceptions: An Analysis from Bangladesh Perspective.” Beijing Law Review 10 (2019): 1211-1224. https://doi.org/10.4236/blr.2019.105065
Purwanto, Sutanto, Eddy Madiono, and Nunik Kustiningsih. “Resilience and Conflict: The Roles of Copreneurship, Transgeneration and Dark Side of Family Business.” Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 26, no. 1 (2024): 46–63. https://doi.org/10.9744/jmk.26.1.46-63
Raday, Frances. “Gender and Democratic Citizenship: the Impact of CEDAW.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 10, no. 2 (2012): 512–530. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mor068
Rahman, Hafiz, Sri Oktavia, and Eri Besra. “Psycho-Cultural Perspective on the Formation of Entrepreneurial Culture of Minangkabau Tribe in West Sumatra Indonesia.” Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 3, no. 1 (2019): 53-77. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2019.v03.i01.p03
Sangu, Deogratius. “Cultural Factors and Women SMEs Performance”. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education 6, no 1, (2025): 22-36. https://doi.org/10.56442/ijble.v6i1.971
Sismarni. “Perubahan Peranan Bundo Kanduang dalam Kehidupan masyarakat Minangkabau Modern.” Kafa'ah: Journal of Gender Studies 1, no. 1 (2011): 95-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.15548/jk.v1i1.46
Stark, Alexander. “The Matrilineal System of the Minangkabau and its Persistence Throughout History: A Structural Perspective.” Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal 13, (2013): 1-13. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324329469_The_Matrilineal_System_of_the_Minangkabau_and_its_Persistence_Throughout_History_A_Structural_Perspective
van de Vijver, Fons J.R. “Cultural and Gender Differences in Gender-Role Beliefs, Sharing Household Task and Child-Care Responsibilities, and Well-Being Among Immigrants and Majority Members in The Netherlands.” Sex Roles 57 (2007): 813–824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9316-z
Wibowo, Dwi Edi. “Peran Ganda Perempuan Dan Kesetaraan Gender.” Muwazah 3, no. 1 (2012): 356–364. https://doi.org/10.28918/muwazah.v3i1.6
Thesis and Dissertation
Dreyer, Romana Jasmin. “It is a Balancing Act: How Copreneurs Craft Work-Life Balance.” Doctoral Dissertation, Institute of Psychology, Universitaet Hamburg, Summer-term 2022.
Ngulube, Zitha. “The Influence of Traditional Gender Roles and Power Relations on Women and Girls’ Education and Health in Northern Ghana”, unpublished theses in Education Studies of University of Iceland School of Education, 2018.
Peregrino-Dartey, Eunice."Copreneurs' Coping Strategies for Work-Family Conflict." Doctor of Business Administration, School Management, Walden University, 2018.
Legal Documents
Indonesia. Law No. 7 of 1984 concerning The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.
Indonesia. Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights.
Indonesia. Law No. 24 of 2004 concerning Domestic Violence.
Indonesia. Law No. 12 of 2006 concerning the Citizenship.
Indonesia. Law No. 21 of 2007 concerning Human Trafficking.
Indonesia. Law No. 2 of 2008 concerning Political Parties.
Indonesia. Law No. 7 of 2017 concerning the Election.
Other Document
Evans, Jonathan, Sahgal, Neha, Salazar, Ariana Monique, Starr, Kelsey Jo and Manolo Corichi. How Indians View Gender Roles in Families and Societies: Indians Accept Woman as Political Leader, but many Favor Traditional Gender Roles in Family Life, Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures, Pew Research Center, 2022. https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2022/02/PF_03.02.22_gender.India_.report.pdf
Istiandari, Rahmasari & Anandhika, Muhammad Rizqy, The Role of Gender in Micro and Small Enterprises in Indonesia: A Firm-Level Analysis, Asia-Pacific Foundation of Canada, 2019. https://apfcanada-msme.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Role-of-Gender-In-Micro-and-Small-Enterprise-Business-Development-in-Indonesia-A-Firm-Level-Analysis_0.pdf
Interview
Agustina, Novi. “Freedom of Females in Co-preneurship.” Interview by Rifa Cantika, Jakarta, Wulandari, June 22, 2024.
Alatsari, Abdu. “The Stereotype of the Roles of Females in Co-preneurship,” Interview by Rifa Cantika Wulandari, Jakarta, July 8, 2024.
Fachrevy, Reza. “Respect for Female Potentials in Co-preneurship.” Interview by Rifa Cantika Wulandari, Jakarta, July 15, 2024.
Fajrin, Yuda. “The Relationship Status in Co-preneurship.” Interview by Rifa Cantika Wulandari, Jakarta, June 25, 2024.
Indra, Dodi. “Defining Roles in Co-preneurship,” Interview by Rifa Cantika Wulandari, Jakarta, July 6, 2024.
Indra, Dodi. “Religious Perspectives Regarding Gender Roles in Co-preneurship.” Interview by Rifa Cantika Wulandari, Jakarta, July 6, 2024.
Yetti, Zurmi. “Egoistic Feeling in Co-preneurship.” Interview by Rifa Cantika Wulandari, Jakarta, July 2, 2024.
Published
2025-01-30
How to Cite
RAHMAN, Hafiz et al.
The Interplay of Socio-Cultural, Religiosity and Law Perspectives Toward Gender Role Distribution in Co-Preneurship Business Practice.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 1, p. 103-126, jan. 2025.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/118230>. Date accessed: 21 apr. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2025.v09.i01.p05.
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