Strategies of Formerly Incarcerated Balinese Women in Fighting Social Stigma
Abstract
As in other regions of Indonesia, after serving their prison sentences, many women in Bali face difficulties in re-integrating into society. This article aims to reveal the strategies employed by formerly incarcerated Balinese females in combating social stigma. The chosen cases include embezzlement, identity fraud, and drug-related offenses, with the intention of understanding the challenges faced by these women. Data were collected through observation and interviews, focusing on the strategies utilized by three women to fight stigma and the legal perspectives regarding their stigmatization of these women. The analysis concludes that the patriarchal culture extends the arena of stigmatization for former Balinese female prisoners, as they have lost certain rights within their families and traditional socio-cultural norms. Stigma presents challenges for them in leading a normal life and hinders their social reintegration. Certain legal provisions reinforce this stigma, leading to discriminatory effects. This article encourages communities of former friends to participate in supporting them, so they become aware and do not reoffend. In this context, the role of the government and customary institutions is crucial in assisting former prisoners to return to normal societal life. Specifically, the BAPAS, the institution which, under Indonesian law, carries out the function of community guidance, plays an active part in accompanying former prisoners to ensure they regain their full rights as citizens.
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References
Books
Deflem, Mathieu. “Deviance and Social Control”. In Handbook of Deviance. Edited by Erich Goode. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015.
Departemen Kehakiman RI, Dari Kepenjaraan Ke Pemasyarakatan. Jakarta: Departemen Kehakiman RI, 2023.
Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Culture. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
Goffman, Erving. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. UK: Penguin Classics, 2022.
Tyler, Imogen. Stigma: The Machinery of Inequality. London: Zed Books Ltd, 2020.
Journal Articles
Ahmed, Aminu Musa, Abd Halim and B. Ahmad. "Prison, Stigma, Discrimination and Personality as Predictors of Criminal Recidivism: Preliminary Findings". Journal of Social and Development Sciences 6, no. 2 (2015): 20-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v6i2.838
Anwar, Syaiful, and Mardella Galih. “Juvenile, Prisons, and Justice: How Do Correctional Agencies Provide Legal Assistance for Children in Conflict With The Law?”. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 3, no. 2 (2021), 197-208. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v3i2.46171
Akhyar, Zainul, Harpani Matnuh, and Muhammad Najibuddin. "Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Mantan Narapidana Di Desa Benua Jingah Kecamatan Barabai Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah." Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan 4, no. 7 (2014): 545-557. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/kewarganegaraan.v4i7.439
Ariantini, Putu Dewi, A.A. Ngurah Anom Kumbara, and Ni Luh Arjani. " Stigmatization toward Tattooed Balinese Women in Denpasar." E-Journal of Cultural Studies 11, no. 4 (2018): 17-24. https://doi.org/10.24843/cs.2018.v11.i04.p03
Asrun, Andi Muhammad. Human Rights in the Framework of the Ideals of the Legal State. Jurnal Cita Hukum 4, no. 1 (2016). https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v4i1.3200.2016.4.1.133-154
Bahfiarti, Tuti. “Kegelisahan dan Ketidakpastian Mantan Narapidana dalam Konteks Komunikasi Kelompok Budaya Bugis Makassar,” Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi 8, no.1 (2020): 29-41. https://doi.org/10.24198/jkk.v8i1.25607
Cesaviani, Meythania and Rani Apriani. “Adaptasi Mantan Narapidana Didalam Kehidupan Bermasyarakat (Studi Kasus pada Mantan Narapidana Kasus Narkotika di Lembaga Pemaysrakatan Narkotika Kelas II A Cirebon).” Nusantara: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial 9, no. 2 (2022): 657-667. http://jurnal.um-tapsel.ac.id/index.php/nusantara/article/view/4233/3540
Ekasari, Meylina Diah and Sri Hartati. "Hubungan Antara Kebutuhan Afiliasi dengan Kesepian pada Remaja di Panti Asuhan Putri Aisyiyah dan Putra Muhammadiyah Tuntang dan Salatiga." Jurnal Empaty 3, no. 4 (2014): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.14710/empati.2014.7601
Fauzi. “Female Prisoners in Prison: A Study of the Social Behavior of Female Prisoners.” Journal of Nonformal Education and Community Empowerment 4, no.2 (2020). https://doi.org/10.15294/pls.v4i2.41402
Fitri, Wanda. “Perempuan dan Perilaku Kriminalitas: Studi Kritis Peran Stigma Sosial Pada Kasus Residivis Perempuan,” Kafa`ah Journal of Gender Studies 7, no. 1 (2017): 67-78 http://dx.doi.org/10.15548/jk.v7i1.155
Fristian, Wanda, Vina Salvina Darvina. S, and Sulismadi. “Upaya Penyesuaian Diri Mantan Narapidana dalam Menanggapi Stigma Negatif di Kecamatan Klakah, Lumajang.” Adliya: Jurnal Hukum dan Kemanusiaan 14, no 1 (2020):101-120. https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/adliya/article/view/8205
Halizah, Lutfia Rahma and Ergina Faralita. “Budaya Patriarki dan Kesetaraan Gender”. Wasaka Hukum 11, no. 1 (2023): 19-32. https://ojs.stihsa-bjm.ac.id/index.php/wasaka/article/view/84
Hendrawan, Datu. "Alienasi Pekerja Pada Masyarakat Kapitalis Menurut Karl Marx," Arete 6, no. 1 (2017):13-33 .http://journal.wima.ac.id/index.php/ARETE/article/view/1640
Keene, Danya E., Amy B. Smoyer, and Kim M. Blankenship.“Stigma, Housing and Identity after Prison,” The Sociological Review 66 no. 4 (2018): 799–815. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026118777447
Kumbara, AA Ngr Anom. "Fighting stigma with Self-Image: The resistance Strategy of the Pegayaman Muslim Community in Bali.” Etnosia: Jurnal Etnografi Indonesia 7, no. 2 (2022): 231-244. https://doi.org/10.31947/etnosia.v7i2.23501
Kumbara (2), AA Ngr Anom and AA Sagung Kartika Dewi. "The Resistance of the Pegayaman Islamic Community Against Stigma and Identity Retention Strategies in Buleleng Regency". E-Journal of Cultural Studies 15, no. 2 (2022): 49-58. https://doi.org/10.24843/cs.2022.v15.i02.p05
Kvale, Gro and Zuzana Murdoch. "Making Sense of Stigmatized Organizations: Labeling Contests and Power Dynamics in Social Evaluation Processes". Journal of Business Ethics 178, no. 4 (2022): 675-693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04810-7
Latuputty, M.M.O., Lekotompessy, H.R., Touwe, Y.S. Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Mantan Warga binaan (Suatu Kajian Fenomenologi pada Masyarakat Latuhalat, Ambon, Maluku). Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Keagamaan 1, no. 1. (2020): 1-11. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/327096854.pdf
Lestariningsih, Amurwani Dwi and Linda Sunarti. “Dialita: Collective Memories of Former Women Political Prisoners during the New Order Era in Java, 2000–2011.” Memory Studies 16, no. 5 (2022) 1189-1207. https://doi.org/10.1177/17506980221114075
Meilya, Ika Rizqi et.al. “Narapidana Wanita dalam Penjara: Kajian Perilaku Sosial Narapidana Wanita.” Journal of Nonformal Education and Community Empowerment 4, no. 2 (2020): 139-147. https://doi.org/10.15294/jnece.v4i2.41402
Mezmir, Esubalew Aman. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Overview of Data Reduction, Data Display and Interpretation, Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 10, no. 21 (2020): 15-27. https://doi.org/10.7176/rhss%2F10-21-02
Mufti, Erlangga Alif and Ontran Sumantri Riyanto, “Peran Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Dalam Upaya Rehabilitasi Narapidana Untuk Mengurangi Tingkat Residivis”, Al-Manhaj Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial Islam 5, no. 2 (2023): 2425-2438. https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v5i2.4026
Nadiah, Syifa, Nadia Aulia Nadhirah and Irfan Fahriza. “Hubungan Faktor Perkembangan Psikososial dengan Identitas Vokasional pada Remaja Akhir,” Quanta 5, no. 1 (2021): 26. https://doi.org/10.22460/q.v5i1p21-29.2172
Pratiwi, Sri Adyanti and I Nyoman Lemes. “Pelaksanaan Pembinaan Narapidana Sebagai Upaya Mengatasi Timbulnya Residivis Dilembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas Iib Singaraja”, Kertha Widya Jurnal Fakultas Hukum Unipas 6, no. 1 (2018): 25. https://doi.org/10.37637/kw.v6i1.492
Putra, I Nyoman Darma and Helen Creese. “Negotiating Cultural Constraints: Strategic Decision-making by Widows and Divorcees (Widows) in Contemporary Bali. Indonesia and the Malay World 44, no. 128 (2016): 104-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2015.1100869
Putrie, Kiki Adya and Berta Esti Ari. “Kecemasan terhadap Stigma Sosial untuk Kembali ke Masyarakat pada Mantan Narapidana Perempuan Tindak Pidana Penipuan.” Jurnal Ilmiah Bimbingan Konseling Undiksha 12, no. 2 (2021): 131-142. https://doi.org/10.23887/jibk.v12i2.33852
Rahmawati, Ni Nyoman. “Budaya Bali dan Kedudukan Perempuan Setelah Menikah (Perspektif Hukum Waris Hindu).” Satya Dharma : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 1 (2021): 1-17. https://www.ejournal.iahntp.ac.id/index.php/satya-dharma/issue/view/75
Rahmi, Muthiah, Heri Tahir and Abdul Rahman A. Sakka. “Stigma Masyarakat Terhadap Mantan Narapidana (Studi Kasus Kecamatan Ganra Kabupaten Soppeng)”. Phinisi Integration Journal 4, no. 2, (2021): 332-339. https://doi.org/10.26858/pir.v4i2.22102
Rifa'I, Yasri. “Analisis Metodologi Penelitian Kulitatif dalam Pengumpulan Data di Penelitian Ilmiah pada Penyusunan Mini Riset.” Cendekia Inovatif dan Berbudaya: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora 1, no. 1 (2023): 31-37. https://doi.org/10.59996/cendib.v1i1.155
Riyadi, “Analisis Tugas Pokok Pembimbingan Klien Pemasyarakatan (Bapas) Dalam Mewujudkan Reintegrasi Sosial” Jurnal Syntax 4, no. 8 (2023): 1216
Rye, Johan Fredrik and Sigurd M Nordli Oppegaard. “Social Order in the De-Differentiated Society: Deleuzian Social Theory and the Penal Institution.” Current Sociology 71, no. 6 (2023): 1000-1018. https://doi.org/10.1177/00113921211039276
Seaward, Helene et al. “Stigma Management During Reintegration of Older Incarcerated Adults with Mental Health Issues: A Qualitative Analysis.” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 89 (2023): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2023.101905
Sulaiman, Aimie. “Memahami Teori Konstruksi Sosial Peter L. Berger,” Society Journal 6, no. 1 (2016): 15-22. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/268161-memahami-teori-konstruksi-sosial-peter-l-1e36a954.pdf
Wiasti, Ni Made and I Nyoman Suarsana. "Perempuan Petani dalam Kuasa Patriarki: Studi Ekofeminisme di Subak Bulung Daya Desa Antap Kabupaten Tabanan Bali." Journal of Bali Studies 13, no. 1 (2023): 132-152. https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2023.v13.i01.p07
Legal Documents
Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
Indonesia. Criminal Code.
Indonesia. Law No.12 of 1995 concerning Corrections.
Indonesia. Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights.
Indonesia. Law No. 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 31 of 1999 concerning Guidance and Development of Correctional Prisoners
Indonesia. Government Regulation No.11 of 2017 concerning Civil Servant Management.
Indonesia. National Police of Indonesia Regulation No. 6 of 2023 concerning the Issuance of Police Record Certificates.
Council of Europe. Committee of Ministers. Recommendation to member states on conditional release (parole), Rec (2003)22, (24 September 2003). https://rm.coe.int/16800ccb5d.
The United Nations. Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures, UN General Assembly Resolution 45/110 (14 December 1990), https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/united-nations-standard-minimum-rules-non-custodial-measures
Other Documents
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (1). “Custodial and Non-Custodial Measures: Social Reintegration”. https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/cjat_eng/4_Social_Reintegration.pdf
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2). “Handbook of Basic Principles and Promising Practices on Alterative Imprisonment”. https://www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/Handbook_of_Basic_Principles_and_Promising_Practices_on_Alternatives_to_Imprisonment.pdf
Interview
Gorda. Tini Rusmini. “Customary Law Cases in Indonesia”. Interview by Made Narawati. Denpasar. August 20, 2024.
KTA. “Former Female Prisoners of Kerobokan Prison in 2022.” Interview by Made Narawati. Denpasar. March 20. 2023.
NEY. “Former Female Prisoners of Kerobokan Prison in 2022.” Interview by Made Narawati. Denpasar. February 3, 2023.
PAD. “Former Female Prisoners of Kerobokan Prison in 2022.” Interview by Made Narawati. Denpasar. February 12, 2023.
Website Content
Directorate General Corrections. “Number of Occupants”. https://sdppublik.ditjenpas.go.id/analisa/jumlah-penghuni
Khadimally, Seda. Comparing Qualitative Research Designs University of Phoenix. https://www.academia.edu/10857896/Comparing_Qualitative_Research_Designs
Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection. “Menteri PPPA: Stigma Negatif Masih Melekat pada Perempuan Warga Binaan dalam Lembaga Pemasyarakatan” Press Release No. B- 316 /SETMEN/HM.02.04/10/2024, https://kemenpppa.go.id/page/view/NTQ1MQ
Deflem, Mathieu. “Deviance and Social Control”. In Handbook of Deviance. Edited by Erich Goode. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015.
Departemen Kehakiman RI, Dari Kepenjaraan Ke Pemasyarakatan. Jakarta: Departemen Kehakiman RI, 2023.
Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Culture. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
Goffman, Erving. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. UK: Penguin Classics, 2022.
Tyler, Imogen. Stigma: The Machinery of Inequality. London: Zed Books Ltd, 2020.
Journal Articles
Ahmed, Aminu Musa, Abd Halim and B. Ahmad. "Prison, Stigma, Discrimination and Personality as Predictors of Criminal Recidivism: Preliminary Findings". Journal of Social and Development Sciences 6, no. 2 (2015): 20-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v6i2.838
Anwar, Syaiful, and Mardella Galih. “Juvenile, Prisons, and Justice: How Do Correctional Agencies Provide Legal Assistance for Children in Conflict With The Law?”. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 3, no. 2 (2021), 197-208. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v3i2.46171
Akhyar, Zainul, Harpani Matnuh, and Muhammad Najibuddin. "Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Mantan Narapidana Di Desa Benua Jingah Kecamatan Barabai Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah." Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan 4, no. 7 (2014): 545-557. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/kewarganegaraan.v4i7.439
Ariantini, Putu Dewi, A.A. Ngurah Anom Kumbara, and Ni Luh Arjani. " Stigmatization toward Tattooed Balinese Women in Denpasar." E-Journal of Cultural Studies 11, no. 4 (2018): 17-24. https://doi.org/10.24843/cs.2018.v11.i04.p03
Asrun, Andi Muhammad. Human Rights in the Framework of the Ideals of the Legal State. Jurnal Cita Hukum 4, no. 1 (2016). https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v4i1.3200.2016.4.1.133-154
Bahfiarti, Tuti. “Kegelisahan dan Ketidakpastian Mantan Narapidana dalam Konteks Komunikasi Kelompok Budaya Bugis Makassar,” Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi 8, no.1 (2020): 29-41. https://doi.org/10.24198/jkk.v8i1.25607
Cesaviani, Meythania and Rani Apriani. “Adaptasi Mantan Narapidana Didalam Kehidupan Bermasyarakat (Studi Kasus pada Mantan Narapidana Kasus Narkotika di Lembaga Pemaysrakatan Narkotika Kelas II A Cirebon).” Nusantara: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial 9, no. 2 (2022): 657-667. http://jurnal.um-tapsel.ac.id/index.php/nusantara/article/view/4233/3540
Ekasari, Meylina Diah and Sri Hartati. "Hubungan Antara Kebutuhan Afiliasi dengan Kesepian pada Remaja di Panti Asuhan Putri Aisyiyah dan Putra Muhammadiyah Tuntang dan Salatiga." Jurnal Empaty 3, no. 4 (2014): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.14710/empati.2014.7601
Fauzi. “Female Prisoners in Prison: A Study of the Social Behavior of Female Prisoners.” Journal of Nonformal Education and Community Empowerment 4, no.2 (2020). https://doi.org/10.15294/pls.v4i2.41402
Fitri, Wanda. “Perempuan dan Perilaku Kriminalitas: Studi Kritis Peran Stigma Sosial Pada Kasus Residivis Perempuan,” Kafa`ah Journal of Gender Studies 7, no. 1 (2017): 67-78 http://dx.doi.org/10.15548/jk.v7i1.155
Fristian, Wanda, Vina Salvina Darvina. S, and Sulismadi. “Upaya Penyesuaian Diri Mantan Narapidana dalam Menanggapi Stigma Negatif di Kecamatan Klakah, Lumajang.” Adliya: Jurnal Hukum dan Kemanusiaan 14, no 1 (2020):101-120. https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/adliya/article/view/8205
Halizah, Lutfia Rahma and Ergina Faralita. “Budaya Patriarki dan Kesetaraan Gender”. Wasaka Hukum 11, no. 1 (2023): 19-32. https://ojs.stihsa-bjm.ac.id/index.php/wasaka/article/view/84
Hendrawan, Datu. "Alienasi Pekerja Pada Masyarakat Kapitalis Menurut Karl Marx," Arete 6, no. 1 (2017):13-33 .http://journal.wima.ac.id/index.php/ARETE/article/view/1640
Keene, Danya E., Amy B. Smoyer, and Kim M. Blankenship.“Stigma, Housing and Identity after Prison,” The Sociological Review 66 no. 4 (2018): 799–815. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026118777447
Kumbara, AA Ngr Anom. "Fighting stigma with Self-Image: The resistance Strategy of the Pegayaman Muslim Community in Bali.” Etnosia: Jurnal Etnografi Indonesia 7, no. 2 (2022): 231-244. https://doi.org/10.31947/etnosia.v7i2.23501
Kumbara (2), AA Ngr Anom and AA Sagung Kartika Dewi. "The Resistance of the Pegayaman Islamic Community Against Stigma and Identity Retention Strategies in Buleleng Regency". E-Journal of Cultural Studies 15, no. 2 (2022): 49-58. https://doi.org/10.24843/cs.2022.v15.i02.p05
Kvale, Gro and Zuzana Murdoch. "Making Sense of Stigmatized Organizations: Labeling Contests and Power Dynamics in Social Evaluation Processes". Journal of Business Ethics 178, no. 4 (2022): 675-693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04810-7
Latuputty, M.M.O., Lekotompessy, H.R., Touwe, Y.S. Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Mantan Warga binaan (Suatu Kajian Fenomenologi pada Masyarakat Latuhalat, Ambon, Maluku). Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Keagamaan 1, no. 1. (2020): 1-11. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/327096854.pdf
Lestariningsih, Amurwani Dwi and Linda Sunarti. “Dialita: Collective Memories of Former Women Political Prisoners during the New Order Era in Java, 2000–2011.” Memory Studies 16, no. 5 (2022) 1189-1207. https://doi.org/10.1177/17506980221114075
Meilya, Ika Rizqi et.al. “Narapidana Wanita dalam Penjara: Kajian Perilaku Sosial Narapidana Wanita.” Journal of Nonformal Education and Community Empowerment 4, no. 2 (2020): 139-147. https://doi.org/10.15294/jnece.v4i2.41402
Mezmir, Esubalew Aman. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Overview of Data Reduction, Data Display and Interpretation, Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 10, no. 21 (2020): 15-27. https://doi.org/10.7176/rhss%2F10-21-02
Mufti, Erlangga Alif and Ontran Sumantri Riyanto, “Peran Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Dalam Upaya Rehabilitasi Narapidana Untuk Mengurangi Tingkat Residivis”, Al-Manhaj Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial Islam 5, no. 2 (2023): 2425-2438. https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v5i2.4026
Nadiah, Syifa, Nadia Aulia Nadhirah and Irfan Fahriza. “Hubungan Faktor Perkembangan Psikososial dengan Identitas Vokasional pada Remaja Akhir,” Quanta 5, no. 1 (2021): 26. https://doi.org/10.22460/q.v5i1p21-29.2172
Pratiwi, Sri Adyanti and I Nyoman Lemes. “Pelaksanaan Pembinaan Narapidana Sebagai Upaya Mengatasi Timbulnya Residivis Dilembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas Iib Singaraja”, Kertha Widya Jurnal Fakultas Hukum Unipas 6, no. 1 (2018): 25. https://doi.org/10.37637/kw.v6i1.492
Putra, I Nyoman Darma and Helen Creese. “Negotiating Cultural Constraints: Strategic Decision-making by Widows and Divorcees (Widows) in Contemporary Bali. Indonesia and the Malay World 44, no. 128 (2016): 104-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2015.1100869
Putrie, Kiki Adya and Berta Esti Ari. “Kecemasan terhadap Stigma Sosial untuk Kembali ke Masyarakat pada Mantan Narapidana Perempuan Tindak Pidana Penipuan.” Jurnal Ilmiah Bimbingan Konseling Undiksha 12, no. 2 (2021): 131-142. https://doi.org/10.23887/jibk.v12i2.33852
Rahmawati, Ni Nyoman. “Budaya Bali dan Kedudukan Perempuan Setelah Menikah (Perspektif Hukum Waris Hindu).” Satya Dharma : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 4, no. 1 (2021): 1-17. https://www.ejournal.iahntp.ac.id/index.php/satya-dharma/issue/view/75
Rahmi, Muthiah, Heri Tahir and Abdul Rahman A. Sakka. “Stigma Masyarakat Terhadap Mantan Narapidana (Studi Kasus Kecamatan Ganra Kabupaten Soppeng)”. Phinisi Integration Journal 4, no. 2, (2021): 332-339. https://doi.org/10.26858/pir.v4i2.22102
Rifa'I, Yasri. “Analisis Metodologi Penelitian Kulitatif dalam Pengumpulan Data di Penelitian Ilmiah pada Penyusunan Mini Riset.” Cendekia Inovatif dan Berbudaya: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora 1, no. 1 (2023): 31-37. https://doi.org/10.59996/cendib.v1i1.155
Riyadi, “Analisis Tugas Pokok Pembimbingan Klien Pemasyarakatan (Bapas) Dalam Mewujudkan Reintegrasi Sosial” Jurnal Syntax 4, no. 8 (2023): 1216
Rye, Johan Fredrik and Sigurd M Nordli Oppegaard. “Social Order in the De-Differentiated Society: Deleuzian Social Theory and the Penal Institution.” Current Sociology 71, no. 6 (2023): 1000-1018. https://doi.org/10.1177/00113921211039276
Seaward, Helene et al. “Stigma Management During Reintegration of Older Incarcerated Adults with Mental Health Issues: A Qualitative Analysis.” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 89 (2023): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2023.101905
Sulaiman, Aimie. “Memahami Teori Konstruksi Sosial Peter L. Berger,” Society Journal 6, no. 1 (2016): 15-22. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/268161-memahami-teori-konstruksi-sosial-peter-l-1e36a954.pdf
Wiasti, Ni Made and I Nyoman Suarsana. "Perempuan Petani dalam Kuasa Patriarki: Studi Ekofeminisme di Subak Bulung Daya Desa Antap Kabupaten Tabanan Bali." Journal of Bali Studies 13, no. 1 (2023): 132-152. https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2023.v13.i01.p07
Legal Documents
Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
Indonesia. Criminal Code.
Indonesia. Law No.12 of 1995 concerning Corrections.
Indonesia. Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights.
Indonesia. Law No. 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 31 of 1999 concerning Guidance and Development of Correctional Prisoners
Indonesia. Government Regulation No.11 of 2017 concerning Civil Servant Management.
Indonesia. National Police of Indonesia Regulation No. 6 of 2023 concerning the Issuance of Police Record Certificates.
Council of Europe. Committee of Ministers. Recommendation to member states on conditional release (parole), Rec (2003)22, (24 September 2003). https://rm.coe.int/16800ccb5d.
The United Nations. Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures, UN General Assembly Resolution 45/110 (14 December 1990), https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/united-nations-standard-minimum-rules-non-custodial-measures
Other Documents
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (1). “Custodial and Non-Custodial Measures: Social Reintegration”. https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/cjat_eng/4_Social_Reintegration.pdf
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2). “Handbook of Basic Principles and Promising Practices on Alterative Imprisonment”. https://www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/Handbook_of_Basic_Principles_and_Promising_Practices_on_Alternatives_to_Imprisonment.pdf
Interview
Gorda. Tini Rusmini. “Customary Law Cases in Indonesia”. Interview by Made Narawati. Denpasar. August 20, 2024.
KTA. “Former Female Prisoners of Kerobokan Prison in 2022.” Interview by Made Narawati. Denpasar. March 20. 2023.
NEY. “Former Female Prisoners of Kerobokan Prison in 2022.” Interview by Made Narawati. Denpasar. February 3, 2023.
PAD. “Former Female Prisoners of Kerobokan Prison in 2022.” Interview by Made Narawati. Denpasar. February 12, 2023.
Website Content
Directorate General Corrections. “Number of Occupants”. https://sdppublik.ditjenpas.go.id/analisa/jumlah-penghuni
Khadimally, Seda. Comparing Qualitative Research Designs University of Phoenix. https://www.academia.edu/10857896/Comparing_Qualitative_Research_Designs
Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection. “Menteri PPPA: Stigma Negatif Masih Melekat pada Perempuan Warga Binaan dalam Lembaga Pemasyarakatan” Press Release No. B- 316 /SETMEN/HM.02.04/10/2024, https://kemenpppa.go.id/page/view/NTQ1MQ
Published
2025-01-30
How to Cite
NARAWATI, Made et al.
Strategies of Formerly Incarcerated Balinese Women in Fighting Social Stigma.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 1, p. 24-48, jan. 2025.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/117088>. Date accessed: 22 feb. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2021.v09.i01.p02.
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Articles
