Freedom of Expression on Social Media in Indonesia: Why are the limitations imposed?
Abstract
As part of the fundamental human rights, the right to freedom of expression is neither absolute nor unlimited; there are limitations on exercising this right in the context of the democratic rule of law. Presently, the exercise of the right to freedom of expression in social media has been misused by the emergence of fake news or information (hoaxes). The limitations to exercising the right, as stipulated under the Indonesian national laws such as the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Law No. 12 of 2005 concerning the Ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights, and Law No. 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions, are aimed at respecting and protecting the dignity of individuals or other people and protecting the public interest and national security. This article aims to discuss the impact of entities outside Indonesian sovereignty on implementing legal norms limiting the exercise of the right to freedom of expression in social media and the implementation of the norms under Indonesian national law. The method used is normative legal research using a statutory, case, and fact approach. The analysis shows that limitations on exercising the right to freedom of expression on social media under Indonesia’s national sovereignty have not been efficient due to the entities of social media platforms outside the territory of Indonesia, which may not be entirely located or subject to the scope of national jurisdiction.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Book
Landmand, Todd. Human Rights and Democracy, The Precarious Triumph of Ideals. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2013.
Nasution, Bahder Johan. Negara Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia. Bandung: Mandar Maju, 2018.
Nwosu, Rev. Sr. Ogochukwu Honorata. Information and Communication Technology and the Management of Schools in Nigeria. Bloomington: WestBow Press, 2021.
Journal Article
Aichner, Thomas et al. “Twenty-Five Years of Social Media: A Review of Social Media Applications and Definitions from 1994 to 2019.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 24, no. 4 (2021): 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0134
Belova, Gabriela and Gergana Georgieva. “Fake News as A Threat to National Security.” International Conference Knowledge-Based Organization 24, no. 1 (2018): 19–22. https://doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2018-0002
Bisen, Gaurav Kumar et al. “A Systematic Review of Implications of Social Media Misinformation Upon Marketing and Consumers.” Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture 36, no. 2 (2023): 661–679. https://doi.org/10.59670/jns.v36i.4964.
Collins, Botambu et al. “Trends in Combating Fake News on Social Media – A Survey,” Journal of Information and Telecommunication 5, no. 2 (2021): 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/24751839.2020.1847379.
Febriyanti, Doris et al. “Information Communication Technology (ICT) on Palembang City Government, Indonesia: Performance Measurement for Great Digital Governance.” Cogent Social Science 9, no. 2 (2023): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2269710.
Fernando, Zico Junius et. al. “The Freedom of Expression in Indonesia.” Cogent Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (2022): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2103944.
Gunatilleke, Gehan. "Justifying limitations on the freedom of expression." Human Rights Review 22, no. 1 (2021): 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-020-00608-8
Ibrohim, Muhammad Okky and Indra Budi. “Hate Speech and Abusive Language Detection in Indonesia Social Media: Progress and Challenges.” Heliyon 9, no. 8 (2023): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18647.
Hapsari, Rian Dwi and Kuncoro Galih Pambayun. “Ancaman Cybercrime di Indonesia: Sebuah Tinjauan Pustaka Sistematis.” Jurnal Konstituen 5, no. 1 (2023): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.33701/jk.v5i1.3208
Hartati, Cynthia Shafira and Ali Muhammad. “Combating Cybercrime and Cyberterrorism in Indonesia.” Jurnal Hubungan International 11, no. 2 (2023): 45–56. https://doi.org/10.18196/jhi.v11i2.13932
Howie, Emily. “Protecting the Human Right to Freedom of Expression in International Law.” International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 20, no. 1 (2018): 12–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2018.1392612
Kartika, Sahnaz and Nurhayati. “Ujaran Kebencian (Hate Speech) di Media Sosial dalam Konteks Hukum dan Perubahan Sosial (Studi Kasus pada Masayarakat Kota Medan).” Jurnal Mercatoria 16, no. 1 (2023): 99–106. https://doi.org/10.31289/mercatoria.v16i1.7668
Kurnia, Neng Dewi et al. “Hubungan Pemanfaatan Media Sosial Instagram dengan Kemampuan Literasi Media di UPT Perpustakaan Itenas.” Edulib: Journal of Library and Information Science 8, no. 1 (2018): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.17509/edulib.v8i1.10208.g6943
Mudjiyanto, Bambang. “Kebebasan Berekspresi dan Hoaks.” PROMEDIA (Public Relation dan Media Komunikasi) 5, no. 1 (2019): 1-39. https://doi.org/10.52447/promedia.v5i1.1613
Nasution, Latipah. “Hak Kebebasan Berpendapat dan Berekspresi dalam Ruang Publik di Era Digital.” ADALAH: Buletin Hukum & Keadilan 4, no. 3 (2020): 37-48. https://doi.org/10.15408/adalah.v4i3.16200
Nugraha, Muhammad Tisna Nugraha. “Hoax di Media Social Facebook: Antara Edukasi dan Propaganda Kepentingan.” JSW: Jurnal Sosiologi Walisongo 3, no. 1 (2019): 97-108. https://doi.org/10.21580/jsw.2019.3.1.3359
Putri, Devita Kartika. “Hate Speech and the Harm in Indonesian Judicial Decisions.” Cogent Social Socience 9, no. 2 (2023): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2274430
Raskasih, Fadilah. “Batasan Kebebasan Berpendapat melalui Media Elektronik dalam Perspektif HAM dikaitkan dengan Tindakan Pidana menurut UU ITE.” Journal Equitable 5, no. 2 (2020): 147-167. https://doi.org/10/37859/jeq.v5i2.2462
Razqi, Afrizal and Hananto Widodo. “Pembatasan Kebebasan Berekspresi dan Berpendapat Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2005 tentang Pengesahan International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.” Novum: Jurnal Hukum 11, no. 7 (2022): 61-70. https://doi.org/10.2674/novum.v0i0.46338
Satriawan, Iwan Tareq Muhammad Aziz Elven, and Tanto Lailam. “Internet Shutdown in Indonesia: An Appropriate Response or A Threat to Human Rights?.” Sriwijaya Law Review 7, no. 1 (2023): 19-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol7.Iss1.1018.pp19-46.
Smith, Robert and Mark Perry. “Fake News and the Convention on Cybercrime.” Athens Journal of Law 7, no. 3 (2021) 335-358. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajl.7-3-4
Utomo, Laksanto. “Criminalizing the Freedom of Expression by State during COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia.” International Journal of Criminal Justice Science 16, no. 2 (2021): 415–425. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4756085
Wiratraman, Herlambang P. and Sébastien Lafrance. “Protecting Freedom of Expression in Multicultural Societies: Comparing Constitutionalism in Indonesia and Canada.” Yuridika 36, no. 1 (2021): 75–120. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v36i1.24032
Zahrah, Fatimatuz and Siti Maizul Habibah. “Freedom of Speech and Human Rights: What can Civic Education Do?.” Jurnal HAM 13, no. 3 (2022): 495–508. https://dx.doi.org/10.30641/ham.2022.13.495-508
Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina, Maria Petrova and Ruben Enikolopov. “Political Effect of the Internet and Social Media.” Annual Review of Economics 12 (2020): 415–438. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-050239
Legal Documents
Indonesia. Law No. 9 of 1998 concerning the Freedom to Express Opinion in Public.
Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Indonesia. Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights.
Indonesia. Law No. 40 of 1999 concerning the Press.
Indonesia. Law No. 12 of 2005 concerning the Ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Indonesia. Law No. 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019 concerning Electronic System and Transaction Implementation.
Indonesia. The Minister of Communication Information Regulation No. 5 of 2020 concerning Private Scope Electronic System Operators.
Indonesia. The Minister of Trade Regulation No. 31 of 2023 concerning Business Licensing, Advertising, Development, and Supervision of Business Actors in Trading via Electronic Systems.
United Nations General Assembly. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. 18 December 1979. Treaty Series. vol. 1249.
United Nations General Assembly. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. 7 March 1966. Treaty Series. vol. 660.
United Nations General Assembly. Convention on the Rights of the Child. 20 November 1989. Treaty Series. vol. 1577.
United Nations General Assembly. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 16 December 1966, United Nations. Treaty Series. vol. 999.
United Nations General Assembly. International Covenant on Economic. Social and Cultural Rights. 16 December 1966. United Nations. Treaty Series. vol. 993
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 217 A. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 10 December 1948.
Other Documents
Amnesty International Indonesia. Silencing Voices, Suppressing Criticism: The Decline in Indonesia’s Civil Liberties (Jakarta: Amnesty International Indonesia, 2022).
Center for Digital Society. “Regulating Harmful Content in Indonesia: Legal Frameworks, Trends, and Concerns.” https://digitalsociety.id/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Final-Report-Unesco-Rev-18062022-1.pdf
House of Lords Communications and Digital Committee. “1st Report of Session 2021-22: Free for all? Freedom of Expression in the Digital Age.” https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/6878/documents/72529/default/#page=10
United Nations Human Rights Council. “Disinformation and Freedom of Opinion and Expression–Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of The Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression.” 13 April 2021, A/HRC/47/25 https://undocs.org/A/HRC/47/25
United Nations Human Rights Council. “Resolution Adopted by the Human Rights Council on 3 April 2023.” 14 April 2023. A/HRC/RES/25/9 https://undocs.org/A/HRC/RES/52/9
United Nations General Assembly. “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, Mr. Frank La Rue.” 20 April 2010. A/HRC/14/23. https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/14session/A.HRC.14.23.pdf
United Nations. “United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech: Detailed Guidance on Implementation for United Nations Field Presences.” https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/UN%20Strategy%20and%20PoA%20on%20Hate%20Speech_Guidance%20on%20Addressing%20in%20field.pdf
United Nations. General Assembly. “Report on Online Hate Speech.” 9 October 2019. A/74/486 https://undocs.org/A/74/486
United Nations. Human Rights Committee. “General Comment No. 34: Article 19 (Freedom of Opinion and Expression).” 12 September 2011. CCPR/C/GC/34. https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/gc34.pdf
Case Law
Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia No. 36/PUU-XX/2022.
Website Content
Amnesty International. “About Us.” https://www.amnesty.org/en/about-us/.
Amnesty International. “Kebebasan Berekspresi.” https://www.amnesty.id/kebebasan-berekspresi/.
Britannica. “Hoax.” https://www.britannica.com/topic/hoax.
Britannica. “Meta.” https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meta-Platforms.
Britannica. “Social Media.” https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-media.
Cambridge Dictionary. “Entity.” https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/entity.
CSIS. “About Centre for Strategic and International Studies.” https://www.csis.or.id/about-us/.
CSIS. “CSIS National Hate Speech Dashboard.” https://hatespeech.csis.or.id/.
DataReportal. “About.” https://datareportal.com/about.
DataReportal. “Digital 2023 October Global Statshot Report.” https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-october-global-statshot.
DataReportal. “Digital 2023: Indonesia.” https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-indonesia#:~:text=Indonesia%20was%20home%20to%20167.0,percent%20of%20the%20total%20population.
Indonesian Internet Service Provider Association. “Survei APJII Pengguna Internet di Indonesia Tembus 215 Juta Orang.” https://apjii.or.id/berita/d/%20survei-apjii-%20pengguna-internet-di-%20indonesia-tembus-%20215-juta-orang#:~:text=Survei%20APJII%20Pengguna%20Internet%20di,yang%20sebesar%20275.773.901%20jiwa.
Ministry of Communication and Information Technology of the Republic of Indonesia. “Ada 800.000 Situs Penyebar Hoax di Indonesia.” https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/2115/kominfo-jamin-kebebasan-berpendapat-di-dunia-maya/0/sorotan_media.
Law Insider. “External Entity.” https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/external-entity.
Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. “Pengaruh Positif dan Negatif Media Sosial terhadap Masyarakat.” https://www.djkn.kemenkeu.go.id/kpknl-semarang/baca-artikel/14366/Pengaruh-Positif-dan-Negatif-Media-Sosial-Terhadap-Masyarakat.html.
National Resilience Institute of the Republic of Indonesia. “Dampak Media Sosial terhadap Ketahanan Nasional.” https://www.lemhannas.go.id/index.php/berita/berita-utama/521-dampak-media-sosial-terhadap-ketahanan-nasional.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “The Core International Human Rights Instruments and Their Monitoring Bodies.” https://www.ohchr.org/en/core-international-human-rights-instruments-and-their-monitoring-bodies.
OOSGA. “About Us.” https://oosga.com/about-us/.
OOSGA. “Social Media in Indonesia – 2023 Stats & Platform Trends.” https://oosga.com/social-media/idn/#:~:text=Social%20Media's%20User%20Demographics%20in,of%20users%20has%20grown%2012.6%20%25.
Oxford Reference. “User-Generated Content.” https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803114939679.
Security Council Report. “Arria-Formula Meeting on Hate Speech and Social Media.” https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2021/10/arria-formula-meeting-on-hate-speech-and-social-media.php.
Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. “Hate Speech.” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hate-speech/#Aca.
The Daily Star. “Disinformation is A Threat to Democracy.” https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/disinformation-threat-democracy-3310766.
The Diplomat. “As Cyber Threats Grow, Indonesia’s Data Protection Efforts are Falling Short.” https://thediplomat.com/2022/06/as-cyber-threats-grow-indonesias-data-protection-efforts-are-falling-short/.
The Great Indonesian Dictionary. “Entitas.” https://www.kbbi.web.id/entitas.
UN Commission on Human Rights, “Question of the Human Rights of All Persons Subjected to Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment,” 4 March 1993, E/CN.4/1993/L.48 https://undocs.org/E/CN.4/1993/L.48.
UNICEF. “Cyberbullyng: What is it and how to stop it.” https://www.unicef.org/end-violence/how-to-stop-cyberbullying#:~:text=If%20the%20bullying%20is%20happening,and%20reporting%20it%20is%20key.
We Are Social. “Social Media Use Reaches New Milestone.” https://wearesocial.com/id/blog/2023/07/social-media-use-reaches-new-milestone/.
Landmand, Todd. Human Rights and Democracy, The Precarious Triumph of Ideals. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2013.
Nasution, Bahder Johan. Negara Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia. Bandung: Mandar Maju, 2018.
Nwosu, Rev. Sr. Ogochukwu Honorata. Information and Communication Technology and the Management of Schools in Nigeria. Bloomington: WestBow Press, 2021.
Journal Article
Aichner, Thomas et al. “Twenty-Five Years of Social Media: A Review of Social Media Applications and Definitions from 1994 to 2019.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 24, no. 4 (2021): 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0134
Belova, Gabriela and Gergana Georgieva. “Fake News as A Threat to National Security.” International Conference Knowledge-Based Organization 24, no. 1 (2018): 19–22. https://doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2018-0002
Bisen, Gaurav Kumar et al. “A Systematic Review of Implications of Social Media Misinformation Upon Marketing and Consumers.” Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture 36, no. 2 (2023): 661–679. https://doi.org/10.59670/jns.v36i.4964.
Collins, Botambu et al. “Trends in Combating Fake News on Social Media – A Survey,” Journal of Information and Telecommunication 5, no. 2 (2021): 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/24751839.2020.1847379.
Febriyanti, Doris et al. “Information Communication Technology (ICT) on Palembang City Government, Indonesia: Performance Measurement for Great Digital Governance.” Cogent Social Science 9, no. 2 (2023): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2269710.
Fernando, Zico Junius et. al. “The Freedom of Expression in Indonesia.” Cogent Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (2022): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2103944.
Gunatilleke, Gehan. "Justifying limitations on the freedom of expression." Human Rights Review 22, no. 1 (2021): 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-020-00608-8
Ibrohim, Muhammad Okky and Indra Budi. “Hate Speech and Abusive Language Detection in Indonesia Social Media: Progress and Challenges.” Heliyon 9, no. 8 (2023): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18647.
Hapsari, Rian Dwi and Kuncoro Galih Pambayun. “Ancaman Cybercrime di Indonesia: Sebuah Tinjauan Pustaka Sistematis.” Jurnal Konstituen 5, no. 1 (2023): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.33701/jk.v5i1.3208
Hartati, Cynthia Shafira and Ali Muhammad. “Combating Cybercrime and Cyberterrorism in Indonesia.” Jurnal Hubungan International 11, no. 2 (2023): 45–56. https://doi.org/10.18196/jhi.v11i2.13932
Howie, Emily. “Protecting the Human Right to Freedom of Expression in International Law.” International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 20, no. 1 (2018): 12–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2018.1392612
Kartika, Sahnaz and Nurhayati. “Ujaran Kebencian (Hate Speech) di Media Sosial dalam Konteks Hukum dan Perubahan Sosial (Studi Kasus pada Masayarakat Kota Medan).” Jurnal Mercatoria 16, no. 1 (2023): 99–106. https://doi.org/10.31289/mercatoria.v16i1.7668
Kurnia, Neng Dewi et al. “Hubungan Pemanfaatan Media Sosial Instagram dengan Kemampuan Literasi Media di UPT Perpustakaan Itenas.” Edulib: Journal of Library and Information Science 8, no. 1 (2018): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.17509/edulib.v8i1.10208.g6943
Mudjiyanto, Bambang. “Kebebasan Berekspresi dan Hoaks.” PROMEDIA (Public Relation dan Media Komunikasi) 5, no. 1 (2019): 1-39. https://doi.org/10.52447/promedia.v5i1.1613
Nasution, Latipah. “Hak Kebebasan Berpendapat dan Berekspresi dalam Ruang Publik di Era Digital.” ADALAH: Buletin Hukum & Keadilan 4, no. 3 (2020): 37-48. https://doi.org/10.15408/adalah.v4i3.16200
Nugraha, Muhammad Tisna Nugraha. “Hoax di Media Social Facebook: Antara Edukasi dan Propaganda Kepentingan.” JSW: Jurnal Sosiologi Walisongo 3, no. 1 (2019): 97-108. https://doi.org/10.21580/jsw.2019.3.1.3359
Putri, Devita Kartika. “Hate Speech and the Harm in Indonesian Judicial Decisions.” Cogent Social Socience 9, no. 2 (2023): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2274430
Raskasih, Fadilah. “Batasan Kebebasan Berpendapat melalui Media Elektronik dalam Perspektif HAM dikaitkan dengan Tindakan Pidana menurut UU ITE.” Journal Equitable 5, no. 2 (2020): 147-167. https://doi.org/10/37859/jeq.v5i2.2462
Razqi, Afrizal and Hananto Widodo. “Pembatasan Kebebasan Berekspresi dan Berpendapat Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2005 tentang Pengesahan International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.” Novum: Jurnal Hukum 11, no. 7 (2022): 61-70. https://doi.org/10.2674/novum.v0i0.46338
Satriawan, Iwan Tareq Muhammad Aziz Elven, and Tanto Lailam. “Internet Shutdown in Indonesia: An Appropriate Response or A Threat to Human Rights?.” Sriwijaya Law Review 7, no. 1 (2023): 19-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol7.Iss1.1018.pp19-46.
Smith, Robert and Mark Perry. “Fake News and the Convention on Cybercrime.” Athens Journal of Law 7, no. 3 (2021) 335-358. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajl.7-3-4
Utomo, Laksanto. “Criminalizing the Freedom of Expression by State during COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia.” International Journal of Criminal Justice Science 16, no. 2 (2021): 415–425. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4756085
Wiratraman, Herlambang P. and Sébastien Lafrance. “Protecting Freedom of Expression in Multicultural Societies: Comparing Constitutionalism in Indonesia and Canada.” Yuridika 36, no. 1 (2021): 75–120. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v36i1.24032
Zahrah, Fatimatuz and Siti Maizul Habibah. “Freedom of Speech and Human Rights: What can Civic Education Do?.” Jurnal HAM 13, no. 3 (2022): 495–508. https://dx.doi.org/10.30641/ham.2022.13.495-508
Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina, Maria Petrova and Ruben Enikolopov. “Political Effect of the Internet and Social Media.” Annual Review of Economics 12 (2020): 415–438. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-050239
Legal Documents
Indonesia. Law No. 9 of 1998 concerning the Freedom to Express Opinion in Public.
Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Indonesia. Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights.
Indonesia. Law No. 40 of 1999 concerning the Press.
Indonesia. Law No. 12 of 2005 concerning the Ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Indonesia. Law No. 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019 concerning Electronic System and Transaction Implementation.
Indonesia. The Minister of Communication Information Regulation No. 5 of 2020 concerning Private Scope Electronic System Operators.
Indonesia. The Minister of Trade Regulation No. 31 of 2023 concerning Business Licensing, Advertising, Development, and Supervision of Business Actors in Trading via Electronic Systems.
United Nations General Assembly. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. 18 December 1979. Treaty Series. vol. 1249.
United Nations General Assembly. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. 7 March 1966. Treaty Series. vol. 660.
United Nations General Assembly. Convention on the Rights of the Child. 20 November 1989. Treaty Series. vol. 1577.
United Nations General Assembly. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 16 December 1966, United Nations. Treaty Series. vol. 999.
United Nations General Assembly. International Covenant on Economic. Social and Cultural Rights. 16 December 1966. United Nations. Treaty Series. vol. 993
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 217 A. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 10 December 1948.
Other Documents
Amnesty International Indonesia. Silencing Voices, Suppressing Criticism: The Decline in Indonesia’s Civil Liberties (Jakarta: Amnesty International Indonesia, 2022).
Center for Digital Society. “Regulating Harmful Content in Indonesia: Legal Frameworks, Trends, and Concerns.” https://digitalsociety.id/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Final-Report-Unesco-Rev-18062022-1.pdf
House of Lords Communications and Digital Committee. “1st Report of Session 2021-22: Free for all? Freedom of Expression in the Digital Age.” https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/6878/documents/72529/default/#page=10
United Nations Human Rights Council. “Disinformation and Freedom of Opinion and Expression–Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of The Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression.” 13 April 2021, A/HRC/47/25 https://undocs.org/A/HRC/47/25
United Nations Human Rights Council. “Resolution Adopted by the Human Rights Council on 3 April 2023.” 14 April 2023. A/HRC/RES/25/9 https://undocs.org/A/HRC/RES/52/9
United Nations General Assembly. “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, Mr. Frank La Rue.” 20 April 2010. A/HRC/14/23. https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/14session/A.HRC.14.23.pdf
United Nations. “United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech: Detailed Guidance on Implementation for United Nations Field Presences.” https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/UN%20Strategy%20and%20PoA%20on%20Hate%20Speech_Guidance%20on%20Addressing%20in%20field.pdf
United Nations. General Assembly. “Report on Online Hate Speech.” 9 October 2019. A/74/486 https://undocs.org/A/74/486
United Nations. Human Rights Committee. “General Comment No. 34: Article 19 (Freedom of Opinion and Expression).” 12 September 2011. CCPR/C/GC/34. https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/gc34.pdf
Case Law
Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia No. 36/PUU-XX/2022.
Website Content
Amnesty International. “About Us.” https://www.amnesty.org/en/about-us/.
Amnesty International. “Kebebasan Berekspresi.” https://www.amnesty.id/kebebasan-berekspresi/.
Britannica. “Hoax.” https://www.britannica.com/topic/hoax.
Britannica. “Meta.” https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meta-Platforms.
Britannica. “Social Media.” https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-media.
Cambridge Dictionary. “Entity.” https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/entity.
CSIS. “About Centre for Strategic and International Studies.” https://www.csis.or.id/about-us/.
CSIS. “CSIS National Hate Speech Dashboard.” https://hatespeech.csis.or.id/.
DataReportal. “About.” https://datareportal.com/about.
DataReportal. “Digital 2023 October Global Statshot Report.” https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-october-global-statshot.
DataReportal. “Digital 2023: Indonesia.” https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-indonesia#:~:text=Indonesia%20was%20home%20to%20167.0,percent%20of%20the%20total%20population.
Indonesian Internet Service Provider Association. “Survei APJII Pengguna Internet di Indonesia Tembus 215 Juta Orang.” https://apjii.or.id/berita/d/%20survei-apjii-%20pengguna-internet-di-%20indonesia-tembus-%20215-juta-orang#:~:text=Survei%20APJII%20Pengguna%20Internet%20di,yang%20sebesar%20275.773.901%20jiwa.
Ministry of Communication and Information Technology of the Republic of Indonesia. “Ada 800.000 Situs Penyebar Hoax di Indonesia.” https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/2115/kominfo-jamin-kebebasan-berpendapat-di-dunia-maya/0/sorotan_media.
Law Insider. “External Entity.” https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/external-entity.
Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. “Pengaruh Positif dan Negatif Media Sosial terhadap Masyarakat.” https://www.djkn.kemenkeu.go.id/kpknl-semarang/baca-artikel/14366/Pengaruh-Positif-dan-Negatif-Media-Sosial-Terhadap-Masyarakat.html.
National Resilience Institute of the Republic of Indonesia. “Dampak Media Sosial terhadap Ketahanan Nasional.” https://www.lemhannas.go.id/index.php/berita/berita-utama/521-dampak-media-sosial-terhadap-ketahanan-nasional.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “The Core International Human Rights Instruments and Their Monitoring Bodies.” https://www.ohchr.org/en/core-international-human-rights-instruments-and-their-monitoring-bodies.
OOSGA. “About Us.” https://oosga.com/about-us/.
OOSGA. “Social Media in Indonesia – 2023 Stats & Platform Trends.” https://oosga.com/social-media/idn/#:~:text=Social%20Media's%20User%20Demographics%20in,of%20users%20has%20grown%2012.6%20%25.
Oxford Reference. “User-Generated Content.” https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803114939679.
Security Council Report. “Arria-Formula Meeting on Hate Speech and Social Media.” https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2021/10/arria-formula-meeting-on-hate-speech-and-social-media.php.
Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. “Hate Speech.” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hate-speech/#Aca.
The Daily Star. “Disinformation is A Threat to Democracy.” https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/disinformation-threat-democracy-3310766.
The Diplomat. “As Cyber Threats Grow, Indonesia’s Data Protection Efforts are Falling Short.” https://thediplomat.com/2022/06/as-cyber-threats-grow-indonesias-data-protection-efforts-are-falling-short/.
The Great Indonesian Dictionary. “Entitas.” https://www.kbbi.web.id/entitas.
UN Commission on Human Rights, “Question of the Human Rights of All Persons Subjected to Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment,” 4 March 1993, E/CN.4/1993/L.48 https://undocs.org/E/CN.4/1993/L.48.
UNICEF. “Cyberbullyng: What is it and how to stop it.” https://www.unicef.org/end-violence/how-to-stop-cyberbullying#:~:text=If%20the%20bullying%20is%20happening,and%20reporting%20it%20is%20key.
We Are Social. “Social Media Use Reaches New Milestone.” https://wearesocial.com/id/blog/2023/07/social-media-use-reaches-new-milestone/.
Published
2024-01-31
How to Cite
EKA WISANJAYA, I Gede Pasek; ROSY WIDODO, Putri Bella.
Freedom of Expression on Social Media in Indonesia: Why are the limitations imposed?.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 1, p. 109-128, jan. 2024.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/109064>. Date accessed: 28 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2024.v08.i01.p06.
Issue
Section
Articles
