Legal Empowering the Saniri: A Pillar of Harmony in Post-Conflict Ambon
Abstract
Due to the lasting impact of the previous authoritarian system, decentralization has yet to reinstate Ambon's customary law-based governance model fully. However, it was formally acknowledged by the national and Ambon City's regional legislation. This article examines the need to empower Saniri, a quasi-governmental body in a traditional village with close ties to underprivileged groups, in conflict resolution services in Ambon. Data was collected through a literature study of historical sources from the nineteenth century and then analyzed based on qualitative field research. Extensive interviews were conducted based on snowball and purposive samplings. Results from the field study were subsequently discovered and deliberated through Focus Group Discussions. It suggests that the current political landscape is permissive to empower Saniri in conflict resolution mechanisms. Therefore, the legal and political efforts must be sufficient to accommodate Saniri's character and support its contribution to post-conflict reconciliation. More attention is required to empower Saniri legally and politically in a manner consistent with its nature to maximize its role as a harmonizing medium.
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References
Book
Ansori, et al. Segregasi, Kekerasan dan Kebijakan Rekonstruksi Pasca Konflik di Ambon. The Habibie center, 2014.
Bräuchler, Birgit. The Cultural Dimension of Peace Decentralization and Reconciliation in Indonesia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
Langer, Arnim, and Frances Stewart. "Horizontal Inequalities and Violent Conflict: Conceptual and Empirical Linkages." Routledge handbook of civil wars, 2014.
Watloly, Aholiab. Perdamaian Berbasis Adat Orang Basudara.Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2016.
Journal Article
Adam, Jeroen. "How Ordinary Folk became Involved in the Ambonese Conflict: Understanding Private Opportunities during Communal Violence." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde/Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 166, no. 1 (2010): 25-48. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003624
Boone, Catherine. "Legal Empowerment of the Poor through Property Rights Reform: Tensions and Trade-offs of Land Registration and titling in Sub-Saharan Africa." The Journal of Development Studies 55, no. 3 (2019): 384-400. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2018.1451633
Chaara, Imane, Jean-Benoît Falisse, and Julien Moriceau. "Does Legal Aid Improve Access to Justice in ‘Fragile’settings? Evidence from Burundi." Journal of Peace Research 59, no. 6 (2022): 810-827. https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433211055633
Dandirwalu, Resa. "Totem Ambon Manise: Membongkar Segregasi Teritorial Berbasis Agama di Kota Ambon." Antropologi Indonesia 35, no. 1 (2014): 30-44.
Dewi, Yustina Trihoni Nalesti, Jonathan Kwik, and Aholiab Watloly. “The Strategic Role of Lembaga Adat Negeri in the Fulfilment of Victims’ Rights to Reparation in Post-Conflict Ambon.” Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 1, no. 2 (2017): 157-180. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v01.i02.p05
Ernas, Saidin. “Dari Konflik ke Integrasi Sosial: Pelajaran dari Ambon-Maluku.” International Journal of Islamic Thought 14, no. 1 (2018): 99–111. https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.14.2018.009
Frost, Nicola. “Adat in Maluku: New Value or Old Exclusions?” Antropologi Indonesia Special Volume, no. 74 (2014): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.7454/ai.v0i74.3584
Goodwin, Laura, and Vivek Maru. "What Do We Know about Legal Empowerment? Mapping the Evidence." Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 9, no. 1 (2017): 157-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-016-0047-5
Halim, Yoefanca, Fricky Sudewo, and Jestin Justian. “Transformative-Participatory Legal Research Method for Harmonizing The Existence of The Living Law in Indonesia.” Jurnal Media Hukum 26, no. 2 (2019): 146–157. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.20190130
Knaap, Gerrit. “Slavery in the Dutch Colonial Empire in Southeast Asia: Seventeenth-Century Amboina Reconsidered.” Slavery and Abolition 43, no. 3 (2022): 499–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2021.2008724
Kurmanov, Bakhytzhan, and Colin Knox. “Open Government and Citizen Empowerment in Authoritarian States.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 13, no. 2 (2022): 156–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/18793665221104118
Lessy, Farah, Wahab Tuanaya, and Marno Wance. “Peran Saniri Negeri Dalam Menyalurkan Aspirasi Masyarakat Terhadap Penyusunan Program Pembangunan Negeri Tial Kabupaten Maluku Tengah.” Jurnal Studi Ilmu Pemerintahan 2, no. 1 (2021): 72–79. https://doi.org/10.35326/jsip.v2i1.1099
Lewedalu, Ruben, Jenny Kristiana Matuankotta, and Novyta Uktolseja. “Penyelesaian Sengketa Hak Atas Tanah Marga Masyarakat Hukum Adat Suku Woirata di Pulau Kisar Kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya.” TATOHI: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 1, no. 5 (2021): 430–438. https://doi.org/10.47268/tatohi.v1i5.627
Nainggolan, Poltak Partogi. “Mengapa Konflik Berulang Terjadi Di Kota Ambon? Tinjauan Demografi Dan Keamanan Atas Konflik Horizontal Perkotaan.” Politica 3, no. 2 (2012): 163-193. https://doi.org/10.22212/jp.v3i2.313
Purkey, Anna Lise. “Justice, Reconciliation, and Ending Displacement: Legal Empowerment and Refugee Engagement in Transitional Processes.” Refugee Survey Quarterly 35, no. 4 (2016): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdw015
Ridwan, Khudzaifah Dimyati, and Aidul Fitriciada Azhari. "Perkembangan dan Eksistensi Hukum Adat: Dari Sintesis, Transplantasi, Integrasi Hingga Konservasi." Jurnal Jurisprudence 6, no. 2 (2017): 106-115.
Tuny, M. Ridwan, et al. “Legitimacy and Resistance against Foreign Saniri Community Dynamics Tulehu, Jazirah Leihitu Central Maluku District.” International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 6, no. 1 (2016): 531–536.
Schulze, Kirsten E. “The ‘Ethnic’ in Indonesia’s Communal Conflicts: Violence in Ambon, Poso, and Sambas.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 40, no. 12 (2017): 2096–2114.
Shoesmith, Dennis, Nathan Franklin, and Rachmat Hidayat. “Decentralised Governance in Indonesia’s Disadvantaged Regions: A Critique of the Underperforming Model of Local Governance in Eastern Indonesia.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 39, no. 3 (2020): 359–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103420963140
Silubun, A. J., et al. "Village authority and position in realizing village autonomy." In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 473, no. 1 (2020): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/473/1/012032
Soselisa, Pieter S, Ivonny Y Rahanra, and Rugayah Alhamid. “Performance of Saniri in Village Government System in Central Maluku Regency.” International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research of Higher Education 6, no. 1 (2023): 10–18.
Sulastriyono, and Sartika Intaning Pradhani. “Pemikiran Hukum Adat Djojodigoeno dan Relevansinya Kini.” Mimbar Hukum 30, no. 3 (2018): 448-462. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.36956
Syamsudin, Muhamad. “Reconceptualising the Adat Law in Indonesian Legal System.” International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change 13, no. 8 (2020): 1416–1430.
Tamma, Sukri, and Timo Duile. “Indigeneity and the State in Indonesia: The Local Turn in the Dialectic of Recognition.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 39, no. 2 (2020): 270–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103420905967
Waldorf, Lars. “Introduction: Legal Empowerment in Transitions.” International Journal of Human Rights 19, no. 3 (2015): 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2015.1029335
Waldorf, Lars. “Legal Empowerment and Horizontal Inequalities after Conflict.” Journal of Development Studies 55, no. 3 (2019): 437–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2018.1451635
Legal Documents
Indonesia. Law No. 5 of 1979 concerning Village Government.
Indonesia. Law No. 22 of 1999 concerning Regional Government.
Indonesia. Law No. 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government.
Indonesia. Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Village.
Indonesia. Law No. 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government.
Indonesia. Law No. 13 of 2023 concerning the Province of Maluku.
Indonesia. Regional Regulation of Maluku Province No. 14 of 2005 concerning the Re-establishment of the Negeri as an Adat Law Community Unit within the Province of Maluku.
Indonesia. Regional Regulation of Ambon City No. 3 of 2008 concerning Negeri in Ambon City
Indonesia. Regional Regulation of Ambon City No. 8 of 2017 concerning the Customary Village.
Dutch Indies. Staatsblad No. 471 of 1923 concerning Dutch-Indies Governor-General Inlandsche Gemeenteordonnantie Voor Amboina En Saparoea
Dutch Indies. Staatsblaad No. 490 of 1938 concerning General Rules of the Government and Administration of the Indigenous Governments.
Interview
Sameputty and Thenu. “Interview of Revitalisasi Lembaga Adat Saniri di Kota Ambon”. Interview by Yustina Trihoni Nalesti Dewi and Andreas Pandiangan, Ambon, February 5 2020.
Mewar J and Rehata. “Revitalization of Saniri in Ambon City”, Interview by Yustina Trihoni Nalesti Dewi and Andreas Pandiangan, Ambon, May 17-18, 2022.
Case Law
Indonesia. Ambon District Court. Decision No. 72/Pdt.G/2022/PN Ambon (2022).
Indonesia. Ambon District Court. Decision No.32/PDT.G/2018/PN AMB (2018).
Indonesia. Ambon State Administrative Court. Decision No.12/G/2020/PTUN.ABN (2020).
Ansori, et al. Segregasi, Kekerasan dan Kebijakan Rekonstruksi Pasca Konflik di Ambon. The Habibie center, 2014.
Bräuchler, Birgit. The Cultural Dimension of Peace Decentralization and Reconciliation in Indonesia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
Langer, Arnim, and Frances Stewart. "Horizontal Inequalities and Violent Conflict: Conceptual and Empirical Linkages." Routledge handbook of civil wars, 2014.
Watloly, Aholiab. Perdamaian Berbasis Adat Orang Basudara.Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2016.
Journal Article
Adam, Jeroen. "How Ordinary Folk became Involved in the Ambonese Conflict: Understanding Private Opportunities during Communal Violence." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde/Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 166, no. 1 (2010): 25-48. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003624
Boone, Catherine. "Legal Empowerment of the Poor through Property Rights Reform: Tensions and Trade-offs of Land Registration and titling in Sub-Saharan Africa." The Journal of Development Studies 55, no. 3 (2019): 384-400. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2018.1451633
Chaara, Imane, Jean-Benoît Falisse, and Julien Moriceau. "Does Legal Aid Improve Access to Justice in ‘Fragile’settings? Evidence from Burundi." Journal of Peace Research 59, no. 6 (2022): 810-827. https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433211055633
Dandirwalu, Resa. "Totem Ambon Manise: Membongkar Segregasi Teritorial Berbasis Agama di Kota Ambon." Antropologi Indonesia 35, no. 1 (2014): 30-44.
Dewi, Yustina Trihoni Nalesti, Jonathan Kwik, and Aholiab Watloly. “The Strategic Role of Lembaga Adat Negeri in the Fulfilment of Victims’ Rights to Reparation in Post-Conflict Ambon.” Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 1, no. 2 (2017): 157-180. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v01.i02.p05
Ernas, Saidin. “Dari Konflik ke Integrasi Sosial: Pelajaran dari Ambon-Maluku.” International Journal of Islamic Thought 14, no. 1 (2018): 99–111. https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.14.2018.009
Frost, Nicola. “Adat in Maluku: New Value or Old Exclusions?” Antropologi Indonesia Special Volume, no. 74 (2014): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.7454/ai.v0i74.3584
Goodwin, Laura, and Vivek Maru. "What Do We Know about Legal Empowerment? Mapping the Evidence." Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 9, no. 1 (2017): 157-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40803-016-0047-5
Halim, Yoefanca, Fricky Sudewo, and Jestin Justian. “Transformative-Participatory Legal Research Method for Harmonizing The Existence of The Living Law in Indonesia.” Jurnal Media Hukum 26, no. 2 (2019): 146–157. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.20190130
Knaap, Gerrit. “Slavery in the Dutch Colonial Empire in Southeast Asia: Seventeenth-Century Amboina Reconsidered.” Slavery and Abolition 43, no. 3 (2022): 499–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2021.2008724
Kurmanov, Bakhytzhan, and Colin Knox. “Open Government and Citizen Empowerment in Authoritarian States.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 13, no. 2 (2022): 156–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/18793665221104118
Lessy, Farah, Wahab Tuanaya, and Marno Wance. “Peran Saniri Negeri Dalam Menyalurkan Aspirasi Masyarakat Terhadap Penyusunan Program Pembangunan Negeri Tial Kabupaten Maluku Tengah.” Jurnal Studi Ilmu Pemerintahan 2, no. 1 (2021): 72–79. https://doi.org/10.35326/jsip.v2i1.1099
Lewedalu, Ruben, Jenny Kristiana Matuankotta, and Novyta Uktolseja. “Penyelesaian Sengketa Hak Atas Tanah Marga Masyarakat Hukum Adat Suku Woirata di Pulau Kisar Kabupaten Maluku Barat Daya.” TATOHI: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 1, no. 5 (2021): 430–438. https://doi.org/10.47268/tatohi.v1i5.627
Nainggolan, Poltak Partogi. “Mengapa Konflik Berulang Terjadi Di Kota Ambon? Tinjauan Demografi Dan Keamanan Atas Konflik Horizontal Perkotaan.” Politica 3, no. 2 (2012): 163-193. https://doi.org/10.22212/jp.v3i2.313
Purkey, Anna Lise. “Justice, Reconciliation, and Ending Displacement: Legal Empowerment and Refugee Engagement in Transitional Processes.” Refugee Survey Quarterly 35, no. 4 (2016): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdw015
Ridwan, Khudzaifah Dimyati, and Aidul Fitriciada Azhari. "Perkembangan dan Eksistensi Hukum Adat: Dari Sintesis, Transplantasi, Integrasi Hingga Konservasi." Jurnal Jurisprudence 6, no. 2 (2017): 106-115.
Tuny, M. Ridwan, et al. “Legitimacy and Resistance against Foreign Saniri Community Dynamics Tulehu, Jazirah Leihitu Central Maluku District.” International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 6, no. 1 (2016): 531–536.
Schulze, Kirsten E. “The ‘Ethnic’ in Indonesia’s Communal Conflicts: Violence in Ambon, Poso, and Sambas.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 40, no. 12 (2017): 2096–2114.
Shoesmith, Dennis, Nathan Franklin, and Rachmat Hidayat. “Decentralised Governance in Indonesia’s Disadvantaged Regions: A Critique of the Underperforming Model of Local Governance in Eastern Indonesia.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 39, no. 3 (2020): 359–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103420963140
Silubun, A. J., et al. "Village authority and position in realizing village autonomy." In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 473, no. 1 (2020): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/473/1/012032
Soselisa, Pieter S, Ivonny Y Rahanra, and Rugayah Alhamid. “Performance of Saniri in Village Government System in Central Maluku Regency.” International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research of Higher Education 6, no. 1 (2023): 10–18.
Sulastriyono, and Sartika Intaning Pradhani. “Pemikiran Hukum Adat Djojodigoeno dan Relevansinya Kini.” Mimbar Hukum 30, no. 3 (2018): 448-462. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.36956
Syamsudin, Muhamad. “Reconceptualising the Adat Law in Indonesian Legal System.” International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change 13, no. 8 (2020): 1416–1430.
Tamma, Sukri, and Timo Duile. “Indigeneity and the State in Indonesia: The Local Turn in the Dialectic of Recognition.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 39, no. 2 (2020): 270–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103420905967
Waldorf, Lars. “Introduction: Legal Empowerment in Transitions.” International Journal of Human Rights 19, no. 3 (2015): 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2015.1029335
Waldorf, Lars. “Legal Empowerment and Horizontal Inequalities after Conflict.” Journal of Development Studies 55, no. 3 (2019): 437–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2018.1451635
Legal Documents
Indonesia. Law No. 5 of 1979 concerning Village Government.
Indonesia. Law No. 22 of 1999 concerning Regional Government.
Indonesia. Law No. 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government.
Indonesia. Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Village.
Indonesia. Law No. 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government.
Indonesia. Law No. 13 of 2023 concerning the Province of Maluku.
Indonesia. Regional Regulation of Maluku Province No. 14 of 2005 concerning the Re-establishment of the Negeri as an Adat Law Community Unit within the Province of Maluku.
Indonesia. Regional Regulation of Ambon City No. 3 of 2008 concerning Negeri in Ambon City
Indonesia. Regional Regulation of Ambon City No. 8 of 2017 concerning the Customary Village.
Dutch Indies. Staatsblad No. 471 of 1923 concerning Dutch-Indies Governor-General Inlandsche Gemeenteordonnantie Voor Amboina En Saparoea
Dutch Indies. Staatsblaad No. 490 of 1938 concerning General Rules of the Government and Administration of the Indigenous Governments.
Interview
Sameputty and Thenu. “Interview of Revitalisasi Lembaga Adat Saniri di Kota Ambon”. Interview by Yustina Trihoni Nalesti Dewi and Andreas Pandiangan, Ambon, February 5 2020.
Mewar J and Rehata. “Revitalization of Saniri in Ambon City”, Interview by Yustina Trihoni Nalesti Dewi and Andreas Pandiangan, Ambon, May 17-18, 2022.
Case Law
Indonesia. Ambon District Court. Decision No. 72/Pdt.G/2022/PN Ambon (2022).
Indonesia. Ambon District Court. Decision No.32/PDT.G/2018/PN AMB (2018).
Indonesia. Ambon State Administrative Court. Decision No.12/G/2020/PTUN.ABN (2020).
Published
2024-01-31
How to Cite
NALESTI DEWI, Yustina Trihoni et al.
Legal Empowering the Saniri: A Pillar of Harmony in Post-Conflict Ambon.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 1, p. 43-66, jan. 2024.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/107508>. Date accessed: 28 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2024.v08.i01.p03.
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