Wage Standards for Abdi Dalem of Kotagede Royal Cemetery and Cultural Meaning of Voluntarism and Dedication
Abstract
Yogyakarta's special status was recognized long before Indonesia's independence as a cultural heritage site. One of the privileges of Yogyakarta is that it maintains its cultural legitimacy amidst increasingly modern developments. This paper aims to discuss whether (or not) the practice of waging for abdi dalem at the Kotagede Royal Cemetery is compatible with Indonesian Employment Law. It applies empirical legal research, which collects primary and secondary data sources. It suggests that abdi dalem, who works at the Kotagede Royal Cemetery, receives kekucah (wages) below the minimum standard according to regional regulations. However, the serat kekancingan, a decree issued by the Yogyakarta Sultanate that explains the status of abdi dalem, must not be interpreted as conflicting with Indonesian employment law, particularly regulations determining the minimum wages. This research also found that abdi dalem tends not to protest this status quo because they uphold a live philosophy of Nrimo ing pandum. Therefore, abdi dalem accepts all tasks assigned sincerely by the Sultan without expecting anything in return. They firmly believe that serving at the Kotagede Royal Cemetery will bring abundant blessings and peace from God through the Sultan.
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References
Book
Fibiona, Indra and Suwano. R.M. Jayadipura, Maestro Budaya Jawa 1878-1939: Sebuah Biografi. Yogyakarta: Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya, 2018.
Isfianadewi, Dessy, Unggul Priyadi, and Lak lak Nazhat El Hasanah,.“Stakeholders of Yogyakarta Special Region and the Way They Manage Privilege Fund.” In Sustainable Finance, Digitalization and the Role of Technology, edited by. Bahaaeddin Ahmed Alareeni and Allam Hamdan, ICBT 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 487. 185-200. Cham: Springer, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08084-5_14
Purwani, Ofita. Questioning the Traditional Narrative Over Contemporary Urban Development in the Javanese Royal City. No. 119993. London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library, 2023.
Journal Article
Assilmi, Ghilman. "The Concept of the Devarāja in Leadership at the Royal Palace of Yogyakarta, International Review of Humanities Studies 9, no. 1 (2024): 233-243.
Bogaerts, Els. "The Installation of Prince Mangkubumi: Performing Javanese History." Wacana 17, no. 3 (2016): 473-505. https://doi.org/10.17510/wacana.v17i3.456
Budiadji, Anger, Hari Purwadi, and Widodo Tresno Novianto. “The Kasultanan and Kadipaten Land (SG/PAG) After the YSL Enactment: Strengthening of The Patrimonial Culture and Counter Agrarian Reform.” Journal of Social Research 2, no.9 (2023): 3169-3182. http://dx.doi.org/10.55324/josr.v2i9.1375
Busroh, Firman Freaddy. "Konseptualisasi Omnibus Law dalam Menyelesaikan Permasalahan Regulasi Pertanahan." Arena Hukum 10, no. 2 (2017): 227-250. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2017.01002.4
Fitryantica, Agnes. "Harmonisasi Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Indonesia melalui Konsep Omnibus Law." Gema Keadilan 6, no. 3 (2019): 300-316. https://doi.org/10.14710/gk.2019.6751
Glasmacher, Muhammad Bram. “Political Implications of Law in the Formation of Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Workers Protection in Employment Agreement Specific Time (EAST/PWKT).” Journal of Law and Legal Reform 1, no.3 (2020): 517-530. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v1i3.36702
Natalia, Dita Ayu Rani, and Endy Marlina. "The Influence of Cultural Tourism in the Imogiri Tomb Bantul, Yogyakarta." International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering 7, no. 1 (2020): 10-14.
NH, Uystka Hikmatul Kamiliyah. "Millennial tourists’ perception on Gedhe Mataram mosque as religious tourism site." Journal of Enterprise and Development 5, no. 1 (2023): 35-57.https://doi.org/10.20414/jed.v5i1.6618
Putra, Gratianus Prikasetya, Sulistyowati Irianto and E. Fernando M. Manullang. “Legal Pluralism in the Special Regency Province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.” International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies 19, no.1 (2023): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2023.19.1.1
Rindrasih, Erda and Patrick Witte. ”Reinventing the Post-Disaster Cultural Landscape of Heritage Tourism in Kotagede, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.” Journal of Heritage Tourism 16, no.2 (2021): 136-150, https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2020.1781870
Safitri, Ilmiawati. "Keraton Yogyakarta Masa Lampau dan Masa Kini: Dinamika Suksesi Raja-Raja Jawa dan Politik Wacana “Raja Perempuan”. Indonesian Historical Studies 3, no. 1 (2019): 44-57. https://doi.org/10.14710/ihis.v3i1.4850
Satriani, Septi. “Peranakan dan Serat Kekancingan: Sebuah Bentuk ‘Kepengaturan’ Abdi Dalem Kraton Jogjakarta,” Jurnal Etnohistori 3, no. 1 (2016): 132-148. https://doi.org/10.14710/ihis.v3i1.4850
Setyarini, Ariyanti Luhur Tri, Benedictus Hestu Cipto Handoyo, Vicki Dwi Purnomo. "Legal Politics Legislative Law Number 13 of 2012 Concerning Privileges of the Special Region of Yogyakarta." International Journal of Scientific Multidisciplinary Research 1, no.5 (2023): 445-458. https://doi.org/10.55927/ijsmr.v1i5.4591
Setyowati, Retno. “Searching for Gender Equality Between Male and Female in Yogyakarta Kingdom in The Perspective of Islam,” Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Gender, Culture and Society, ICGCS (2021): 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.30-8-2021.2316388
Shalihah, Fithriatus, Siti Alviah, and Imtikhan Anas Shob’ron. “The Wages in Employment Relations in the Tourism Sector in Yogyakarta in Justice Perspective,” Substantive Justice International Journal of Law 6, no. 2 (2023): 138-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.56087/substantivejustice.v6i2.261
Sholihah, Alvia Mustafidatus and Jauharoti Alfin. "Kehidupan di Balik Tembok Keraton: Representasi Gaya Hidup Abdi Dalem dalam Film Marak Tinjauan Semiotika John Fiske." Nusa: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 18, no. 2 (2023): 16-31. https://doi.org/10.14710/nusa.18.2.16-31
Sidiq, Muhamad Abdullah. "Special Autonomy of Yogyakarta in the Context of Local Autonomy Law," Law Research Review Quarterly 7, no.4 (2021): 515-524. https://doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v7i4.48191
Sonata, Depri Liber. "Metode Penelitian Hukum Normatif dan Empiris: Karakteristik Khas dari Metode Meneliti Hukum." Fiat Justisia Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 8, no. 1 (2014): 15-35.
Sudaryanto, Agus. "Hak dan Kewajiban Abdi Dalem dalam Pemerintahan Kraton Yogyakarta," Mimbar Hukum 20, no. 1 (2008): 163-177. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16321
Wulan, Roro Retno, Catur Nugroho, and M. Nastain. “Media Discourse and Internal Conflict of Javanese Power in Yogyakarta,” Jurnal Wacana Politik 8, no. 2 (2023): 166-176. https://doi.org/10.24198/jwp.v8i2.46698
Thesis or Dissertation
Kurniadi, Bayu Dardias. “Defending the Sultan’s Land: Yogyakarta, Control over Land and Aristocratic Power in Post-Autocratic Indonesia.” A Thesis of Doctor of Philosophy, The Australian National University, September 2019.
Legal Documents
Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Indonesia. The Indonesian Civil Code.
Indonesia. Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower.
Indonesia. Law No. 13 of 2012 concerning the Privileges of the Special Region of Yogyakarta.
Indonesia. Law No. 6 of 2023 concerning the Stipulation of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No.2 of 2022 concerning Job Creation.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 35 of 2021 concerning Specific Time Work Agreements, Outsourcing, Working Time and Rest Time, and Termination of Employment Relations.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 36 of 2021 concerning Wages.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 51 of 2023 concerning Amendments to Government Regulation No. 36 of 2021 concerning Wages.
Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. Regulation of the Governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta No. 49 of 2018 concerning Application Procedures for the Utilization of Sultanate Land and District Land.
Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. Decree of the Governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta No. 338/KEP/2022 concerning the Determination of the Provincial Minimum Wage for 2023.
Other Document
Allifa, Annisa Mufti and Mayreyna Nurwardani. “Nrimo Ing Pandum a Positive Energy in Organizational Change." Proceedings of the International Conference of Psychology: International Conference on Indigenous Treatment and Contemporary Psychology (2023).
National Center for Analysis and Evaluation of Law. Final Report of the Legal Analysis and Evaluation Working Group Related to Employment Legislation. Jakarta: National Legal Development Agency, 2018.
Interview
Daryanto. “Perception on Wage System Applied for Abdi Dalem in Kotagede Royal Cemetery.” Interview by Fithriatus Shalihah, Yogyakarta, January 2, 2024.
Daryanto. “Perception on Wage System Applied for Abdi Dalem in Kotagede Royal Cemetery.” Interview by Imtikhan Anas Shob’ron, January 9, 2024.
Case Law
Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia No. 61/PUU-VII/2010.
Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia No. 72/PUU-XIII/2015.
Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia No. 42/PUU- XIV/2016.
Website Content
Admin of Karaton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Official Website. “Tugas dan Fungsi Abdi Dalem.” https://www.kratonjogja.id/abdi-dalem/3-tugas-dan-fungsi-abdi-dalem/.
Yusuf Imam Santoso. “BKPM mengakui tingginya gaji buruh jadi pemicu investor asing enggan menanamkan modal”, https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/bkpm-mengakui-tingginya-gaji-buruh-jadi-pemicu-investor-asing-enggan-menanamkan-modal
Tim Detik Jogja. Daftar UMK Jogja 2023, Terendah di Gunungkidul". https://www.detik.com/jogja/bisnis/d-6826185/daftar-umk-jogja-2023-terendah-di-gunungkidul
Trio Hamdani. “Jokowi Kesal! 33 Perusahaan Cabut dari China tapi Tak Satu Pun ke RI”. https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-4693277/jokowi-kesal-33-perusahaan-cabut-dari-china-tapi-tak-satu-pun-ke-ri.
Office for Culture Affairs of Special Region of Yogyakarta. “Kotagede.” https://budaya.jogjaprov.go.id/artikel/detail/362-kotagede
Puspasari Setyaningrum. “Makam Raja-Raja Mataram di Imogiri: Sejarah dan Daftar Nama Raja yang Dimakamkan.” https://yogyakarta.kompas.com/read/2022/09/22/224432378/makam-raja-raja-mataram-di-imogiri-sejarah-dan-daftar-nama-raja-yang?page=all.
Hukumonline.com, “Menimbang Konsep Omnibus Law Bila Diterapkan di Indonesia”, 17 Februari 2017, https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/menimbang-konsep-omnibus-law-bila-diterapkan-di-indonesia-lt58a6fc84b8ec3
Ridwansyah. 7 Perusahaan di Jakarta Bayar Gaji di Bawah UMP 2015. https://metro.sindonews.com/read/1068815/171/7-perusahaan-di-jakarta-bayar-gaji-di-bawahump-2015-1449844969
Fibiona, Indra and Suwano. R.M. Jayadipura, Maestro Budaya Jawa 1878-1939: Sebuah Biografi. Yogyakarta: Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya, 2018.
Isfianadewi, Dessy, Unggul Priyadi, and Lak lak Nazhat El Hasanah,.“Stakeholders of Yogyakarta Special Region and the Way They Manage Privilege Fund.” In Sustainable Finance, Digitalization and the Role of Technology, edited by. Bahaaeddin Ahmed Alareeni and Allam Hamdan, ICBT 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 487. 185-200. Cham: Springer, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08084-5_14
Purwani, Ofita. Questioning the Traditional Narrative Over Contemporary Urban Development in the Javanese Royal City. No. 119993. London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library, 2023.
Journal Article
Assilmi, Ghilman. "The Concept of the Devarāja in Leadership at the Royal Palace of Yogyakarta, International Review of Humanities Studies 9, no. 1 (2024): 233-243.
Bogaerts, Els. "The Installation of Prince Mangkubumi: Performing Javanese History." Wacana 17, no. 3 (2016): 473-505. https://doi.org/10.17510/wacana.v17i3.456
Budiadji, Anger, Hari Purwadi, and Widodo Tresno Novianto. “The Kasultanan and Kadipaten Land (SG/PAG) After the YSL Enactment: Strengthening of The Patrimonial Culture and Counter Agrarian Reform.” Journal of Social Research 2, no.9 (2023): 3169-3182. http://dx.doi.org/10.55324/josr.v2i9.1375
Busroh, Firman Freaddy. "Konseptualisasi Omnibus Law dalam Menyelesaikan Permasalahan Regulasi Pertanahan." Arena Hukum 10, no. 2 (2017): 227-250. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2017.01002.4
Fitryantica, Agnes. "Harmonisasi Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Indonesia melalui Konsep Omnibus Law." Gema Keadilan 6, no. 3 (2019): 300-316. https://doi.org/10.14710/gk.2019.6751
Glasmacher, Muhammad Bram. “Political Implications of Law in the Formation of Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Workers Protection in Employment Agreement Specific Time (EAST/PWKT).” Journal of Law and Legal Reform 1, no.3 (2020): 517-530. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v1i3.36702
Natalia, Dita Ayu Rani, and Endy Marlina. "The Influence of Cultural Tourism in the Imogiri Tomb Bantul, Yogyakarta." International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering 7, no. 1 (2020): 10-14.
NH, Uystka Hikmatul Kamiliyah. "Millennial tourists’ perception on Gedhe Mataram mosque as religious tourism site." Journal of Enterprise and Development 5, no. 1 (2023): 35-57.https://doi.org/10.20414/jed.v5i1.6618
Putra, Gratianus Prikasetya, Sulistyowati Irianto and E. Fernando M. Manullang. “Legal Pluralism in the Special Regency Province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.” International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies 19, no.1 (2023): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2023.19.1.1
Rindrasih, Erda and Patrick Witte. ”Reinventing the Post-Disaster Cultural Landscape of Heritage Tourism in Kotagede, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.” Journal of Heritage Tourism 16, no.2 (2021): 136-150, https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2020.1781870
Safitri, Ilmiawati. "Keraton Yogyakarta Masa Lampau dan Masa Kini: Dinamika Suksesi Raja-Raja Jawa dan Politik Wacana “Raja Perempuan”. Indonesian Historical Studies 3, no. 1 (2019): 44-57. https://doi.org/10.14710/ihis.v3i1.4850
Satriani, Septi. “Peranakan dan Serat Kekancingan: Sebuah Bentuk ‘Kepengaturan’ Abdi Dalem Kraton Jogjakarta,” Jurnal Etnohistori 3, no. 1 (2016): 132-148. https://doi.org/10.14710/ihis.v3i1.4850
Setyarini, Ariyanti Luhur Tri, Benedictus Hestu Cipto Handoyo, Vicki Dwi Purnomo. "Legal Politics Legislative Law Number 13 of 2012 Concerning Privileges of the Special Region of Yogyakarta." International Journal of Scientific Multidisciplinary Research 1, no.5 (2023): 445-458. https://doi.org/10.55927/ijsmr.v1i5.4591
Setyowati, Retno. “Searching for Gender Equality Between Male and Female in Yogyakarta Kingdom in The Perspective of Islam,” Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Gender, Culture and Society, ICGCS (2021): 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.30-8-2021.2316388
Shalihah, Fithriatus, Siti Alviah, and Imtikhan Anas Shob’ron. “The Wages in Employment Relations in the Tourism Sector in Yogyakarta in Justice Perspective,” Substantive Justice International Journal of Law 6, no. 2 (2023): 138-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.56087/substantivejustice.v6i2.261
Sholihah, Alvia Mustafidatus and Jauharoti Alfin. "Kehidupan di Balik Tembok Keraton: Representasi Gaya Hidup Abdi Dalem dalam Film Marak Tinjauan Semiotika John Fiske." Nusa: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 18, no. 2 (2023): 16-31. https://doi.org/10.14710/nusa.18.2.16-31
Sidiq, Muhamad Abdullah. "Special Autonomy of Yogyakarta in the Context of Local Autonomy Law," Law Research Review Quarterly 7, no.4 (2021): 515-524. https://doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v7i4.48191
Sonata, Depri Liber. "Metode Penelitian Hukum Normatif dan Empiris: Karakteristik Khas dari Metode Meneliti Hukum." Fiat Justisia Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 8, no. 1 (2014): 15-35.
Sudaryanto, Agus. "Hak dan Kewajiban Abdi Dalem dalam Pemerintahan Kraton Yogyakarta," Mimbar Hukum 20, no. 1 (2008): 163-177. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16321
Wulan, Roro Retno, Catur Nugroho, and M. Nastain. “Media Discourse and Internal Conflict of Javanese Power in Yogyakarta,” Jurnal Wacana Politik 8, no. 2 (2023): 166-176. https://doi.org/10.24198/jwp.v8i2.46698
Thesis or Dissertation
Kurniadi, Bayu Dardias. “Defending the Sultan’s Land: Yogyakarta, Control over Land and Aristocratic Power in Post-Autocratic Indonesia.” A Thesis of Doctor of Philosophy, The Australian National University, September 2019.
Legal Documents
Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Indonesia. The Indonesian Civil Code.
Indonesia. Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower.
Indonesia. Law No. 13 of 2012 concerning the Privileges of the Special Region of Yogyakarta.
Indonesia. Law No. 6 of 2023 concerning the Stipulation of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No.2 of 2022 concerning Job Creation.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 35 of 2021 concerning Specific Time Work Agreements, Outsourcing, Working Time and Rest Time, and Termination of Employment Relations.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 36 of 2021 concerning Wages.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 51 of 2023 concerning Amendments to Government Regulation No. 36 of 2021 concerning Wages.
Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. Regulation of the Governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta No. 49 of 2018 concerning Application Procedures for the Utilization of Sultanate Land and District Land.
Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. Decree of the Governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta No. 338/KEP/2022 concerning the Determination of the Provincial Minimum Wage for 2023.
Other Document
Allifa, Annisa Mufti and Mayreyna Nurwardani. “Nrimo Ing Pandum a Positive Energy in Organizational Change." Proceedings of the International Conference of Psychology: International Conference on Indigenous Treatment and Contemporary Psychology (2023).
National Center for Analysis and Evaluation of Law. Final Report of the Legal Analysis and Evaluation Working Group Related to Employment Legislation. Jakarta: National Legal Development Agency, 2018.
Interview
Daryanto. “Perception on Wage System Applied for Abdi Dalem in Kotagede Royal Cemetery.” Interview by Fithriatus Shalihah, Yogyakarta, January 2, 2024.
Daryanto. “Perception on Wage System Applied for Abdi Dalem in Kotagede Royal Cemetery.” Interview by Imtikhan Anas Shob’ron, January 9, 2024.
Case Law
Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia No. 61/PUU-VII/2010.
Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia No. 72/PUU-XIII/2015.
Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia No. 42/PUU- XIV/2016.
Website Content
Admin of Karaton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Official Website. “Tugas dan Fungsi Abdi Dalem.” https://www.kratonjogja.id/abdi-dalem/3-tugas-dan-fungsi-abdi-dalem/.
Yusuf Imam Santoso. “BKPM mengakui tingginya gaji buruh jadi pemicu investor asing enggan menanamkan modal”, https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/bkpm-mengakui-tingginya-gaji-buruh-jadi-pemicu-investor-asing-enggan-menanamkan-modal
Tim Detik Jogja. Daftar UMK Jogja 2023, Terendah di Gunungkidul". https://www.detik.com/jogja/bisnis/d-6826185/daftar-umk-jogja-2023-terendah-di-gunungkidul
Trio Hamdani. “Jokowi Kesal! 33 Perusahaan Cabut dari China tapi Tak Satu Pun ke RI”. https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-4693277/jokowi-kesal-33-perusahaan-cabut-dari-china-tapi-tak-satu-pun-ke-ri.
Office for Culture Affairs of Special Region of Yogyakarta. “Kotagede.” https://budaya.jogjaprov.go.id/artikel/detail/362-kotagede
Puspasari Setyaningrum. “Makam Raja-Raja Mataram di Imogiri: Sejarah dan Daftar Nama Raja yang Dimakamkan.” https://yogyakarta.kompas.com/read/2022/09/22/224432378/makam-raja-raja-mataram-di-imogiri-sejarah-dan-daftar-nama-raja-yang?page=all.
Hukumonline.com, “Menimbang Konsep Omnibus Law Bila Diterapkan di Indonesia”, 17 Februari 2017, https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/menimbang-konsep-omnibus-law-bila-diterapkan-di-indonesia-lt58a6fc84b8ec3
Ridwansyah. 7 Perusahaan di Jakarta Bayar Gaji di Bawah UMP 2015. https://metro.sindonews.com/read/1068815/171/7-perusahaan-di-jakarta-bayar-gaji-di-bawahump-2015-1449844969
Published
2024-01-30
How to Cite
SHALIHAH, Fithriatus.
Wage Standards for Abdi Dalem of Kotagede Royal Cemetery and Cultural Meaning of Voluntarism and Dedication.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 1, p. 24-42, jan. 2024.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/101867>. Date accessed: 27 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2024.v08.i01.p02.
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