German Environmental Concerns on Carbon Offsetting and Reduction: How it Deals with European and International Rules?
Abstract
This paper analyzes the international climate protection instrument Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), which is based on the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Assembly No. A39-3, and its relation to the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS) in aviation, which is based on Directive 2008/101/EC. It is still unclear whether or to what extent the already existing EU-ETS in aviation can continue due to CORSIA. Questions regarding the implementation, enforcement and practicability of the climate protection instruments remain. The aim of this paper is to present a comparative analysis of the two climate protection instruments. In particular, to explore the question of the legal relationship between CORSIA and the EU-ETS in aviation as well as the legal compatibility of the two climate protection instruments is essential. It will also explore how the European Union (EU) and especially Germany intends to implement CORSIA in parallel to the EU-ETS in aviation. Germany actively participates in international and European discussions and contributes towards harmonizing the implementation of CORSIA with the EU-ETS, however, implementing CORSIA raises environmental concerns and brings challenges due to conflicting European and international rules. Therefore, this paper explores how Germany manages these conflicts and strives to strike a balance between regional and global approaches to mitigate the environmental impact of aviation. This conceptual paper analyzes relevant international, European, German legal instruments and textbooks, journal articles, academic works, and reports.
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References
Book
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Plath, Hendrik. Die Einbeziehung des Luftverkehrs in den EU-Emissionshandel, in: Internationale Göttinger Reihe, Rechtswissenschaften. Frankfurt: Band 59, 2014.
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Deane, Felicity and Callum Brockett. "Carbon Border Adjustments: A Legal Tool for Mitigation or a Barrier to Justice?." Climate Law 13, no. 1 (2023): 36-55. https://doi.org/10.1163/18786561-bja10038
Dobson, Natalie L. “(re)framing Responsibility? Assessing the Division of Burdens Under the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism.” Utrecht Law Review 18, no. 2 (2022): 162–179. https://doi.org/10.36633/ulr.808
Domingos, Nicole de Paula. “Fighting Climate Change in the Air: Lessons from the EU Directive on Global Aviation.” Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 55 (2012): 70-87. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-73292012000300005
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Efthymiou, Marina and Andreas Papatheodorou. “EU Emissions Trading Scheme in Aviation: Policy analysis and Suggestions.” Journal of Cleaner Production 237 (2019): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117734
Erling, Uwe M. “How to Reconcile the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS) for Aviation with the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA)?.” Air & Space Law 43, no. 4/5 (2018): 371-386. https://doi.org/10.54648/aila2018026
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Liang, Wenqiong and Liying Zhang. "Legal Issues Concerning the EU Unilateral Aviation ETS: A Chinese Perspective." South Carolina Journal of International Law and Business 11, no. 1 (2014): 1-27.
Liao, Weijun, Ying Fan, and Chunan Wang. "How Does COVID-19 Affect the Implementation of CORSIA?." Journal of Air Transport Management 99 (2022): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2022.102180
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Maertens, Sven et al. “Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr: vom EU-Emissionshandel zu CORSIA.” Wirtschaftsdienst - Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 97, no. 8 (2017): 588-595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10273-017-2181-7
Mai, Duong Thi Thuy and Bo Yan. “Divergences between the European Union and China on Reducing International Aviation Emissions.” Asia European Journal 21 (2023): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-023-00657-x
Malina, Robert et al. "The Impact of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme on US Aviation." Journal of Air Transport Management 19 (2012): 36-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2011.12.004
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Nkuepo, Henri J. “EU ETS Aviation Discriminates against Developing Countries.” Africa’s Trade Law Newsletter no. 7 (2012): 3-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2047247
Nugraha, Ridha Aditya. “Preserving the Environment within the ASEAN Skies: Lessons from the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme.” Hasanuddin Law Review 4, no. 1 (2018): 15-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v4i1.1343
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Schaefer, Martin et al. “The Economic Impact of the Upcoming EU Emissions Trading System On Airlines and EU Member States—an Empirical Estimation.” European Transport Research Review 2 (2010): 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-010-0038-x
Scheelhaase, Janina et al. “EU ETS versus CORSIA – A Critical Assessment of Two Approaches to Limit Air Transport’s CO2 Emissions by Market-Based Measures.” Journal of Air Transport Management 67 (2018): 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.11.007
Scheelhaase, Janina and Sven Maertens. “How to Improve the Global ‘Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation’ (CORSIA)?.” Transportation Research Procedia 51 (2020): 108-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.11.013
Scheelhaase, Janina, Sven Maertens, and Wolfgang Grimme. “Options for Improving the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) for Aviation.” Transportation Research Procedia 59 (2021): 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.11.111
Wozny, Florian et al. “CORSIA—A Feasible Second Best Solution?.” Applied Science 12 (2022): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/%20app12147054
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Eriksson, Tobias. “EU ETS vs. CORSIA – A Neoliberal Institutionalist Study of European Emission Reduction Policy.” Master-Thesis, Department of Political Science Centre for European Studies (CES), University of Gothenburg, 2019.
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European Commission. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/194 of 12 February 2020 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EU) No 904/2010 as regards the Special Schemes for Taxable Persons Supplying Services to Non-Taxable Persons, Making Distance Sales of Goods and Certain Domestic Supplies of Goods.
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Plath, Hendrik. Die Einbeziehung des Luftverkehrs in den EU-Emissionshandel, in: Internationale Göttinger Reihe, Rechtswissenschaften. Frankfurt: Band 59, 2014.
Journal Article
Babeck, Wolfgang. “How Constitutional Courts Navigate Climate Litigation.” Iustitia 1, no. 4 (2023): 19-27. https://doi.org/10.59172/2667-9876/2023-1/19-27
Bartels, Lorand. “The WTO Legality of the Application of the EU’s Emission Trading System to Aviation.” European Journal of International Law 23, no. 2 (2012): 429-467. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chs017
Buissing, Niall. “EU Air Transport and the EU’s Environmental Agenda Struggle: A Leap of Faith or Can a CBAM Level the Playing Field?.” Air and Space Law 47, no. 6 (2022): 577-600. https://doi.org/10.54648/aila2022035
Deane, Felicity and Callum Brockett. "Carbon Border Adjustments: A Legal Tool for Mitigation or a Barrier to Justice?." Climate Law 13, no. 1 (2023): 36-55. https://doi.org/10.1163/18786561-bja10038
Dobson, Natalie L. “(re)framing Responsibility? Assessing the Division of Burdens Under the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism.” Utrecht Law Review 18, no. 2 (2022): 162–179. https://doi.org/10.36633/ulr.808
Domingos, Nicole de Paula. “Fighting Climate Change in the Air: Lessons from the EU Directive on Global Aviation.” Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 55 (2012): 70-87. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-73292012000300005
Efthymiou, Marina. "The Fundamentals of Environmental Regulation of Aviation: A Focus on EU Emissions Trading Scheme." Aeron Aero Open Access Journal 5, no. 1 (2021): 9-16. https://doi.org/10.15406/aaoaj.2021.05.00122
Efthymiou, Marina and Andreas Papatheodorou. “EU Emissions Trading Scheme in Aviation: Policy analysis and Suggestions.” Journal of Cleaner Production 237 (2019): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117734
Erling, Uwe M. “How to Reconcile the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS) for Aviation with the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA)?.” Air & Space Law 43, no. 4/5 (2018): 371-386. https://doi.org/10.54648/aila2018026
Erling, Uwe M. “International Aviation Emissions under International Civil Aviation Organization’s Global Market-based Measure Ready for Offsetting.” Air & Space Law 42, no. 1 (2017): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.54648/aila2017001
Gonçalves, Veronica Korber. “Climate Change and International Civil Aviation Negotiations.” Contexto Internacional 39, no. 2 (2017): 215-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8529.2017390200012
Gürçam, Selçuk. “Global Commercial Aviation Policies in the Context of the Climate Crisis and an Analysis of these Approaches from the Perspective of Türkiye.” Environmental Research Technology 5, no. 3 (2022): 227-240. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1113781
Karimi-Schmidt, Yvonne. “Klimaschutz aus Völkerrechtlicher Sicht unter Besonderer Berücksichtigung der Zivilen Luftfahrt.” Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht 74, no. 1 (2019): 35-68. https://doi.org/10.33196/zoer201901003501
Kerr, Baine P. “Clear Skies or Turbulence Ahead? The International Civil Aviation Organization’s Obligation to Mitigate Climate Change.” Utrecht Law Review 16, no. 1 (2020): 101–116. https://doi.org/10.36633/ulr.551
Kotzampasakis, Manolis. “Intercontinental Shipping in the EU ETS: A ‘Fifty-Fifty’ Alignment with the Law of the Sea and International Climate Law?.” Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law 32, no. 1 (2023): 29-43 https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12485
Labkon, Jordan and Barry Moss. “CORSIA Creates Compliance Complexities for Aviation Financiers.” The Air and Space Lawyer 32, no. 1 (2019): 4-6.
Larsson, Jörgen et al. “International and National Climate Policies for Aviation: A Review.” Climate Policy 19, no. 6 (2019): 787-799. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1562871
Lee, David S et al. “Aviation and Global Climate Change in the 21st Century.” Atmospheric Environment 43, no. 22-23 (2009): 3520-3537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.024
Lee, David S et al. “Transport Impacts on Atmosphere and Climate: Aviation.” Atmospheric Environment 44, no. 37 (2010): 4678–4734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.06.005
Liang, Wenqiong and Liying Zhang. "Legal Issues Concerning the EU Unilateral Aviation ETS: A Chinese Perspective." South Carolina Journal of International Law and Business 11, no. 1 (2014): 1-27.
Liao, Weijun, Ying Fan, and Chunan Wang. "How Does COVID-19 Affect the Implementation of CORSIA?." Journal of Air Transport Management 99 (2022): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2022.102180
Maertens, Sven et al. “Options to Continue the EU-ETS for Aviation in a CORSIA-World.” Sustainability 11, no. 20 (2019): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205703
Maertens, Sven et al. “Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr: vom EU-Emissionshandel zu CORSIA.” Wirtschaftsdienst - Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 97, no. 8 (2017): 588-595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10273-017-2181-7
Mai, Duong Thi Thuy and Bo Yan. “Divergences between the European Union and China on Reducing International Aviation Emissions.” Asia European Journal 21 (2023): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-023-00657-x
Malina, Robert et al. "The Impact of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme on US Aviation." Journal of Air Transport Management 19 (2012): 36-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2011.12.004
Nishimura, Lauren. "Adaptation and Anticipatory Action: Integrating Human Rights Duties into the Climate Change Regime." Climate Law 12, no. 2 (2022): 99-127. https://doi.org/10.1163/18786561-20210001
Nkuepo, Henri J. “EU ETS Aviation Discriminates against Developing Countries.” Africa’s Trade Law Newsletter no. 7 (2012): 3-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2047247
Nugraha, Ridha Aditya. “Preserving the Environment within the ASEAN Skies: Lessons from the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme.” Hasanuddin Law Review 4, no. 1 (2018): 15-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v4i1.1343
Rossati, David. "A Question of Value: On the Legality of Using Kyoto Protocol Units under the Paris Agreement." Climate Law 11, no. 3-4 (2021): 298-321. https://doi.org/10.1163/18786561-11030005
Schaefer, Martin et al. “The Economic Impact of the Upcoming EU Emissions Trading System On Airlines and EU Member States—an Empirical Estimation.” European Transport Research Review 2 (2010): 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-010-0038-x
Scheelhaase, Janina et al. “EU ETS versus CORSIA – A Critical Assessment of Two Approaches to Limit Air Transport’s CO2 Emissions by Market-Based Measures.” Journal of Air Transport Management 67 (2018): 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.11.007
Scheelhaase, Janina and Sven Maertens. “How to Improve the Global ‘Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation’ (CORSIA)?.” Transportation Research Procedia 51 (2020): 108-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.11.013
Scheelhaase, Janina, Sven Maertens, and Wolfgang Grimme. “Options for Improving the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) for Aviation.” Transportation Research Procedia 59 (2021): 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.11.111
Wozny, Florian et al. “CORSIA—A Feasible Second Best Solution?.” Applied Science 12 (2022): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/%20app12147054
Thesis
Eriksson, Tobias. “EU ETS vs. CORSIA – A Neoliberal Institutionalist Study of European Emission Reduction Policy.” Master-Thesis, Department of Political Science Centre for European Studies (CES), University of Gothenburg, 2019.
Legal Documents
European Commission. Commission Delegated Regulation (2019) 1644 supplementing Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards Measures Adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organisation for the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of Aviation Emissions for the Purpose of Implementing a Global Market-Based Measure of 6 March 2019.
European Commission. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/194 of 12 February 2020 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EU) No 904/2010 as regards the Special Schemes for Taxable Persons Supplying Services to Non-Taxable Persons, Making Distance Sales of Goods and Certain Domestic Supplies of Goods.
European Union. Gesetz zur Umsetzung der Richtlinie 2003/87/EG über ein System für den Handel mit Treibhausgasemissionszertifikaten in der Gemeinschaft of 8 July 2004, BGBl. 2004 I of 14 July 2004.
European Union. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, COM (2006), 818 of 20 December 2006.
European Union. Directive 2008/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008, ABl. L 8/3 from 13 January 2009.
European Union. Regulation (EU) 421/2014 of the European Parliament and the Council of 16 April 2014, ABl. L 129/1 of 30 April 2014.
European Union. Council Decision (EU) 2016/915 of 30 May 2016 on the Position to be Taken on Behalf of the European Union with regard to the International Instrument to be Drawn up within the ICAO Bodies and Intended to Lead to the Implementation from 2020 of a Single Global Market-Based Measure for International Aviation Emissions.
European Union. Regulation (EU) 2017/2392 of the European Parliament and the Council of 13.12.2017, ABl. L 350/7 of 29 December 2017.
European Union. Decision (EU) 8758/20 COR1 of 23 June 2020.
European Union. Directive 2023/959 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 May 2023 amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a System for Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading within the Union and Decision (EU) 2015/1814 concerning the Establishment and Operation of a Market Stability Reserve for the Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading System. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32023L0959
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Published
2023-07-31
How to Cite
CORBALÁN ARÉVALO, Samuel.
German Environmental Concerns on Carbon Offsetting and Reduction: How it Deals with European and International Rules?.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 2, p. 120-143, july 2023.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/101123>. Date accessed: 17 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2023.v07.i02.p05.
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