Exploring the Intentions of White Pepper Farmers in Implementing Agroforestry: A Theory of Planned Behavior Approach in Central Bangka Regency
Abstract
Agroforestry is a sustainable land-use approach that offers both ecological and economic benefits, including for strategic commodities such as Muntok White Pepper in Central Bangka Regency. However, the adoption rate of agroforestry among pepper farmers remains suboptimal, partly due to psychological factors. This study aims to analyze the psychological determinants of farmers' intentions to implement agroforestry using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework, which includes three main constructs: attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The study was conducted with an explanatory quantitative approach to 105 purposively selected white pepper farmers in Namang and Simpang Katis Districts. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analysed using multiple linear regression. The results of the analysis showed that attitudes towards behaviour and perception of behaviour control had a significant effect on farmers' intention to adopt agroforestry, while subjective norms did not have a significant effect. Attitude emerged as the most dominant predictor, highlighting the importance of farmers’ positive perceptions of agroforestry’s benefits. These findings strengthen the applicability of TPB in agroforestry adoption research and provide policy implications for developing behavior-based extension strategies. Policy recommendations should focus on strengthening farmers’ capacity and perceived ability rather than social pressure to enhance agroforestry implementation in white pepper farming systems.
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References
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Amare, D., & Darr, D. (2023). Farmers’ Intentions Toward Sustained Agroforestry Adoption: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 42(9), 869–886. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2022.2123358
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Cao, H., Li, F., Zhao, K., Qian, C., & Xiang, T. (2022). From value perception to behavioural intention: Study of Chinese smallholders’ pro-environmental agricultural practices. Journal of Environmental Management, 315(April), 115179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115179
Clément, R., Tuan, D., Cuong, V., Le Van, B., Trung, H. quôc, & Long, C. T. M. (2023). Transitioning from Monoculture to Mixed Cropping Systems: The Case of Coffee, Pepper, and Fruit Trees in Vietnam. Ecological Economics, 214, 107980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107980
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Ghozali Imam. (2009). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program SPSS. Universitas Diponegoro.
Hailu, L. (2025). Indigenous Agroforestry Practices for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Ethiopia : A Review. March. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2025/v47i33339
Hendrawan, D., & Musshoff, O. (2024). Risky for the income, useful for the environment: Predicting farmers’ intention to adopt oil palm agroforestry using an extended theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Cleaner Production, 475(August), 143692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143692
Irwin, R., Short, I., Mohammadrezaei, M., & Dhubháin, Á. N. (2023). Increasing tree cover on Irish dairy and drystock farms: The main attitudes, influential bodies and barriers that affect agroforestry uptake. Environmental Science and Policy, 146(2020026), 76–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2023.03.022
Leduc, G., & Hansson, H. (2024). Behavioural factors for farmers’ adoption of agroforestry practices in Sweden. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 47(June 2023), 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2024.03.023
Liu, W., Yao, S., Wang, J., & Liu, M. (2019). Trends and features of agroforestry research based on bibliometric analysis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(12), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123473
Mahmood, M. I., & Zubair, M. (2020). Farmer’s Perception of and Factors Influencing Agroforestry Practices in the Indus River Basin, Pakistan. Small-Scale Forestry, 19(1), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-020-09434-9
Morais, G. F. De, Gomes, M., Xavier, B., & Albiero, D. (2025). Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental Dimensional analysis of the adequacy of agricultural machinery for biomass handling in agroforestry systems 1 Análise dimensional da adequação de máquinas agrícolas para manejo de biomassa em sistemas . May. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v29n10e290222
Moure, M., Smith-Hall, C., Schmook, B., Calmé, S., & Jacobsen, J. B. (2024). Uncertainty and perceived cause-effect help explain differences in adaptation responses between Swidden agriculture and agroforestry smallholders. Environmental Science and Policy, 159(June). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103819
Mustika, L., Agustina, F., & Pranoto, Y. S. (2019). Analysis of White Pepper Farming Financial Feasibility with Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) Method and Pepper Powder Business Feasibility in Bangka Belitung Islands Province. Journal of Integrated Agribusiness, 1(1), 12–26. http://jia.ubb.ac.id/
Noeldeke, B., Winter, E., & Ntawuhiganayo, E. B. (2022). Representing human decision-making in agent-based simulation models: Agroforestry adoption in rural Rwanda. Ecological Economics, 200, 107529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107529
Ntawuruhunga, D., Ngowi, E. E., Mangi, H. O., Salanga, R. J., & Leonard, K. L. (2025). Farmers’ knowledge, attitude, and motivation for adoption of climate-smart agroforestry in two contrasting agroecosystems of Rwanda. Trees, Forests and People, 19, 100766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100766
Nugroho, A., Maulana, A. F., Utomo, S., Oktalina, S. N., Nugroho, P., & Wiyono, W. (2021). Hubungan Sikap, Norma Subyektif Dan Persepsi Kendali Perilaku Terhadap Niat Kth Dalam Budidaya Tanaman Energi Di Yogyakarta. Jurnal Hutan Tropis, 9(3), 252. https://doi.org/10.20527/jht.v9i3.12313
Octavia, D., Suharti, S., Murniati, Dharmawan, I. W. S., Nugroho, H. Y. S. H., Supriyanto, B., Rohadi, D., Njurumana, G. N., Yeny, I., Hani, A., Mindawati, N., Suratman, Adalina, Y., Prameswari, D., Hadi, E. E. W., & Ekawati, S. (2022). Mainstreaming Smart Agroforestry for Social Forestry Implementation to Support Sustainable Development Goals in Indonesia: A Review. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159313
Pancholi, R., Yadav, R., Gupta, H., Vasure, N., Choudhary, S., Singh, M. N., & Rastogi, M. (2023). The Role of Agroforestry Systems in Enhancing Climate Resilience and Sustainability- A Review. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(11), 4342–4353. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113615
Pauletto, D., Arco-Verde, M. F., Silva, I. C., Lopes, L. S. de S., Araújo, A. J. C., Lucas, F. C. A., Santos, S. F. dos, Vieira, T. A., Dias, C. T. dos S., & Martorano, L. G. (2025). Adoption and Diversity of Agroforestry Systems in the Amazon Biome: A Bibliometric Overview. Land, 14(3), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14030524
Pranoto, Y. S., Raya, A. B., & Hariadi, S. S. (2024). Strategy Model for Improving the Implementation of Good Agricultural Practices Towards Sustainable Muntok White Pepper in Bangka Belitung Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1417(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1417/1/012006
Pranoto, Y. S., Samsi, S., & Bihrajihat, A. (2025). Motivation and perception underlying farmers to improve the implementation of Good Agricultural Practices - Pepper ( GAP-Pepper ). 13(2), 475–484.
Pranoto, Y. S., & Sumiyati, S. (2022). Asset Valuation Model of Muntok White Pepper. SOCA: Jurnal Sosial, Ekonomi Pertanian, 16(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.24843/soca.2022.v16.i01.p05
Purwasih, R., Pranoto, Y. S., & Atmaja, E. J. J. (2020). Muntok white pepper price transmission in Bangka belitung island province. Agraris, 6(2), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.18196/agr.6294
Retnaningtyas, T. A., Padmaningrum, D., & Anantanyu, S. (2024). Perilaku Petani Milenial Provinsi Jawa Barat dalam Penerapan Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) pada Tanaman Hortikultura. Jurnal Ilmiah Membangun Desa Dan Pertanian, 9(2), 160–171. https://doi.org/10.37149/jimdp.v9i2.1105
Semuroh, J., & Sumin, V. (2021). Factors affecting the intention of sustainable agriculture practices among pepper farmers in Sarawak, Malaysia. Food Research, 5(S4), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(S4).005
Sugiyono. (2022). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif (Cetakan ke). CV. Alfabeta.
Tega, M., & Bojago, E. (2024). Determinants of smallholder farmers’ adoption of agroforestry practices: Sodo Zuriya District, southern Ethiopia. Agroforestry Systems, 98(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-023-00885-5
Tranchina, M., Reubens, B., Frey, M., Mele, M., & Mantino, A. (2024). What challenges impede the adoption of agroforestry practices? A global perspective through a systematic literature review. Agroforestry Systems, 98(6), 1817–1837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-024-00993-w
Zubair, M., Arshad, A., Hussain, S. B., & Gilani, M. M. (2023). The Predictive Validity of Theory of Planned Behaviour to Understand Performance of Agroforestry in Punjab, Pakistan. Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry, 9(4), 318–326. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2023/v9i4261
Amare, D., & Darr, D. (2023). Farmers’ Intentions Toward Sustained Agroforestry Adoption: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 42(9), 869–886. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2022.2123358
Azwar S. (1995). Sikap Manusia Teori dan Pengukurannya (2nd ed.). Pustaka Pelajar.
Azwar S. (2013). Dasar-dasar Psikometri (Edisi ke 2). Pustaka Pelajar.
Buyinza, J., Nuberg, I. K., Muthuri, C. W., & Denton, M. D. (2020). Assessing smallholder farmers’ motivation to adopt agroforestry using a multi-group structural equation modeling approach. Agroforestry Systems, 94(6), 2199–2211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-020-00541-2
Cao, H., Li, F., Zhao, K., Qian, C., & Xiang, T. (2022). From value perception to behavioural intention: Study of Chinese smallholders’ pro-environmental agricultural practices. Journal of Environmental Management, 315(April), 115179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115179
Clément, R., Tuan, D., Cuong, V., Le Van, B., Trung, H. quôc, & Long, C. T. M. (2023). Transitioning from Monoculture to Mixed Cropping Systems: The Case of Coffee, Pepper, and Fruit Trees in Vietnam. Ecological Economics, 214, 107980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107980
Dinas Pertanian dan Ketahanan Pangan Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. (2023). Statistik Sektoral Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung 2023.
Faadhilah, A. (2024). Peran kebijakan perhutanan sosial dalam penerapan agroforestry lada berkelanjutan di Kabupaten Belitung. 1(2), 100–108.
Ghozali Imam. (2009). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program SPSS. Universitas Diponegoro.
Hailu, L. (2025). Indigenous Agroforestry Practices for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Ethiopia : A Review. March. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2025/v47i33339
Hendrawan, D., & Musshoff, O. (2024). Risky for the income, useful for the environment: Predicting farmers’ intention to adopt oil palm agroforestry using an extended theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Cleaner Production, 475(August), 143692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143692
Irwin, R., Short, I., Mohammadrezaei, M., & Dhubháin, Á. N. (2023). Increasing tree cover on Irish dairy and drystock farms: The main attitudes, influential bodies and barriers that affect agroforestry uptake. Environmental Science and Policy, 146(2020026), 76–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2023.03.022
Leduc, G., & Hansson, H. (2024). Behavioural factors for farmers’ adoption of agroforestry practices in Sweden. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 47(June 2023), 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2024.03.023
Liu, W., Yao, S., Wang, J., & Liu, M. (2019). Trends and features of agroforestry research based on bibliometric analysis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(12), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123473
Mahmood, M. I., & Zubair, M. (2020). Farmer’s Perception of and Factors Influencing Agroforestry Practices in the Indus River Basin, Pakistan. Small-Scale Forestry, 19(1), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-020-09434-9
Morais, G. F. De, Gomes, M., Xavier, B., & Albiero, D. (2025). Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental Dimensional analysis of the adequacy of agricultural machinery for biomass handling in agroforestry systems 1 Análise dimensional da adequação de máquinas agrícolas para manejo de biomassa em sistemas . May. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v29n10e290222
Moure, M., Smith-Hall, C., Schmook, B., Calmé, S., & Jacobsen, J. B. (2024). Uncertainty and perceived cause-effect help explain differences in adaptation responses between Swidden agriculture and agroforestry smallholders. Environmental Science and Policy, 159(June). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103819
Mustika, L., Agustina, F., & Pranoto, Y. S. (2019). Analysis of White Pepper Farming Financial Feasibility with Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) Method and Pepper Powder Business Feasibility in Bangka Belitung Islands Province. Journal of Integrated Agribusiness, 1(1), 12–26. http://jia.ubb.ac.id/
Noeldeke, B., Winter, E., & Ntawuhiganayo, E. B. (2022). Representing human decision-making in agent-based simulation models: Agroforestry adoption in rural Rwanda. Ecological Economics, 200, 107529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107529
Ntawuruhunga, D., Ngowi, E. E., Mangi, H. O., Salanga, R. J., & Leonard, K. L. (2025). Farmers’ knowledge, attitude, and motivation for adoption of climate-smart agroforestry in two contrasting agroecosystems of Rwanda. Trees, Forests and People, 19, 100766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100766
Nugroho, A., Maulana, A. F., Utomo, S., Oktalina, S. N., Nugroho, P., & Wiyono, W. (2021). Hubungan Sikap, Norma Subyektif Dan Persepsi Kendali Perilaku Terhadap Niat Kth Dalam Budidaya Tanaman Energi Di Yogyakarta. Jurnal Hutan Tropis, 9(3), 252. https://doi.org/10.20527/jht.v9i3.12313
Octavia, D., Suharti, S., Murniati, Dharmawan, I. W. S., Nugroho, H. Y. S. H., Supriyanto, B., Rohadi, D., Njurumana, G. N., Yeny, I., Hani, A., Mindawati, N., Suratman, Adalina, Y., Prameswari, D., Hadi, E. E. W., & Ekawati, S. (2022). Mainstreaming Smart Agroforestry for Social Forestry Implementation to Support Sustainable Development Goals in Indonesia: A Review. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159313
Pancholi, R., Yadav, R., Gupta, H., Vasure, N., Choudhary, S., Singh, M. N., & Rastogi, M. (2023). The Role of Agroforestry Systems in Enhancing Climate Resilience and Sustainability- A Review. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(11), 4342–4353. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113615
Pauletto, D., Arco-Verde, M. F., Silva, I. C., Lopes, L. S. de S., Araújo, A. J. C., Lucas, F. C. A., Santos, S. F. dos, Vieira, T. A., Dias, C. T. dos S., & Martorano, L. G. (2025). Adoption and Diversity of Agroforestry Systems in the Amazon Biome: A Bibliometric Overview. Land, 14(3), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14030524
Pranoto, Y. S., Raya, A. B., & Hariadi, S. S. (2024). Strategy Model for Improving the Implementation of Good Agricultural Practices Towards Sustainable Muntok White Pepper in Bangka Belitung Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1417(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1417/1/012006
Pranoto, Y. S., Samsi, S., & Bihrajihat, A. (2025). Motivation and perception underlying farmers to improve the implementation of Good Agricultural Practices - Pepper ( GAP-Pepper ). 13(2), 475–484.
Pranoto, Y. S., & Sumiyati, S. (2022). Asset Valuation Model of Muntok White Pepper. SOCA: Jurnal Sosial, Ekonomi Pertanian, 16(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.24843/soca.2022.v16.i01.p05
Purwasih, R., Pranoto, Y. S., & Atmaja, E. J. J. (2020). Muntok white pepper price transmission in Bangka belitung island province. Agraris, 6(2), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.18196/agr.6294
Retnaningtyas, T. A., Padmaningrum, D., & Anantanyu, S. (2024). Perilaku Petani Milenial Provinsi Jawa Barat dalam Penerapan Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) pada Tanaman Hortikultura. Jurnal Ilmiah Membangun Desa Dan Pertanian, 9(2), 160–171. https://doi.org/10.37149/jimdp.v9i2.1105
Semuroh, J., & Sumin, V. (2021). Factors affecting the intention of sustainable agriculture practices among pepper farmers in Sarawak, Malaysia. Food Research, 5(S4), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(S4).005
Sugiyono. (2022). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif (Cetakan ke). CV. Alfabeta.
Tega, M., & Bojago, E. (2024). Determinants of smallholder farmers’ adoption of agroforestry practices: Sodo Zuriya District, southern Ethiopia. Agroforestry Systems, 98(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-023-00885-5
Tranchina, M., Reubens, B., Frey, M., Mele, M., & Mantino, A. (2024). What challenges impede the adoption of agroforestry practices? A global perspective through a systematic literature review. Agroforestry Systems, 98(6), 1817–1837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-024-00993-w
Zubair, M., Arshad, A., Hussain, S. B., & Gilani, M. M. (2023). The Predictive Validity of Theory of Planned Behaviour to Understand Performance of Agroforestry in Punjab, Pakistan. Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry, 9(4), 318–326. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2023/v9i4261
Published
2025-07-30
How to Cite
PRANOTO, Yudi Sapta; JUSTITIA, Annisa Ambar; SITORUS, Rostiar.
Exploring the Intentions of White Pepper Farmers in Implementing Agroforestry: A Theory of Planned Behavior Approach in Central Bangka Regency.
SOCA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, [S.l.], v. 19, n. 2, p. 85-93, july 2025.
ISSN 2615-6628.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/soca/article/view/127654>. Date accessed: 14 oct. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/SOCA.2025.v19.i02.p02.
Section
Articles
