Dinamika Psikologis Remaja yang mengalami Kekerasan Emosional dalam Keluarga
Abstract
Kekerasan emosional adalah bentuk kekerasan nonfisik yang membahayakan keberfungsian kognitif, psikologis, maupun fisiologis individu. Kekerasan jenis ini banyak ditemukan dalam relasi keluarga, terutama orang tua dengan anak. Dampak kekerasan emosional dalam keluarga dapat memengaruhi proses pembentukan identitas anak sebagai salah satu tugas perkembangan remaja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dinamika psikologis remaja yang mengalami kekerasan emosional dalam keluarga. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif pendekatan studi multi kasus. Partisipan penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga remaja berusia 14-21 tahun yang didapatkan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis tematik. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, ditemukan enam temuan utama, antara lain: 1) gambaran relasi keluarga yang ditinjau dari aspek kontekstual dan aspek relasional; 2) gambaran kekerasan emosional dalam keluarga; 3) dampak kekerasan emosional ditinjau dari aspek kognitif, sosioemosional, dan perilaku; 4) pembentukan identitas remaja yang mengalami kekerasan dalam emosional; 5) pengalaman perundungan di sekolah, dan; 6) pembentukan resiliensi pada remaja yang mengalami kekerasan emosional sekaligus perundungan di sekolah. Implikasi dari penelitian ini memberikan pemahaman bagi orang tua mengenai tindakan kekerasan emosional dalam keluarga dan dampaknya terhadap remaja, serta pentingnya mengembangkan relasi keluarga yang baik untuk mendukung tumbuh kembang anak ke arah yang positif.
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References
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Christ, C., De Waal, M. M., Dekker, J. J. M., van Kuijk, I., Van Schaik, D. J. F., Kikkert, M. J., Goudriaan, A. E., Beekman, A. T. F., & Messman-Moore, T. L. (2019). Linking childhood emotional abuse and depressive symptoms: The role of emotion dysregulation and interpersonal problems.
Cipriano, A., Cella, S., & Cotrufo, P. (2017). Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 8:1946, 1-14. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01946
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Dereboy, Ç., Şahin Demirkapı, E., Şakiroğlu, M., & Şafak Öztürk, C. (2018). The Relationship Between Childhood Traumas, Identity Development, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology. Turkish journal of psychiatry, 29(4), 269–278.
Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton & Company.
Esposito, C., Bacchini, D., & Affuso, G. (2019). Adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and its relationships with school bullying and peer rejection. Psychiatry research, 274, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.018
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Gu, H., Ma., P., & Xia, T. (2020). Childhood emotional abuse and adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury: the mediating role of identity confusion and moderating role of rumination. Child Abuse and Neglect, 106, 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104474
Haas, B. M., Berg, K. A., Schmidt-Sane, M. M., Korbin, J. E., & Spilsbury, J. C. (2018). How might neighborhood built environment influence child maltreatment? Caregiver perceptions. Social science & medicine (1982), 214, 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.033
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Harmer, B., Lee, S., Duong, T., & Saadabadi, A. (2022). Suicidal Ideation. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Haroun-Alrashidi, H., Kazemian Moghadam, K. (2018). The Relationship between Communication Patterns, Flexibility, Family Cohesion, and Assertiveness among Female Students. The Women and Families Cultural-Educational, 13(44), 165-183.
Hatkevich, C., Sumlin, E., & Sharp, C. (2021). Examining Associations Between Child Abuse and Neglect Experiences With Emotion Regulation Difficulties Indicative of Adolescent Suicidal Ideation Risk. Frontiers in psychiatry, 12, 630697. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.630697
Hines, D. A., Malley-Morrison, K., & Dutton, L. B. (2020). Family violence in the United States: Defining, understanding, and combating abuse. Sage Publications.
Kagitcibasi, C. (2013). Adolescent Autonomy-Relatedness and the Family in Cultural Context: What is Optimal?. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(2), 223-235. DOI: 10.1111/jora/12041
Khan, S., & Kausar, R. (2020). Psychosocial factors of non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents and young adults. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 35(4), 637–655. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33824/PJPR.2020.35.4.34
Khan, S., & VanWynsberghe, R. (2008). Cultivating the Under-Mined: Cross-Case Analysis as Knowledge Mobilization. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-9.1.334
Kurniasari, A., Widodo, N., Husmiati., Susantyo, B., Wismayanti, Y. F., & Irmayani. (2017). Prevalensi Kekerasan terhadap Anak Laki-Laki dan Anak Perempuan di Indonesia. Sosio Konsepsia. 6(3), 287-300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33007/ska.v6i3.740
Lavi, I., Manor-Binyamini, I., Seibert, E., Katz, L., Ozer, E., & Gross, J. (2018). Broken bonds: A meta-analysis of emotion reactivity and regulation in emotionally maltreating parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 88, 376-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.11.016.
Lereya, S., Samara, M., & Wolke, D. (2013). Parenting behavior and the risk of becoming a victim and a bully/victim: A meta-analysis study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(12), 1091-1108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.03.001
Li, X., Ren, Y., Zhou, J., Sun, R., Liu, X., & Lung, F. (2019). A longitudinal study testing the role of psychache in the association between emotional abuse and suicidal ideation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 75(12), 2284-2292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22847
Lidberg, J., Berne, S., & Frisén, A. (2022). Challenges in Emerging Adulthood Related to the Impact of Childhood Bullying Victimization. Emerging Adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 0(0), 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968211051475
Liu, R., Scopelliti, K., Pittman, S., & Zamora, A. (2018). Childhood maltreatment and non-suicidal self-injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 5, 51-64. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30469-8
Liu, Y., & Merritt, D. H. (2018). Familial financial stress and child internalizing behaviors: The roles of caregivers' maltreating behaviors and social services. Child abuse & neglect, 86, 324–335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.002
Moleong, L. J. (2017). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
Nair, K., James, J., & Santhosh, K. (2015). Identity crisis among early adolescents in relations to abusive experiences in the childhood, social support and parental support. Journal of Psychosocial Research, 10(1), 165-173.
Nindya, P. N. & Margaretha, R. (2012). Hubungan antara kekerasan emosional pada anak terhadap kecenderungan kenakalan remaja. Jurnal Psikologi Klinis dan Kesehatan Mental, 1(2), 1-8. DOI: 10.24198/jppm.v5i2.18364
Nock, M. K., & Favazza, A. R. (2009). Nonsuicidal self-injury: Definition and classification. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), Understanding nonsuicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment, and treatment (pp. 9–18). American Psychological Association. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/11875-001
Nugrahani, F. (2014). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Surakarta: Cakra Books.
Olson, D. H. (2000). Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems. Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 144-167.
Olson, D. H. (2019). Circumplex Model of Marital and Family System: An Update. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 1-13.
Pinandhita, N. (2020, Januari 10). 2020 Kekerasan pada anak tak menurun. Lokadata. Diakses dari https://lokadata.id/artikel/2020-kekerasan-pada-anak-tak-menurun
Santrock, J. W. (2014). Adolescence, (15th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Stake, R. E. (2006). Multiple Case Study Analysis. New York: The Guilford Press
Steinberg, L. (2017). Adolescence, (11th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Steiner, K. L., & Pillemer, D. B. (2018). Development of the Life Story in Early Adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(2), 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431616659562
Sturge-Apple, M., Skibo, M. A., & Davies, P. T. (2012). Impact of parental conflict and emotional abuse on children and families. Partner Abuse, 3(3), 379-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.3.3.379
Sugiyono. (2018). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Penerbit Alfabeta.
Swearer, S., & Hymel, S. (2015). Understanding the Psychology of Bullying. School Bullying and Victimization, 70(4), 344-353. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038929
White, M. A., Grzankowski, J., Paavilainen, E., Astedt-Kurki, P., & Paunonen-Ilmonen, M. (2003). Family dynamics and child abuse and neglect in three Finnish communities. Issues in mental health nursing, 24(6-7), 707–722. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840305329
Wulandari, V., & Purwati, N. (2018). Hubungan kekerasan emosional yang dilakukan oleh orangtua terhadap perilaku remaja. Prosiding Penelitian & Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, 5(2), 132-136.
Yin, K. R. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th Ed). United States of America: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Zeanah, C. H., & Humphreys, K. L. (2018). Child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(9), 637-644. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.007
Ayres, L., Kavanaugh, K., & Knafl, K. A. (2003). Within-case and across-case approaches to qualitative data analysis. Qualitative health research, 13(6), 871–883. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732303013006008
Belsky, J. (2016). Experiencing the Lifespan (4th Ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Brodski, S. K. & Hutz, C. S. (2012). The Repercussions of Emotional Abuse and Parenting Styles on Self-Esteem, Subjective Well-Being: A Retrospective Study with University Students in Brazil, Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 21(3), 256-276, DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2012.666335
Carr, A. (2006). Family Therapy: Concepts, Process and Practice. England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Christ, C., De Waal, M. M., Dekker, J. J. M., van Kuijk, I., Van Schaik, D. J. F., Kikkert, M. J., Goudriaan, A. E., Beekman, A. T. F., & Messman-Moore, T. L. (2019). Linking childhood emotional abuse and depressive symptoms: The role of emotion dysregulation and interpersonal problems.
Cipriano, A., Cella, S., & Cotrufo, P. (2017). Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 8:1946, 1-14. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01946
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, D. J. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches [Desain Penelitian: Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Metode Campuran], (5th Ed.). United States of America: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Dereboy, Ç., Şahin Demirkapı, E., Şakiroğlu, M., & Şafak Öztürk, C. (2018). The Relationship Between Childhood Traumas, Identity Development, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology. Turkish journal of psychiatry, 29(4), 269–278.
Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton & Company.
Esposito, C., Bacchini, D., & Affuso, G. (2019). Adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and its relationships with school bullying and peer rejection. Psychiatry research, 274, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.018
Fang, et al. (2015). The burden of child maltreatment in the East Asia and Pacific Region. Child Abuse & Neglect. 42, 146-162. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.02.012
Fontes, L. A. (2005). Child Abuse and Culture: Working with Diverse Families. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Gelles, R. J. (1998). Family Violence. The Handbook of Crime and Punishment, 178-206.
Glaser, D., & Prior, V. (2002). Predicting emotional abuse and neglect. Dalam K. Browne, H. Hanks, P. Stratton, & C. Hamilton (Eds.), Early Prediction and Prevention of Child Abuse: A Handhook. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Gu, H., Ma., P., & Xia, T. (2020). Childhood emotional abuse and adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury: the mediating role of identity confusion and moderating role of rumination. Child Abuse and Neglect, 106, 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104474
Haas, B. M., Berg, K. A., Schmidt-Sane, M. M., Korbin, J. E., & Spilsbury, J. C. (2018). How might neighborhood built environment influence child maltreatment? Caregiver perceptions. Social science & medicine (1982), 214, 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.033
Hamilton, J., Shapero, B., Stange, J., Hamlat, E., Abramson, L., & Alloy, L. (2013). Emotional maltreatment, peer victimization, and depressive versus anxiety symptoms during adolescence: hopelessness as a mediator. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(3), 332–347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.777916
Harmer, B., Lee, S., Duong, T., & Saadabadi, A. (2022). Suicidal Ideation. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Haroun-Alrashidi, H., Kazemian Moghadam, K. (2018). The Relationship between Communication Patterns, Flexibility, Family Cohesion, and Assertiveness among Female Students. The Women and Families Cultural-Educational, 13(44), 165-183.
Hatkevich, C., Sumlin, E., & Sharp, C. (2021). Examining Associations Between Child Abuse and Neglect Experiences With Emotion Regulation Difficulties Indicative of Adolescent Suicidal Ideation Risk. Frontiers in psychiatry, 12, 630697. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.630697
Hines, D. A., Malley-Morrison, K., & Dutton, L. B. (2020). Family violence in the United States: Defining, understanding, and combating abuse. Sage Publications.
Kagitcibasi, C. (2013). Adolescent Autonomy-Relatedness and the Family in Cultural Context: What is Optimal?. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(2), 223-235. DOI: 10.1111/jora/12041
Khan, S., & Kausar, R. (2020). Psychosocial factors of non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents and young adults. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 35(4), 637–655. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33824/PJPR.2020.35.4.34
Khan, S., & VanWynsberghe, R. (2008). Cultivating the Under-Mined: Cross-Case Analysis as Knowledge Mobilization. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-9.1.334
Kurniasari, A., Widodo, N., Husmiati., Susantyo, B., Wismayanti, Y. F., & Irmayani. (2017). Prevalensi Kekerasan terhadap Anak Laki-Laki dan Anak Perempuan di Indonesia. Sosio Konsepsia. 6(3), 287-300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33007/ska.v6i3.740
Lavi, I., Manor-Binyamini, I., Seibert, E., Katz, L., Ozer, E., & Gross, J. (2018). Broken bonds: A meta-analysis of emotion reactivity and regulation in emotionally maltreating parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 88, 376-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.11.016.
Lereya, S., Samara, M., & Wolke, D. (2013). Parenting behavior and the risk of becoming a victim and a bully/victim: A meta-analysis study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(12), 1091-1108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.03.001
Li, X., Ren, Y., Zhou, J., Sun, R., Liu, X., & Lung, F. (2019). A longitudinal study testing the role of psychache in the association between emotional abuse and suicidal ideation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 75(12), 2284-2292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22847
Lidberg, J., Berne, S., & Frisén, A. (2022). Challenges in Emerging Adulthood Related to the Impact of Childhood Bullying Victimization. Emerging Adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 0(0), 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968211051475
Liu, R., Scopelliti, K., Pittman, S., & Zamora, A. (2018). Childhood maltreatment and non-suicidal self-injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 5, 51-64. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30469-8
Liu, Y., & Merritt, D. H. (2018). Familial financial stress and child internalizing behaviors: The roles of caregivers' maltreating behaviors and social services. Child abuse & neglect, 86, 324–335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.002
Moleong, L. J. (2017). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
Nair, K., James, J., & Santhosh, K. (2015). Identity crisis among early adolescents in relations to abusive experiences in the childhood, social support and parental support. Journal of Psychosocial Research, 10(1), 165-173.
Nindya, P. N. & Margaretha, R. (2012). Hubungan antara kekerasan emosional pada anak terhadap kecenderungan kenakalan remaja. Jurnal Psikologi Klinis dan Kesehatan Mental, 1(2), 1-8. DOI: 10.24198/jppm.v5i2.18364
Nock, M. K., & Favazza, A. R. (2009). Nonsuicidal self-injury: Definition and classification. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), Understanding nonsuicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment, and treatment (pp. 9–18). American Psychological Association. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/11875-001
Nugrahani, F. (2014). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Surakarta: Cakra Books.
Olson, D. H. (2000). Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems. Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 144-167.
Olson, D. H. (2019). Circumplex Model of Marital and Family System: An Update. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 1-13.
Pinandhita, N. (2020, Januari 10). 2020 Kekerasan pada anak tak menurun. Lokadata. Diakses dari https://lokadata.id/artikel/2020-kekerasan-pada-anak-tak-menurun
Santrock, J. W. (2014). Adolescence, (15th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Stake, R. E. (2006). Multiple Case Study Analysis. New York: The Guilford Press
Steinberg, L. (2017). Adolescence, (11th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Steiner, K. L., & Pillemer, D. B. (2018). Development of the Life Story in Early Adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(2), 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431616659562
Sturge-Apple, M., Skibo, M. A., & Davies, P. T. (2012). Impact of parental conflict and emotional abuse on children and families. Partner Abuse, 3(3), 379-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.3.3.379
Sugiyono. (2018). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Penerbit Alfabeta.
Swearer, S., & Hymel, S. (2015). Understanding the Psychology of Bullying. School Bullying and Victimization, 70(4), 344-353. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038929
White, M. A., Grzankowski, J., Paavilainen, E., Astedt-Kurki, P., & Paunonen-Ilmonen, M. (2003). Family dynamics and child abuse and neglect in three Finnish communities. Issues in mental health nursing, 24(6-7), 707–722. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840305329
Wulandari, V., & Purwati, N. (2018). Hubungan kekerasan emosional yang dilakukan oleh orangtua terhadap perilaku remaja. Prosiding Penelitian & Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, 5(2), 132-136.
Yin, K. R. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th Ed). United States of America: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Zeanah, C. H., & Humphreys, K. L. (2018). Child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(9), 637-644. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.007
Published
2022-12-02
How to Cite
KESARI, Anak Agung Istri Indira; VALENTINA, Tience Debora.
Dinamika Psikologis Remaja yang mengalami Kekerasan Emosional dalam Keluarga.
Jurnal Psikologi Udayana, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 2, p. 206-214, dec. 2022.
ISSN 2654-4024.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/psikologi/article/view/93329>. Date accessed: 16 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/JPU.2022.v09.i02.p10.
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