PROFILE IMMUNOGLOBULIN M (IgM) BALI CATTLE IN NUSA PENIDA KLUNGKUNG DISTRICT BALI PROVINCE
Abstract
This study aims to determine the profile of immunoglobulin M (IgM) of bali cattle in Nusa Penida. The serum samples of 54 bali cattle that were kept in Nusa Penida based on geographical criteria consisted of highlands (Klumpu and Batumadeg villages) and lowlands (Ped villages), age covering young bali cattle (12-18 months ) and adults (24 months and over), while sex (male and female). The serum obtained was tested using the ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) method. The results showed that 54 samples of serum of bali cattle in Nusa Penida were detected in the presence of levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) with values ranging from 2.565 ng/mL – 8.834 ng/mL. The mean rate of serum IgM cattle raised in the lowlands (4,837 ± 1,385 ng / mL) was descriptively higher than in the highlands (4,761 ± 1,353 ng / mL), while for female bali cattle (5.018 ± 1.370 ng / mL) higher than male (4,477 ± 1.290 ng / mL), while adult bali cattle (4,869 ± 1.417 ng / mL) was higher than young bali cattle (4,707 ± 1.305 ng / mL), but statistically comparable from all categories showed no significantly (P> 0.05). The average rate of IgM of bali cattle maintained in Nusa Penida can be used as a data base of IgM profile of bali cattle that is maintained in Nusa Penida.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abbas KA, Lichtmant AH, Pillai S. 2007. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Sixth ed. Philadelphia : W B Saunders Company.
Abdelatif AM, Alameen AO. Influence of season and pregnancy on thermal and haemotological responses of crossbred dairy cows in a tropical environment. Global Veterinaria, 9: pp. 334–340.
Akbulut O, Bayram B, Yanar M. 2003. Serum Immunoglobulin Concentration of Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian Calves and Their Relationship with Growth Characteristics. Ataturk Univ. Ziraat Fak. Derg 34 (2): pp. 157-159.
Armstrong DV. 1994. Heat stress interaction with shade and cooling. J. Dairy Sci 7: pp. 2044–2050.
Arlian LG. 1996. Immunology of scabies-The Immunology of Host-Ectoparasitic Arthropod Relationships. CAB International.Wallingford, Oxon, UK.
Antara, P.A.T.K, Suwiti, N.K., Apsari, I.A.P. 2017. Prevalensi Nematoda Gastrointestinal Bibit Sapi Bali di Nusa Penida. Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 9(2): pp. 195-201.
Avrameas S. 1991. Natural autoantibodies: from ‘horror autotoxicus’ to ‘gnothi seauton’. Immunol Today 12 (15): pp. 4–9.
Baumgarth N, Herman OC, Jager GC, Brown LE, Herzenberg LA, Chen J. 2000. B-1 and B-2 cell-derived immunoglobulin M antibodies are nonredundant components of the protective response to influenza virus infection. J Exp Med 192 (2): pp.71–80.
Batan IW, Wiyanti NWS, dan Wirat P. 2001. Pola Penyebaran Lesi Demodekosis Sapi Bali dan Efektifitas Pengobatan Doramectin. J Vet 2 (2): Pp. 49-54.
Baumgarth N, Herman OC, Jager GC, Brown LE, Herzenberg LA, Chen J. 2000. B-1 and B-2 cell-derived immunoglobulin M antibodies are nonredundant components of the protective response to influenza virus infection. J Exp Med 192 (2): pp.71–80.
Bayram B, Aksakal V, Turan I, Demir S, Mazlum H, dan Cosar I. 2016. Comparison of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM) concentration in calves raised under organic and conventional condition. Indian J. Anim. Res 50 (6): pp. 995-999.
Boes M, Prodeus AP, Schmidt T, Carroll MC, Chen J. 1998. A critical role of natural immunoglobulin M in immediate defense against systemic bacterial infection. J Exp Med 188 (238): pp.1–6.
Boes M. 2000. Role of Natural and Immune IgM antibodies in Immune Responses. Molecular Immunology 37: pp. 1141-1149.
Briles DE, Nahm M, Schroer K, Davie J, Baker P, Kearney J. 1981. Antiphosphocholine antibodies found in normal mouse serum are protective against intravenous infection with type 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Exp Med 153: pp.694–705.
Carroll JA dan Forsberg NE. 2007. Influence of stress and nutrition on cattle immunity. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract (23): 105-149.
Casali P, Schettino EW. 1996. Structure and function of natural antibodies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 210: pp.167–79.
Coutinho A, Kazatchkine MD, Avrameas S. 1995. Natural autoantibodies. Curr Opin Immunol 7: pp. 812–8.
Damayanti R. 2016. Penyakit Malignant Catarrhal Fever di Indonesia dan Upaya Pengendaliannya. Wartazoa 26 (3): 103-114.
Departemen Pertanian. 2006. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian tentang Sistem Perbibitan Ternak Nasional, Direktur Jenderal Peternakan. Direktorat Pembibitan. Jakarta.
Diker KS. 2005. Immunoloji. Medisan Yayin Serisi: 37, ISSBN: 975-7774-34-0, Ankara.
Ehrenstein MR, O’Keefe TL, Davies SL, Neuberger MS. 1998. Targeted gene disruption reveals a role for natural secretory IgMin the maturation of the primary immune response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 (100): pp.89–93.
Erhard, M.H., Amon, P., Younana, M., Ali, Z., Stangassinger, M. 1999. Absorption and synthesis of immunoglobulins g in newborn calves. Reproduction of Domestic Animals, 34: pp. 173–175.
Fearon DT, Locksley RM. 1996. The instructive role of innate immunity in the acquired immune response. Science 272 (5): pp.1–4.
Gobet R, Cerny A, Ruedi E, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. 1988. The role of antibodies in natural and acquired resistance of mice to vesicular stomatitis virus. Exp Cell Biol 56 (1): pp.75–80.
Haas KM, Poe JC, Steeber DA, Tedder TF. 2005. B-1a and B-1b cells exhibit distinct developmental requirements and have unique functional roles in innate and adaptive immunity to S. pneumoniae. Immunity23: pp.7–18.
Handriwirawan E dan Subandriyo. 2004. Potensi Keragaman Sumberdaya Genetik Sapi Bali. Wartazoa 14(3): 50-60.
Haury M, Sundblad A, Grandien A, Barreau C, Coutinho A, Nobrega A. 1997. The repertoire of serum IgM in normal mice is largely independent of external antigenic contact. Eur J Immunol 27 (15): pp. 57–63.
Indriawati, Margawati ET, Ridwan M. 2013. Identifikasi Virus Penyakit Jemberana Pada Sapi Bali Menggunakan Penanda Molekular Gen env SU. Berita Biologi 12(2): 211-216.
Indraswari, A.A.S.I, Suwiti, N.K., Apsari, I.A.P. 2017. Protozoa Gastrointestinal: Eimeria Auburnensis dan Eimeria Bovis Menginfeksi Sapi Bali Betina di Nusa Penida. Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 9(1): pp. 112-116.
Iskandar. 2011. Performa Reproduksi Sapi PO Pada Dataran Rendah dan Dataran Tinggi di Provinsi Jambi. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-ilmu Peternakan 14(1): 51-61.
Jazek J, Malovrh T, Klinkon M. 2012. Serum Immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) Concentration in Cows and Their Calves. Acta Agriculture Slovenica 3: 295-298.
Korhonen H. dan Kaartinen, L. 1995. Changes in the composition of milk induced by mastitis. The Bovine Udder and Mastitis. Iyvaskyla, Finland: Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy: pp. 76-82.
Kresno SB. 2001. Imunologi: Diagnosis dan Prosedur laboratorium Edisi 4. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit Fakultas Keddokteran Universitas Indonesia.
Mazzullo G, Rafici C, Commarata F, Caccamo G, Rizzo M, dan Piccione G. 2014. Effect of Different Environmental Conditions on Some Haematological Parameters in Cow. Ann. Anim. Sci. 14(4): pp. 947-954.
Mendonsa, KM. 2011. Factors affecting passive transfer in neonatal calves. Dairy Science Department. California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.
Mirzadeh KH, Tabatabaei S, Bojarpour M, Mamoei M. 2010. Comparative Study of Hematological Parameters According Strain, Age, Sex, Physiological Status and Season in Iranian Cattle. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advance 9 (16): pp. 2123-2127.
Morsy TA, Kenawi MZ, Zohdy HA, Abdalla, KF dan Fakahany AFE. 1993. Serum immunoglobulin and complement values in scabietic patients. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 23: pp.221-228.
Mouthon L, Nobrega A, Nicolas N, Kaveri SV, Barreau C, Coutinho A. 1995. Invariance and restriction toward a limited set of self-antigens characterize neonatal IgM antibody repertoires and prevail in autoreactive repertoires of healthy adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 (38):pp. 39–43.
Notkins AL. 2004. Polyreactivity of antibody molecules. Trends Immunol 25: pp.174–9.
Ochsenbein AF, Zinkernagel RM. 2000. Natural antibodies and complement link innate and acquired immunity. Immunol Today 21: pp.624–30.
Pane I. 1991. Produktivitas dan breeding sapi Bali. Pros. Seminar Nasional Sapi Bali. Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Hasanudin. Ujung Pandang. 2-3 September 1991.
Pereira P, Forni L, Larsson EL, Cooper M, Heusser C, Coutinho A. 1986. Autonomous activation of B and T cells in antigen-free mice. Eur J Immunol 16 (68): pp.5–8.
Putro PP. 2004. Pencegahan, Pengendalian dan Pemberantasan Penyakit Hewan Menular Strategis Dalam Pengembangan Usaha Sapi Potong. Lokakarya Nasional Sapi Potong: 22-26.
Racine R dan Winslow GM. 2009. IgM in microbial infection: Taken for granted ?. Immunology Letters 125:pp. 79-85.
Rasyid R, Yanwirasti, Nasrul E. 2008. Pengaruh Esterogen Terhadap Aktifitas Sel Makrofag dalam Menfagosit Candida albicans Secara InVitro. Majalah Kedokteran Andalas 1(32): pp. 79-87.
Raut PA, Sonkhusale VG, Khan LA, Nakade MK, Pagrut NS, dan Boodkhe AM. 2008. Veterinary world 1(11): pp. 338-339.
Sampurna IP. 2012. Analisis regresi non-linear terapan dengan spss. Pelawa Sari. Denpasar.
Sampurna IP dan Nindhia TS. 2008. Analisis Data dengan SPSS dalam Rancangan Percobaan. Udayana University Press. Denpasar.
Sayaka B. 2012. Pengembangan Perbenihan Sapi Potong dan Perananya Dalam Pencapaian Swasembada Daging Sapi. Forum Peneliti Agro Ekonomi 30 (1): 59-71.
Schroeder HW dan Cavacini L. 2010. Structure and Function of Immunoglobulins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125 (202): pp. 1-24.
Surhayati S dan Hartono M. 2015. Pengaruh Manajemen Peternakan Terhadap Efisiensi Reproduksi Sapi Bali di Kabupaten Pringinsewu Provinsi Lampung. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan 16 (1): 61-67.
Suwiti NK. 2009. Fenomena jembrana disease dan bovine immunodeficiency virus pada sapi bali. Bul. Vet. Udayana. 1(1): 21-25.
Telupere FMS dan Katipana NGF. 2014. Pengaruh Ketinggian Tempat dan Sistem Pemeliharaan Terhadap Korelasi Genetik Bobot Lahir Dengan Bobot Dewasa Sapi Bali. Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan 1(1): 1-6.
Vieira P dan Rajewsky K. 1988. The half-lives of serum immunoglobulins in adult mice. Eur J Immunol 18: pp.313–316.
Wikel SK, 1985. Effects of tick infestation on the plaqueforming cell response to a thymic dependant antigen. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 79: pp. 195–198.
Zagorska J, Ciproviča I, Miķelsone V. 2007. Baktericīdo vielu un antivielu satura izvērtējums dažādās lauksaimniecības sistēmās turēto govju pienā. Latvijas Lauksaimniecības Universitātes Raksti, 18 (313): pp. 45-50.
Zhou ZH, Tzioufas AG, Notkins AL. 2007. Properties and function of polyreactive antibodies and polyreactive antigen-binding B cells. J Autoimmun 29 (21): pp. 9–28.
Abdelatif AM, Alameen AO. Influence of season and pregnancy on thermal and haemotological responses of crossbred dairy cows in a tropical environment. Global Veterinaria, 9: pp. 334–340.
Akbulut O, Bayram B, Yanar M. 2003. Serum Immunoglobulin Concentration of Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian Calves and Their Relationship with Growth Characteristics. Ataturk Univ. Ziraat Fak. Derg 34 (2): pp. 157-159.
Armstrong DV. 1994. Heat stress interaction with shade and cooling. J. Dairy Sci 7: pp. 2044–2050.
Arlian LG. 1996. Immunology of scabies-The Immunology of Host-Ectoparasitic Arthropod Relationships. CAB International.Wallingford, Oxon, UK.
Antara, P.A.T.K, Suwiti, N.K., Apsari, I.A.P. 2017. Prevalensi Nematoda Gastrointestinal Bibit Sapi Bali di Nusa Penida. Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 9(2): pp. 195-201.
Avrameas S. 1991. Natural autoantibodies: from ‘horror autotoxicus’ to ‘gnothi seauton’. Immunol Today 12 (15): pp. 4–9.
Baumgarth N, Herman OC, Jager GC, Brown LE, Herzenberg LA, Chen J. 2000. B-1 and B-2 cell-derived immunoglobulin M antibodies are nonredundant components of the protective response to influenza virus infection. J Exp Med 192 (2): pp.71–80.
Batan IW, Wiyanti NWS, dan Wirat P. 2001. Pola Penyebaran Lesi Demodekosis Sapi Bali dan Efektifitas Pengobatan Doramectin. J Vet 2 (2): Pp. 49-54.
Baumgarth N, Herman OC, Jager GC, Brown LE, Herzenberg LA, Chen J. 2000. B-1 and B-2 cell-derived immunoglobulin M antibodies are nonredundant components of the protective response to influenza virus infection. J Exp Med 192 (2): pp.71–80.
Bayram B, Aksakal V, Turan I, Demir S, Mazlum H, dan Cosar I. 2016. Comparison of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM) concentration in calves raised under organic and conventional condition. Indian J. Anim. Res 50 (6): pp. 995-999.
Boes M, Prodeus AP, Schmidt T, Carroll MC, Chen J. 1998. A critical role of natural immunoglobulin M in immediate defense against systemic bacterial infection. J Exp Med 188 (238): pp.1–6.
Boes M. 2000. Role of Natural and Immune IgM antibodies in Immune Responses. Molecular Immunology 37: pp. 1141-1149.
Briles DE, Nahm M, Schroer K, Davie J, Baker P, Kearney J. 1981. Antiphosphocholine antibodies found in normal mouse serum are protective against intravenous infection with type 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Exp Med 153: pp.694–705.
Carroll JA dan Forsberg NE. 2007. Influence of stress and nutrition on cattle immunity. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract (23): 105-149.
Casali P, Schettino EW. 1996. Structure and function of natural antibodies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 210: pp.167–79.
Coutinho A, Kazatchkine MD, Avrameas S. 1995. Natural autoantibodies. Curr Opin Immunol 7: pp. 812–8.
Damayanti R. 2016. Penyakit Malignant Catarrhal Fever di Indonesia dan Upaya Pengendaliannya. Wartazoa 26 (3): 103-114.
Departemen Pertanian. 2006. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian tentang Sistem Perbibitan Ternak Nasional, Direktur Jenderal Peternakan. Direktorat Pembibitan. Jakarta.
Diker KS. 2005. Immunoloji. Medisan Yayin Serisi: 37, ISSBN: 975-7774-34-0, Ankara.
Ehrenstein MR, O’Keefe TL, Davies SL, Neuberger MS. 1998. Targeted gene disruption reveals a role for natural secretory IgMin the maturation of the primary immune response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 (100): pp.89–93.
Erhard, M.H., Amon, P., Younana, M., Ali, Z., Stangassinger, M. 1999. Absorption and synthesis of immunoglobulins g in newborn calves. Reproduction of Domestic Animals, 34: pp. 173–175.
Fearon DT, Locksley RM. 1996. The instructive role of innate immunity in the acquired immune response. Science 272 (5): pp.1–4.
Gobet R, Cerny A, Ruedi E, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. 1988. The role of antibodies in natural and acquired resistance of mice to vesicular stomatitis virus. Exp Cell Biol 56 (1): pp.75–80.
Haas KM, Poe JC, Steeber DA, Tedder TF. 2005. B-1a and B-1b cells exhibit distinct developmental requirements and have unique functional roles in innate and adaptive immunity to S. pneumoniae. Immunity23: pp.7–18.
Handriwirawan E dan Subandriyo. 2004. Potensi Keragaman Sumberdaya Genetik Sapi Bali. Wartazoa 14(3): 50-60.
Haury M, Sundblad A, Grandien A, Barreau C, Coutinho A, Nobrega A. 1997. The repertoire of serum IgM in normal mice is largely independent of external antigenic contact. Eur J Immunol 27 (15): pp. 57–63.
Indriawati, Margawati ET, Ridwan M. 2013. Identifikasi Virus Penyakit Jemberana Pada Sapi Bali Menggunakan Penanda Molekular Gen env SU. Berita Biologi 12(2): 211-216.
Indraswari, A.A.S.I, Suwiti, N.K., Apsari, I.A.P. 2017. Protozoa Gastrointestinal: Eimeria Auburnensis dan Eimeria Bovis Menginfeksi Sapi Bali Betina di Nusa Penida. Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 9(1): pp. 112-116.
Iskandar. 2011. Performa Reproduksi Sapi PO Pada Dataran Rendah dan Dataran Tinggi di Provinsi Jambi. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-ilmu Peternakan 14(1): 51-61.
Jazek J, Malovrh T, Klinkon M. 2012. Serum Immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) Concentration in Cows and Their Calves. Acta Agriculture Slovenica 3: 295-298.
Korhonen H. dan Kaartinen, L. 1995. Changes in the composition of milk induced by mastitis. The Bovine Udder and Mastitis. Iyvaskyla, Finland: Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy: pp. 76-82.
Kresno SB. 2001. Imunologi: Diagnosis dan Prosedur laboratorium Edisi 4. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit Fakultas Keddokteran Universitas Indonesia.
Mazzullo G, Rafici C, Commarata F, Caccamo G, Rizzo M, dan Piccione G. 2014. Effect of Different Environmental Conditions on Some Haematological Parameters in Cow. Ann. Anim. Sci. 14(4): pp. 947-954.
Mendonsa, KM. 2011. Factors affecting passive transfer in neonatal calves. Dairy Science Department. California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.
Mirzadeh KH, Tabatabaei S, Bojarpour M, Mamoei M. 2010. Comparative Study of Hematological Parameters According Strain, Age, Sex, Physiological Status and Season in Iranian Cattle. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advance 9 (16): pp. 2123-2127.
Morsy TA, Kenawi MZ, Zohdy HA, Abdalla, KF dan Fakahany AFE. 1993. Serum immunoglobulin and complement values in scabietic patients. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 23: pp.221-228.
Mouthon L, Nobrega A, Nicolas N, Kaveri SV, Barreau C, Coutinho A. 1995. Invariance and restriction toward a limited set of self-antigens characterize neonatal IgM antibody repertoires and prevail in autoreactive repertoires of healthy adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 (38):pp. 39–43.
Notkins AL. 2004. Polyreactivity of antibody molecules. Trends Immunol 25: pp.174–9.
Ochsenbein AF, Zinkernagel RM. 2000. Natural antibodies and complement link innate and acquired immunity. Immunol Today 21: pp.624–30.
Pane I. 1991. Produktivitas dan breeding sapi Bali. Pros. Seminar Nasional Sapi Bali. Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Hasanudin. Ujung Pandang. 2-3 September 1991.
Pereira P, Forni L, Larsson EL, Cooper M, Heusser C, Coutinho A. 1986. Autonomous activation of B and T cells in antigen-free mice. Eur J Immunol 16 (68): pp.5–8.
Putro PP. 2004. Pencegahan, Pengendalian dan Pemberantasan Penyakit Hewan Menular Strategis Dalam Pengembangan Usaha Sapi Potong. Lokakarya Nasional Sapi Potong: 22-26.
Racine R dan Winslow GM. 2009. IgM in microbial infection: Taken for granted ?. Immunology Letters 125:pp. 79-85.
Rasyid R, Yanwirasti, Nasrul E. 2008. Pengaruh Esterogen Terhadap Aktifitas Sel Makrofag dalam Menfagosit Candida albicans Secara InVitro. Majalah Kedokteran Andalas 1(32): pp. 79-87.
Raut PA, Sonkhusale VG, Khan LA, Nakade MK, Pagrut NS, dan Boodkhe AM. 2008. Veterinary world 1(11): pp. 338-339.
Sampurna IP. 2012. Analisis regresi non-linear terapan dengan spss. Pelawa Sari. Denpasar.
Sampurna IP dan Nindhia TS. 2008. Analisis Data dengan SPSS dalam Rancangan Percobaan. Udayana University Press. Denpasar.
Sayaka B. 2012. Pengembangan Perbenihan Sapi Potong dan Perananya Dalam Pencapaian Swasembada Daging Sapi. Forum Peneliti Agro Ekonomi 30 (1): 59-71.
Schroeder HW dan Cavacini L. 2010. Structure and Function of Immunoglobulins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125 (202): pp. 1-24.
Surhayati S dan Hartono M. 2015. Pengaruh Manajemen Peternakan Terhadap Efisiensi Reproduksi Sapi Bali di Kabupaten Pringinsewu Provinsi Lampung. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan 16 (1): 61-67.
Suwiti NK. 2009. Fenomena jembrana disease dan bovine immunodeficiency virus pada sapi bali. Bul. Vet. Udayana. 1(1): 21-25.
Telupere FMS dan Katipana NGF. 2014. Pengaruh Ketinggian Tempat dan Sistem Pemeliharaan Terhadap Korelasi Genetik Bobot Lahir Dengan Bobot Dewasa Sapi Bali. Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan 1(1): 1-6.
Vieira P dan Rajewsky K. 1988. The half-lives of serum immunoglobulins in adult mice. Eur J Immunol 18: pp.313–316.
Wikel SK, 1985. Effects of tick infestation on the plaqueforming cell response to a thymic dependant antigen. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 79: pp. 195–198.
Zagorska J, Ciproviča I, Miķelsone V. 2007. Baktericīdo vielu un antivielu satura izvērtējums dažādās lauksaimniecības sistēmās turēto govju pienā. Latvijas Lauksaimniecības Universitātes Raksti, 18 (313): pp. 45-50.
Zhou ZH, Tzioufas AG, Notkins AL. 2007. Properties and function of polyreactive antibodies and polyreactive antigen-binding B cells. J Autoimmun 29 (21): pp. 9–28.
Published
2019-01-24
How to Cite
LAKSMI, Luh Kadek Nanda et al.
PROFILE IMMUNOGLOBULIN M (IgM) BALI CATTLE IN NUSA PENIDA KLUNGKUNG DISTRICT BALI PROVINCE.
Buletin Veteriner Udayana, [S.l.], p. 85-93, jan. 2019.
ISSN 2477-2712.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/buletinvet/article/view/41456>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/bulvet.2019.v11.i01.p14.
Section
Articles
