Comparative Analysis of Woman’s Representation in Politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republic of Croatia
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Woman’s representation in politics is an ongoing issue in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republic of Croatia. Even though these states have sufficient laws and legal documents that regulate woman’s political participation, situation in theory is still devastating. In this paper, we gave an overview of mentioned legal framework in case studies after which we analyzed current status of woman’s representation in politics through primary method of literature review. Data was collected through primarily and secondary sources. Primarily sources were based on the qualitative research of previous work, meta-analysis and comprehensive literature reviews while secondary data was collected from official webpages from relevant election commissions from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republic of Croatia, with emphasis on the mixed-methods approach and small-n comparison. We came to conclusion that both countries have strong legal framework for ensuring higher level of female participation but still, it’s revival in today’s political world is still missing. Finally, we connected results of elected females with Society 5.0
Key words: woman’s representation; political participation; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Republic of Croatia; Society 5.0
ABSTRAK
Representasi perempuan dalam politik merupakan isu yang sedang berlangsung di Bosnia dan Herzegovina dan Republik Kroasia. Meskipun negara-negara ini memiliki undang-undang dan dokumen hukum yang memadai yang mengatur partisipasi politik perempuan, situasi secara teori masih sangat memprihatinkan. Dalam makalah ini, kami memberikan tinjauan tentang kerangka hukum tersebut dalam studi kasus, setelah itu kami menganalisis status representasi perempuan dalam politik saat ini melalui metode utama kajian pustaka. Data dikumpulkan melalui sumber primer dan sekunder. Sumber utama didasarkan pada penelitian kualitatif dari pekerjaan sebelumnya, meta-analisis dan tinjauan literatur yang komprehensif sementara data sekunder dikumpulkan dari halaman web resmi dari komisi pemilu yang relevan dari Bosnia dan Herzegovina dan Republik Kroasia, dengan penekanan pada pendekatan metode campuran dan kecil. -n perbandingan. Kami sampai pada kesimpulan bahwa kedua negara memiliki kerangka hukum yang kuat untuk memastikan tingkat partisipasi perempuan yang lebih tinggi, tetapi kebangkitannya di dunia politik saat ini masih belum ada. Terakhir, kami menghubungkan hasil perempuan terpilih dengan Society 5.0
Kata kunci: representasi perempuan; partisipasi politik; Bosnia dan Herzegovina; Republik Kroasia; Masyarakat 5.0
Downloads
References
Blažanović, N. 2021. In previous local elections, no women were directly elected as county governor. Women and media. Available at:: https://www.zeneimediji.hr/na-prethodnim-lokalnim-izborima-niti-jedna-zena-nije-bila-direktno-izabrana-za-zupanicu/
Croatian Parliament. 2014. Constitution of the Republic of Croatia (consolidated text). Available at: https://www.zakon.hr/z/94/Ustav-Republike-Hrvatske
Dalton, R. J. 2017. The Participation Gap. Social Status and Political Inequality. Chapter “Online Activism”. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
DataReportal. 2021. Digital 2021: Croatia. Report. Available at: https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-croatia
Gender Center Government of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (sinne anno). Official webpage. Available at: https://www.gcfbih.gov.ba/
Hitachi and the University of Tokyo Joint Research Laboratory. 2018. Society 5.0: A People-centric Super-smart Society. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Infohouse. 2014. Žene u politici: Da li je veličina važna?. Available at file:///C:/Users/Korisnik/Downloads/undp%2520unwomen%2520polazna%2520studija%2520o%2520barijerama%2520politikom%2520ucescu%2520u%2520bih.pdf
Izbori.hr. 2020. Elections of representatives to the Croatian Parliament, Available at: https://www.izbori.hr/site/izborireferendumi/izbori-za-zastupnike-u-hrvatski-sabor/izbori-za-zastupnike-u-hrvatski-sabor2272/2272
Jakešević, Ružica; Luša, Đana. 2021. Breaking the Glass Ceiling: the Role of the UN and the EU in Promoting Women in Politics. Croatian Political Science Review, Vol. 58, No. 2, 2021, pp. 33-63.
Lindner, R. et. al. 2016. Electronic Democracy in Europe. Part II “Eparticpation”. Berlin: Springer.
Mashur, Razak; Gunawan, Bata Ilyas; Fitriany, Fitriany; Ashoer, Muhammad; Hidayat, Muhammad; Aditya, Halim Perdana Kusuma Putra. 2019. Moving From Traditional to Society 5.0: Case study by Online Transportation Business. Korea: Journal of Distribution Science, Volume 17, Issue 9, pp. 93-102. Available at: https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO201915658235275.page
Office for Gender Equality of the Government of the Republic of Croatia. 2021. Local elections 2021 - gender-disaggregated data. Available at: https://ravnopravnost.gov.hr/UserDocsImages/dokumenti/Rod.%20razlu%C4%8Deni%20pod.%20lokal.izbora%202021%20(1).pdf
Office for Gender Equality of the Government of the Republic of Croatia. 2020. 2020 parliamentary elections. Available at: https://ravnopravnost.gov.hr/istaknute-teme/zastupljenost-zena-u-politici/parlamentarni-izbori-2020/3447
Office for Gender Equality of the Government of the Republic of Croatia. 2017. The representation of women in politics at the local and regional level is slow but noticeable. Available at: https://ravnopravnost.gov.hr/UserDocsImages/dokumenti/PolitParticip%20Lokalna%202017.pdf
Office for Gender Equality of the Government of the Republic of Croatia. 2016. Press release: Croatia ranks 92nd in the world in the number of elected members of the Croatian Parliament in the last elections. Available at: https://ravnopravnost.gov.hr/vijesti/priopcenje-za-javnost-hrvatska-na-92-mjestu-na-svijetu-po-broju-izabranih-zastupnica-u-hrvatskom-saboru-na-proslim-izborima/2909
Office for Gender Equality of the Government of the Republic of Croatia (sinne anno). Gender Equality Act. Available at: https://ravnopravnost.gov.hr/zakon-o-ravnopravnosti-spolova/1712
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2018. Bridging the digital gender divide. Include, Upskill, Innovate. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/digital/bridging-the-digital-gender-divide.pdf
Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2001. Electoral Law of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Available at: https://ti-bih.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/izborni_zakon_bih.pdf
Serpa, Sandro; Ferreira, Carlos Miguel. 2018. Society 5.0 and Social Development: Contributions to a Discussion. Management and Organizational Studies. Vol 5, pp. 26-31. Available at: DOI: 10.5430/mos.v5n4p26
Senjak, J. 2021. Milanovic's weapon is Facebook, we checked which politicians are the most popular on social networks. Direktno.hr. Available at: https://direktno.hr/direkt/milanovicevo-oruzje-je-facebook-provjerili-smo-koji-su-politicari-najpopularniji-na-drustvenim-mrezama-228363/
Šimunjak, Maja., et.al. 2017. Political Impression Management Through Direct and Mediated Communication: The 2014/2015 Croatian Presidential Elections. Social research, 26(4), 539-560. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5559/di.26.4.05
Tolbert, CJ.; McNeal, RS. 2003. Unraveling the effects of the Internet on political participation?. Political Research Quarterly 56(2), pp. 175-185.
United Nations Development Programme in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2019. Baseline study on barriers to political participation of women in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Available at: https://www.ba.undp.org/content/bosnia_and_herzegovina/en/home/library/democratic_governance/polazna-studija-o-barijerama-politikom-ueu-ena-u-bosni-i-hercego.html
Teorell, Jan. 2006. Political participation and three theories of democracy. A research inventory and agenda. European Journal of Political Research 45(5), pp. 787-810.
Verba, S. & Nie, N. 1972. Participation in America: Political democracy and social equality. New York: Harper & Row.
Verba, Sidney. 1996. The citizen as respondent: Sample surveys and American democracy. American Political Science Review, Issue 90, pp. 1-7.
Womenpoliticalleaders.org. 2016. Advancing Women in Politics, Available at: https://www.womenpoliticalleaders.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/WIP-HarvardFacebook-Study_Oct2016.pdf
1.png)
3.png)
Diterbitkan oleh Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Udayana
