Peran Dukungan Sosial terhadap Work-Family Conflict dan Employment-related Guilt Ibu Bekerja di Indonesia
Abstract
Previous studies have highlighted the importance of cultural sensitivity when investigating the work–family interface. Characteristics of each culture may impact differently on how individuals view work and family roles. This study aims to investigate whether social supports, such as spousal support, supervisory support, and domestic support, predict work–family conflict and employment-related guilt among Indonesian working married women. The study surveyed 442 women who were 23–48 years of age, employed in both the public and private sectors in Indonesia, and had at least one child at home. Path analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses. The study found that instrumental spousal support and supervisory support are significant predictors of both work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict. Emotional spousal support predicts family-to-work conflict but not work-to-family conflict. However, the results suggest that spousal support, supervisory support, and work-to-family conflict did not predict employment-related guilt. Domestic support also did not predict work–family conflict and employment-related guilt. The findings emphasize the importance of certain social support for employed mothers, particularly in a collectivist society like Indonesia. Organizations could provide employee assistance programs that offer counseling services to employees who have family-related problems. Training for managers and supervisors would be another approach to increasing awareness of the importance of supervisory support. Other implications of the findings and recommendations for professionals are discussed.
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References
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Aycan, Z., & Eskin, M. (2005). Relative contributions of childcare, spousal support, and organizational support in reducing work-family conflict for men and women: The case of Turkey. Sex Roles, 53(7–8), 453–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-7134-8
Barrett, L. F., Lewis, M., & Haviland-Jones M., J. (2016). Handbook of Emotions (4th edition). In The Guilford Press (Vol. 1).
Bennett, M. M., Beehr, T. A., & Ivanitskaya, L. V. (2017). Work-family conflict: differences across generations and life cycles. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 32(4), 314–332. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-06-2016-0192
Biehle, S. N., & Mickelson, K. D. (2012). Provision and receipt of emotional spousal support: The impact of visibility on well-being. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 1(3), 244–251. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028480
Cinamon, R. G. (2009). Role Salience, Social Support, and Work-Family Conflict Among Jewish and Arab Female Teachers in Israel. Journal of Career Development, 36(2), 139–158.
Clark, S. C. (2001). Work Cultures and Work/Family Balance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58(3), 348–365. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2000.1759
Eby, L. T., Casper, W. J., Lockwood, A., Bordeaux, C., & Brinley, A. (2005). Work and family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature (1980-2002). Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(1), 124–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.11.003
Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2009). Norms for Experiencing Emotions in Different Cultures: Inter- and Intranational Differences. Culture and Well-Being, 169–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2352-0_9
Erickson, R. J. (1993). Reconceptualizing Family Work: The Effect of Emotion Work on Perceptions of Marital Quality. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55(4), 888. https://doi.org/10.2307/352770
Galovan, A. M., Fackrell, T., Buswell, L., Jones, B. L., Hill, E. J., & Carroll, S. J. (2010). The work-family interface in the United States and Singapore: Conflict across cultures. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(5), 646–656. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020832
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of Conflict Between Work and Family Roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1985.4277352
Gutek, B. A., Nakamura, C. Y., & Nieva, V. F. (1981). The interdependence of work and family roles. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020102
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Sage.
Irak, D. U., Kalkışım, K., & Yıldırım, M. (2020). Emotional Support Makes the Difference: Work-Family Conflict and Employment Related Guilt Among Employed Mothers. Sex Roles, 82(1–2), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01035-x
Karapinar, P. B., Camgoz, S. M., & Ekmekci, O. T. (2020). Employee Wellbeing, Workaholism, Work–Family Conflict and Instrumental Spousal Support: A Moderated Mediation Model. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(7), 2451–2471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00191-x
Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan anak. (2019). Profil Perempuan Indonesia. In Profil Perempuan Indonesia.
King, L. A., Mattimore, L. K., King, D. W., & Adams, G. A. (1995). Family Support Inventory for Workers: A new measure of perceived social support from family members. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(3), 235–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030160306
Knoll, N., Kienle, R., Bauer, K., Pfüller, B., & Luszczynska, A. (2007). Affect and enacted support in couples undergoing in-vitro fertilization: When providing is better than receiving. Social Science and Medicine, 64(9), 1789–1801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.01.004
Korabik, K. (2005). Alleviating Work - Family Conflict for Women Managers in a Global Context. University of Guelph.
Kossek, E. E., Pichler, S., Bodner, T., & Hammer, L. B. (2011). Workplace Social Support and Work-Family Conflict: A Meta-Analysis Clarifying The Influence of General and Work-Family-Specific Supervisor and Organizational Support. Personner Psychology, 64, 289–313.
Kuntari, I. S. R. (2018). Work-Family Conflict Among Indonesian Working Couples: In relation to work and family role importance, support, and satisfaction [Doctoral dissertation, Radboud University, Nijmegen]. Radboud Repository.
Kuntari, I. S. R., Janssens, J. M. A. M., & Ginting, H. (2017). Gender, Life Role Importance and Work-Family Conflict in Indonesia : A Non-Western Perspective. Academic Research International, 8(March), 139–153.
Lu, J. F., Siu, O. L., Spector, P. E., & Shi, K. (2009). Antecedents and Outcomes of a Fourfold Taxonomy of Work-Family Balance in Chinese Employed Parents. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(2), 182–192. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014115
Lu, L., Cooper, C. L., Kao, S., Chang, T., Allen, T. D., Lapierre, L. M., O’driscoll, M. P., Poelmans, S. A. Y., Sanchez, J. I., & Spector, P. E. (2010). Cross‐cultural differences on work‐to‐family conflict and role satisfaction: A Taiwanese‐British comparison. Human Resource Management, 49(1), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm
Luk, D. M., & Shaffer, M. A. (2005). Work and family domain stressors and support: Within- and cross-domain influences on work-family conflict. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(4), 489–508. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317905X26741
Mansour, S., & Tremblay, D. G. (2016). Workload, generic and work–family specific social supports and job stress: Mediating role of work–family and family–work conflict. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(8), 1778–1804. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2014-0607
Martínez, P., Carrasco, M. J., Aza, G., Blanco, A., & Espinar, I. (2011). Family Gender Role and Guilt in Spanish Dual-Earner Families. Sex Roles, 65(11–12), 813–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0031-4
Morgan, W. B., & King, E. B. (2012). The Association between Work – Family Guilt and Pro- and Anti-Social Work Behavior. Journal of Social Issues. 68(4), 684–703.
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.400
O’Driscoll, M. P., Poelmans, S., Spector, P. E., Kalliath, T., Allen, T. D., Cooper, C. L., & Sanchez, J. I. (2003). Family-Responsive Interventions, Perceived Organizational and Supervisor Support, Work-Family Conflict, and Psychological Strain. International Journal of Stress Management, 10(4), 326–344. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.10.4.326
Otu, S. E., Lambert, E. G., & Elechi, O. O. (2020). Testing the Job Demands-Resources Model for Nigerian Prison Staff Job Involvement. Corrections, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23774657.2020.1800434
Parasuraman, S., Purohit, Y. S., Godshalk, V. M., & Beutell, N. J. (1996). Work and family variables, entrepreneurial career success, and psychological well-being. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48(3), 275–300. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.0025
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408
Republic of Indonesia. (1974). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan. Kementerian Sekretariat Negara RI. Jakarta, Indonesia.
Rosenbaum, M., & Cohen, E. (1999). Equalitarian marriages, spousal support, resourcefulness, and psychological distress among Israeli working women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(1), 102–113. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1644
Seagram, S., & Daniluk, J. C. (2002). “It Goes with the Territory”: The Meaning and Experience of Maternal Guilt for Mothers of Preadolescent Children. Women and Therapy, 25(1), 61–88. https://doi.org/10.1300/J015v25n01_04
Selvarajan, T. T., Cloninger, P. A., & Singh, B. (2013). Social support and work-family conflict: A test of an indirect effects model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 486–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.07.004
Sousa, V. D., & Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: A clear and user-friendly guideline. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17(2), 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x
Spector, P. E., Allen, T. D., Poelmans, S. A. Y., Lapierre, L. M., Cooper, C. L., Michael, O., Sanchez, J. I., Abarca, N., Alexandrova, M., Beham, B., Brough, P., Ferreiro, P., Fraile, G., Lu, C. Q., Lu, L., Moreno-Velázquez, I., Pagon, M., Pitariu, H., Salamatov, V., … Widerszal-Bazyl, M. (2007). Cross-national differences in relationships of work demands, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions with work-family conflict. Personnel Psychology, 60(4), 805–835. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00092.x
Ten Brummelhuis, L. L., & Bakker, A. B. (2012). A Resource Perspeetive on the Work-Home Interface. American Psychologist, 67(7), 545–556.
Yedirir, S., & Hamarta, E. (2015). Emotional expression and spousal support as predictors of marital satisfaction: The case of Turkey. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri, 15(6), 1549–1558. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2015.6.2822
Aycan, Z., & Eskin, M. (2005). Relative contributions of childcare, spousal support, and organizational support in reducing work-family conflict for men and women: The case of Turkey. Sex Roles, 53(7–8), 453–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-7134-8
Barrett, L. F., Lewis, M., & Haviland-Jones M., J. (2016). Handbook of Emotions (4th edition). In The Guilford Press (Vol. 1).
Bennett, M. M., Beehr, T. A., & Ivanitskaya, L. V. (2017). Work-family conflict: differences across generations and life cycles. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 32(4), 314–332. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-06-2016-0192
Biehle, S. N., & Mickelson, K. D. (2012). Provision and receipt of emotional spousal support: The impact of visibility on well-being. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 1(3), 244–251. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028480
Cinamon, R. G. (2009). Role Salience, Social Support, and Work-Family Conflict Among Jewish and Arab Female Teachers in Israel. Journal of Career Development, 36(2), 139–158.
Clark, S. C. (2001). Work Cultures and Work/Family Balance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58(3), 348–365. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2000.1759
Eby, L. T., Casper, W. J., Lockwood, A., Bordeaux, C., & Brinley, A. (2005). Work and family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature (1980-2002). Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(1), 124–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.11.003
Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2009). Norms for Experiencing Emotions in Different Cultures: Inter- and Intranational Differences. Culture and Well-Being, 169–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2352-0_9
Erickson, R. J. (1993). Reconceptualizing Family Work: The Effect of Emotion Work on Perceptions of Marital Quality. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55(4), 888. https://doi.org/10.2307/352770
Galovan, A. M., Fackrell, T., Buswell, L., Jones, B. L., Hill, E. J., & Carroll, S. J. (2010). The work-family interface in the United States and Singapore: Conflict across cultures. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(5), 646–656. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020832
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of Conflict Between Work and Family Roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1985.4277352
Gutek, B. A., Nakamura, C. Y., & Nieva, V. F. (1981). The interdependence of work and family roles. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020102
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Sage.
Irak, D. U., Kalkışım, K., & Yıldırım, M. (2020). Emotional Support Makes the Difference: Work-Family Conflict and Employment Related Guilt Among Employed Mothers. Sex Roles, 82(1–2), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01035-x
Karapinar, P. B., Camgoz, S. M., & Ekmekci, O. T. (2020). Employee Wellbeing, Workaholism, Work–Family Conflict and Instrumental Spousal Support: A Moderated Mediation Model. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(7), 2451–2471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00191-x
Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan anak. (2019). Profil Perempuan Indonesia. In Profil Perempuan Indonesia.
King, L. A., Mattimore, L. K., King, D. W., & Adams, G. A. (1995). Family Support Inventory for Workers: A new measure of perceived social support from family members. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(3), 235–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030160306
Knoll, N., Kienle, R., Bauer, K., Pfüller, B., & Luszczynska, A. (2007). Affect and enacted support in couples undergoing in-vitro fertilization: When providing is better than receiving. Social Science and Medicine, 64(9), 1789–1801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.01.004
Korabik, K. (2005). Alleviating Work - Family Conflict for Women Managers in a Global Context. University of Guelph.
Kossek, E. E., Pichler, S., Bodner, T., & Hammer, L. B. (2011). Workplace Social Support and Work-Family Conflict: A Meta-Analysis Clarifying The Influence of General and Work-Family-Specific Supervisor and Organizational Support. Personner Psychology, 64, 289–313.
Kuntari, I. S. R. (2018). Work-Family Conflict Among Indonesian Working Couples: In relation to work and family role importance, support, and satisfaction [Doctoral dissertation, Radboud University, Nijmegen]. Radboud Repository.
Kuntari, I. S. R., Janssens, J. M. A. M., & Ginting, H. (2017). Gender, Life Role Importance and Work-Family Conflict in Indonesia : A Non-Western Perspective. Academic Research International, 8(March), 139–153.
Lu, J. F., Siu, O. L., Spector, P. E., & Shi, K. (2009). Antecedents and Outcomes of a Fourfold Taxonomy of Work-Family Balance in Chinese Employed Parents. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(2), 182–192. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014115
Lu, L., Cooper, C. L., Kao, S., Chang, T., Allen, T. D., Lapierre, L. M., O’driscoll, M. P., Poelmans, S. A. Y., Sanchez, J. I., & Spector, P. E. (2010). Cross‐cultural differences on work‐to‐family conflict and role satisfaction: A Taiwanese‐British comparison. Human Resource Management, 49(1), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm
Luk, D. M., & Shaffer, M. A. (2005). Work and family domain stressors and support: Within- and cross-domain influences on work-family conflict. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(4), 489–508. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317905X26741
Mansour, S., & Tremblay, D. G. (2016). Workload, generic and work–family specific social supports and job stress: Mediating role of work–family and family–work conflict. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(8), 1778–1804. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2014-0607
Martínez, P., Carrasco, M. J., Aza, G., Blanco, A., & Espinar, I. (2011). Family Gender Role and Guilt in Spanish Dual-Earner Families. Sex Roles, 65(11–12), 813–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0031-4
Morgan, W. B., & King, E. B. (2012). The Association between Work – Family Guilt and Pro- and Anti-Social Work Behavior. Journal of Social Issues. 68(4), 684–703.
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.400
O’Driscoll, M. P., Poelmans, S., Spector, P. E., Kalliath, T., Allen, T. D., Cooper, C. L., & Sanchez, J. I. (2003). Family-Responsive Interventions, Perceived Organizational and Supervisor Support, Work-Family Conflict, and Psychological Strain. International Journal of Stress Management, 10(4), 326–344. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.10.4.326
Otu, S. E., Lambert, E. G., & Elechi, O. O. (2020). Testing the Job Demands-Resources Model for Nigerian Prison Staff Job Involvement. Corrections, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23774657.2020.1800434
Parasuraman, S., Purohit, Y. S., Godshalk, V. M., & Beutell, N. J. (1996). Work and family variables, entrepreneurial career success, and psychological well-being. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48(3), 275–300. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.0025
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408
Republic of Indonesia. (1974). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan. Kementerian Sekretariat Negara RI. Jakarta, Indonesia.
Rosenbaum, M., & Cohen, E. (1999). Equalitarian marriages, spousal support, resourcefulness, and psychological distress among Israeli working women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(1), 102–113. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1644
Seagram, S., & Daniluk, J. C. (2002). “It Goes with the Territory”: The Meaning and Experience of Maternal Guilt for Mothers of Preadolescent Children. Women and Therapy, 25(1), 61–88. https://doi.org/10.1300/J015v25n01_04
Selvarajan, T. T., Cloninger, P. A., & Singh, B. (2013). Social support and work-family conflict: A test of an indirect effects model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 486–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.07.004
Sousa, V. D., & Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: A clear and user-friendly guideline. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17(2), 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x
Spector, P. E., Allen, T. D., Poelmans, S. A. Y., Lapierre, L. M., Cooper, C. L., Michael, O., Sanchez, J. I., Abarca, N., Alexandrova, M., Beham, B., Brough, P., Ferreiro, P., Fraile, G., Lu, C. Q., Lu, L., Moreno-Velázquez, I., Pagon, M., Pitariu, H., Salamatov, V., … Widerszal-Bazyl, M. (2007). Cross-national differences in relationships of work demands, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions with work-family conflict. Personnel Psychology, 60(4), 805–835. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00092.x
Ten Brummelhuis, L. L., & Bakker, A. B. (2012). A Resource Perspeetive on the Work-Home Interface. American Psychologist, 67(7), 545–556.
Yedirir, S., & Hamarta, E. (2015). Emotional expression and spousal support as predictors of marital satisfaction: The case of Turkey. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri, 15(6), 1549–1558. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2015.6.2822
Published
2021-10-31
How to Cite
DAYATRI, Nyimas Fathia; MUSTIKA, Martina Dwi.
Peran Dukungan Sosial terhadap Work-Family Conflict dan Employment-related Guilt Ibu Bekerja di Indonesia.
Jurnal Psikologi Udayana, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 2, p. 72-84, oct. 2021.
ISSN 2654-4024.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/psikologi/article/view/75085>. Date accessed: 08 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/JPU.2021.v08.i02.p09.
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