SHIFTS IN INDONESIAN-FRENCH POEM TRANSLATION

This paper aims at analyzing the translation shifts of a poem containing figurative expressions from Indonesian into French and describing the translation principles occur in the shifts. The data in this paper is an Indonesian poem with the title “Gestural Tubuh Perempuan” and its translation in French. This is a library research with qualitativedescriptive method. The analyses were conducted by applying translation shifts theory by Catford in Venuti (2000) and translation principles by Nida (1975). The findings show that there are many shifts occur in the target language. The shifts that frequently occur are in the intra-system of the language. There is only a few loss and skewing of information in the shifts, but a lot of addition of information especially for the use of French articles.


INTRODUCTION
Literary work is the expression of feelings and ideas written in stylistic form.One of the examples of literary work is a poem.A poem is defined as a piece of writing in which the expression of feelings and ideas is given intensity by particular attention to diction (sometimes involving rhyme), rhythm, and imagery (Oxford Dictionary, 2000).In order to understand a poem in other language, it needs to be translated.In translating a poem, translators try to retain the rhythm, length, and the most important one is retaining the messages.Sometimes there are several changes of forms and linguistic adjustments in translating a poem.
Translations of literary and non-literary works are not the same in terms of the method or procedure used by translators.Newmark (1988) states that in translating a literary piece of work the most attention is paid to connotation and emotion in imaginative literature.A translator in this case has to understand both the source and target language cultures, as well as able to transfer the figurative language into the target language.In fact, there are not two languages have the same culture and language systems, then, there arises a question in regards to the translation of figurative language: is poetry translatable or untranslatable?Some translators might argue thatto some extentspoetry is untranslatable, but the others said that it is translatable.
Suryawinata in Anggana (2012) proposes linguistic, literary or aesthetic, and socio-cultural problems faced by a translator in translating literary works.
(1-1) Linguistic Problems "Collocation and obscured (non-standard) syntactical structures are the linguistic matters.Collocation refers to words or word groups with which a word or words may typically combine.The combination may by syntagmatic or horizontal, like make a speech (not say a speech), run a meeting (not do a meeting), etc.The obscured (non-standard) syntactic structures may be intentionally written in a poem as a part of the expressive function of the text that should be rendered as closely as possible."(1-2) Literary or Aesthetic Problems "Aesthetic values or poetic truth in a poem are conveyed in word order and sounds, as well as in cognitive sense (logic).They have no independent meaning, but are correlative with the various types of meaning in the text.There are three factors that make problems on literary or aesthetic: Poetic Structure, Metaphorical Expressions and Sound.The first factor is poetic structure.It is important to note that structure meant here is the plan of the poem as a whole, the shape and the balance of individual sentence or of each line.Metaphorical expressions, as the second factor, mean any constructions evoking visual, sounds, touch, and taste images, the traditional metaphors, direct comparisons without the words "like' and "as if", and all figurative languages.Intentionally, the writer does not use the term metaphor in the sub-heading since it has different meaning for some people.The last of literary or aesthetic factors is sound.As stated before, sound is anything connected with sound cultivation including rhyme, rhythm, assonance, onomatopoeia, etc." (1-3) Socio-Cultural Problems "Words or expressions that contain culturally-bound word(s) create certain problems.The socio-cultural problems exist in the phrases, clauses, or sentences containing word(s) related to the four major cultural categories, namely: ideas, behavior, product, and ecology.The "ideas" includes belief, values, and institution; "behavior" includes customs or habits, "products" includes art, music, and artifacts, and "ecology" includes flora, fauna, plains, winds, and weather." Shift may occur in translating a poem.It might be because of the different linguistic systems, aesthetic values, and cultures in both source language and target language.Therefore, this paper is written in order to know more about the translation analysis of Indonesian-French poem.Indonesian does not have totally similar linguistic system with French, neither does the aesthetic value nor the cultures.This paper then has the aims of analyzing the translation shifts of the Indonesian poem entitled "Gestural Tubuh Perempuan" French and describing the translation principles occur in the shifts.

DATA SOURCE
The poem with the title Gestural Tubuh Perempuan written by Muda Wijaya and its translation is chosen and analyzed in this paper.It is written in a book of poems' collection entitled Couleur Femme (2010).The poem is about Kartini, the Indonesian feminist who had struggled for women emancipation in Indonesia around 1900s.She is famous with the slogan habis gelap terbitlah terang" or from darkness to light.The slogan is applied in the poem that contains two sections; (1) gelap (dark) and ( 2) terang (light).The poem and its translation in French are as the following.

DATA COLLECTION
The data were collected by note taking technique.First, the source language data is read several times in order to understand the meanings and messages, then its translation in French as the target language is read and compared to the Indonesian to find the types of shift and the translation principles occur within the shifts.The data were then underlined and analyzed.

DATA ANALYSIS
In order to analyze the shifts in the translation of Indonesian poem "Gestural Tubuh Perempuan" into French, the theory of translation shifts by Catford in Venuti (2000) is applied.Moreover, theory by Nida (1974) is applied in analyzing the translation principles.

TRANSLATION SHIFTS
Catford said that "shifts mean departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL (Source Language) to the TL (Target Language)."There are two kinds of shifts: level shifts and category shifts.

Level Shifts
It means that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level (Catford in Venuti, 2000:141).

Category Shifts
It refers to unbounded and rank-bound translation.Unbounded translation is approximately "normal" or "free" translation in which SL-TL equivalences are set up at whatever rank is appropriate.There is usually sentence-sentence equivalence, but in the course of a text, equivalences may shift up and down the rank-scale, often being established at ranks lower than the sentence.Meanwhile, the terms rank-bound translation only refer to those special cases where equivalence is deliberately limited to the ranks below the sentence, thus leading to "bad translation" (translation in which the TL text is either not a normal TL form at all, or is not relatable to the same situational substance as the SL text (Catford in Venuti, 2000: 143).Category shifts are divided into four: structure-shifts, class-shifts, unit-shifts, intra-system-shifts.TL text: Il fait de la natation trois fois par semaine (higher rank) (Catford in Venuti, 2000:145) (iv) Intra-system shift means a departure from formal correspondence in which (a term operating in) one system in the SL has its translation equivalent (e term operating in) a differentnon correspondingsystem in the TL.Such shifts from one system to another are always entailed by unit shift or class shift.
Example: Translation equivalent of English singular is French plural and vice-versa.advice = des conceils news = des nouvelles trousers = le pantalon the dishes = la vaisselle (Catford in Venuti (2000:146) According to Catford English and French may be said to have four articles.The formal correspondences between them are as follows.From the sentence examples given by Catford, he then concluded that "it sometimes happens that the equivalent of an article is not the formally corresponding term in the system".

TRANSLATION PRINCIPLES
There are three principles of translation proposed by Nida (1975:27).Those principles mean that no translation in a receptor language can be the exact equivalent of the model in source language.All types of translation involve the following conditions: (i) Loss of information The translation of items in the SL does not explain the whole information in the TL or is not translated or transferred into the TL.
(ii) Addition of information The translation of items in the source language into target language is with addition of extra information.

Example:
Fr. SL text: Cet été là… Eng.TL text: This summer… (iii) Skewing of Information The translation of items from the source language is not the exact equivalence in the target language.
Example: Eng.SL text: He makes the bed every morning.(He cleans and tidy the bed every morning.)Fr.TL text: Il fait du lit tous les matins.(He produces the bed every morning)

III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A poem is a literary work containing connotation and emotion in imagination written in with certain rhyme, rhythm, and imagery.The Indonesian poeme.g. the second stanzahas a-a-a-a rhyme (the last vowel sound in each line), but in their translations, they become i-e-e-u.The rhymes in every stanza cannot be retained in the target language because the translator has to keep the meaning transfer from the SL into TL, though the words have different rhymes.Moreover, the figurative expressions in the SL were translated literally into the TL in order to keep the forms of the SL and avoid more number of words than can affect the length of lines in the TL.There are many shifts occur in the translation of the Indonesian poem "Gestural Tubuh Perempuan" into French as described below.The SL adjectives (data 1 and 2), noun phrase (data 3), and adjective phrase (data 4) have a TL translation equivalent in the TL.Data 5 is a compound word that is also translated into a compound word with a dash (-) mark.There is no loss, addition, or skewing of information in the translations.
(line 3) 7) aku mengeja jantungku sendiri  j'èpéle mon propre coeur (line 25) 8) kelopak nasahmu mengigau  ton enveloppe humide délire (line 29) Structure shifts can be found in these three data.Data 6 has a structure inversion of the position of prepositional phrase di dalamnya, where in the SL it is placed after the verb, otherwise, in the TL it is placed before the verb with the preposition y.It is clear that the preposition y is equivalent with the preposition di dalamnya, but there is additional information la (article), and aux (preposition) in the TL.In data 7, there is a structure inversion in the SL noun phrase jantungku sendiri into mon prope coeur in the TL, in which the possessive pronoun -ku is attached after the noun jantung, while in the TL, it is placed before the noun phrase prope coeur, there is no loss of information in this translation.The same thing happened in data 8, where the possessive pronoun -mu is attached after the noun nasah in the SL and in the TL the possessive pronoun ton is placed before the noun enveloppe.In terms of meaning, the SL figurative language kelopak nasah means the desire inside the heart, and is literally translated into enveloppe humide which does not express the desire of someone's heart, therefore, it is said that it has skewing of information.
(ii) Class Shifts SL TL 9) berulang-ulang  encore et encore (line 7) Data 9 contains a shift from a compound adverb into an adverbial phrase.
There is an equivalent transfer of meaning from the SL into the TL, even though the word class of the SL has changed in the TL.

 nous toucher. (line 8)
There is one word in the SL that is bersentuhan that consists of the prefix ber-+ noun sentuh (touch) + suffix -an in which the addition of prefix and suffix to the verb means touching each other.It is translated into two words in the TL.It shows the unit shift with the addition of the word nous to the verb toucher 'to touch' in the TL to retain the meaning in the SL.
(iv) In SL data, each noun is not preceded by a definite article and all countable and uncountable nouns are not written with plural markers, but in the translations, there exist the definite articles l' (followed by uncountable noun with vowel sound in initial position of the word as in data 11, 16), la (followed by a countable noun-feminine, as in data 12, 13), les (followed by an countable noun in plural form, as in data 14), and le (followed by an uncountable nounmasculine, as in data 31).The addition of definite articles in the TL show whether the nouns are singular, plural, feminine or masculine.Indonesian does not have the classification of feminine and masculine for nouns and also definite article like those used in French and like the in English, it has only the information about countable and uncountable nouns.The countable nouns in singular forms in the SL are translated in the same forms but with the additional of indefinite articles une (with feminine noun) and un (with masculine noun).The nouns have additional information with the gender marker in the TL.Indonesian definite article is different from French.
The form is 'se-+ information that modifies the noun + noun', for instance: sebuah apel/an apple (modifies the fruit), seekor kucing/a cat (modifies the animal), etc.The SL noun phrases are translated into noun phrases with the definite article les in data 20 and 21 before the head nouns, and followed by other partitives du (followed by another noun phrase in data 20) and des (followed by another plural noun in data 21).Article les is the definite article for plural noun.Therefore, there is addition of information, where in the SL the noun is singular but translated into the plural noun.The noun phrase in data 22 is also The singular noun gugusan in the SL is translated into grappes in the TL with the plural marker -s. it shows the shift in the intra-system of the TL.

(v) Combination
The last nine data have the combination of shifts from the the SL into the TL, which means there are more than one shift occurs.The types of shift are written below the underlined word/phrase in the TL.As described in the previous analysis, the shifts happen due to the different language system between the SL and the TL.Because of that difference, loss and addition of information occur in the TL.For data 31, the SL term galang is an adjective which means bright, but it is translated into des poutres in the TL which means wood beam and belongs to a noun phrase, so in terms of meaning there are a class shift and skewing of information.
kepala dan tangga  dessinent une tête et un escalier (line 10) 19) menggambar kepala dan tangga  dessine une tête et un escalier (line 15) (i) Structure-shifts usually occur in phonological and graphological translation as well as in total translation.It happens because the SL and TL have different structure element, but need to have formal correspondence.Class shifts occur when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the original item.Unit shift means changes of rank that is the departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL.
Shifts in Indonesian-French Poem Translation | 41 translated into a noun phrase with an indefinite article un before the modifier belahan and a partitive article de before the head noun bulan.The second article in each noun phrase or noun in the TL functioned like the preposition of in English that is placed between nouns (noun + of + noun).As there is an addition of article preceding the noun/noun phrase in the TL, it means there is addition of information in the TL.The SL noun air is translated into d'eau.There is an article d' exists before eau (a noun with initial vowel sound).The use of article in French is obligatory to implicitly show the information of the noun's number or gender.Before a noun or a noun phrase in French there must be an article, but it is not always applied in Indonesian, therefore, intra-system shifts from Indonesian into French frequently occur.