Early Marriage and Human Development Index in Indonesia

  • Bayu Kharisma Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung
  • Adhitya Wardhana Universitas Padjadjaran
  • Mohammad Zidan Fauzy Universitas Padjadjaran

Abstract

Early marriage is a violation of children's rights and can have significant negative impacts. Some of the negative impacts of early marriage include physical and mental health risks, barriers to achieving good human resources, and increased risk of maternal and child mortality. This study aims to analyze the determinants of early marriage on the Human Development Index (HDI) using the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) method. The estimation results show a significant negative relationship between early marriage and the Human Development Index (HDI), as well as a significant relationship between almost all factors affecting early marriage and HDI, except GRDP per capita, contraceptive use, housing ownership, and child abuse cases. In order to improve human resources and community welfare, the main focus needs to be improving access to education, protecting children's rights, reproductive health, and poverty reduction. Preventing early marriage is key to providing optimal opportunities for children to grow and develop and promoting higher human development.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Bayu Kharisma, Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung
Departemen Ilmu Ekonomi

References

Abubakar, F. (2019). Islamic Family Law Reform: Early Marriage and Criminalization (A Comparative Study of Legal Law in Indonesia and Pakistan). Jurnal Ilmu Syariah dan Hukum, 4(2), 98-118.
Agarwala, S. (1957). The Age at Marriage in India. Population Index, 23(2), 96-107.
Agtikasari, N., Soemanto, R. B., & Murti, B. (2019). The Contextual Effect of Social Norm on Early Marriage Among Young Women in Lampung: A Multilevel Analysis Evidence. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 4(1), 1-8.
Agus, K., Nursiyono, J. A., & Chotimah, C. (2022). Determinan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Jawa Timur Tahun 2020 dengan Pendekatan Geograpichally Weighted Regression. Journal of Regional Economics Indonesia, 3(1), 1-16.
Aji, H. M. (2018). The effect of knowledge about halal and Islamic religiosity on attitude toward halal label. Conference on Islamic Management, Accounting, and Economics (CIMAE) Proceeding, 1, 1-8.
Amri, K., & Adi, A. R. (2021). Apakah religiositas keislaman memengaruhi ketimpangan pendapatan? Bukti data panel dari Provinsi Aceh. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan, 29(1), 147-166.
Andriani, R., & Suhrawardi, H. (2022). Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Sikap Remaja dengan Perilaku Seksual Pranikah. Jurnal Inovasi Penelitian, 2(10), 3441-3445.
Anjas A, M., Sukarsa, I. K., & Kencana, I. P. (2019). Penerapan Metode Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) pada Kasus Penyakit Pneumonia di Provinsi Jawa Timur. E-Jurnal Matematika, 8(1), 27-34 .
Ardiyan, L., Lubis, L., & Siregar, N. I. (2015). Hubungan Sikap terhadap Pornografi dengan Perilaku Seks Pranikah Ditinjau dari Gender. Jurnal Analitika, 7(1), 20-30.
Arifin. (2019). Analisis Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kemiskinan di Indonesia. Jurnal Administrasi Publik & Bisnis, 1(2), 58-65.
Aryati, S., Yulianti, S., & Hardinasari, R. (2020). Early marriage in Yogyakarta. E3S Web of Conferences, 200(04003), 1-7.
Asnuddin, & Mattrah, A. (2020). Penggunaan media sosial dan peran orang tua terhadap kejadian pernikahan dini. Holistik Jurnal Kesehatan,, 14(3), 445-451.
Aulele, S. N. (2014). Geographically Weighted Regression Model Approach to Determine Factors that Influence the Number of Poor Households in Buru Island. Jurnal Barekeng, 8(2), 53–57.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2022). Badan Pusat Statistik. Retrieved from Badan Pusat Statistik: https://www.bps.go.id/
Bappenas. (2020). National Strategy on the Prevention of Child Marriage. Jakarta: Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional.
Barro, R. J. (2001). Human Capital and Growth. The American Economic Review, 91(1), 12–17.
Becker, G. S. (1993). Human Capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education (3rd ed.). Chichago: University of Chichago Press.
Bekti, R. D. (2012). Autokorelasi Spasial untuk Identifikasi Pola Hubungan Kemiskinan di Jawa Timur. ComTech, 3(1), 217-227.
Bidner, C., & Eswara, M. (2015). A Gender-Based Theory of the Origin of the Caste System of India. Journal of Development Economic, 114, 142-158.
Bramastama, R., & Sasana, H. (2021). Pengaruh Internet, Kesejahteraan,Entrepreneur, Pangsa Pasar, dan Nilai Ekspor terhadap Economic Complexity (Studi Kasus: 9 Negara Anggota ASEAN 2009-2018). Diponegoro Journal of Economics, 10(1), 1-11.
Claudia, K. S., & Arif, M. (2022). Determinant Analysis of Human Development Index (HDI) in Semarang Residency. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 655, 52-58.
Deputi Pemenuhan Hak Anak Kementerian PPPA. (2021). Buku Pengantar: Berdaya Bersama untuk Pencegahan Perkawinan Anak. Jakarta: Kementerian PPPA.
Diskominfo Jawa Barat. (2023). Open Data Jabar. Retrieved from https://opendata.jabarprov.go.id/
Duflo, E. (2012). Women’s Empowerment and Economic Development. Journal of Economic Literature, 50(4), 1051-79.
ECPAT. (2016). Terminology Guidelines for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse. Bangkok: ECPAT International.
Edmeades, J. D., MacQuarrie, K. L., & Acharya, K. (2022). Child Grooms: Understanding the Drivers of Child Marriage for Boys. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(3), S54-S56.
Elengemoke, J. M., & Susuman, A. S. (2020). Early Marriage and Correlates among Young Women in Sub- Saharan African Countries. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 1-24.
Fadli, M. R., Goejantoro, R., & Wasono. (2018). Pemodelan Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) Dengan Fungsi Pembobot Tricube Terhadap Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) Di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara Tahun 2015. Jurnal EKSPONENSIAL, 9(1), 11-18.
Fajriyah, I. M., Marhamah, S., & Anggriani, S. (2023). Dispensasi Perkawinan Anak yang Menjerumuskan: Studi Putusan Hakim di Jawa Timur. The Indonesian Journal of Socio – Legal Studies, 2(2), 1-27.
Fayaz, I. (2019). Child Abuse: Effects and Preventive Measures. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 7(2), 872-884.
Fernandes, M., & Ambewadikar, J. (2022). Child Marriage and Human Rights: A Global. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(7), 63-72.
Fotheringham, A., Brunson, C., & Charlton, M. (2007). Geographically Weighted Regression: the analysis of spatially varying relationships. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Girum, T., Muktar, E., & Shegaze, M. (2018). Determinants of life expectancy in low and medium human development index countries. Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne, 34(3), 218–225.
Hanafi, Y. (2016). Kontroversi Usia Kawin Aisyah RA dan Kaitannya dengan Legalitas Perkawinan Anak di Bawah Umur dalam Islam. Jurnal of Islamic Law/Jurnal Hukum Islam, 15(2), 296-319.
Hapsery, A., & Trishnanti, D. (2021). Aplikasi Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) untuk Pemetaan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Indeks Aktivitas Literasi Membaca di Indonesia. Jurnal Riset dan Aplikasi Matematika, 5(2), 80-91.
Hasanah, U., Pratiwi, R. D., Andriati, R., & Nugraha, D. G. (2021). Early Marriage Determination of Teenagers in Banten Province. Jurnal Keperawatan Komprehensif, 7(2), 101-111.
Hasdiani, T., Aliyah, K., Rahma, K., & Siswanto, Y. (2022). Empowering Women Through Women's Organizations in Realizing Family Welfare. Edukasi, 16(1), 27-34.
Hillis, S., Mercy, J., Amobi, A., & Kress, H. (2016). Global Prevalence of Past-year Violence Against Children: A Systematic Review and Minimum Estimates. Pediatrics, 137(3).
Hotchkiss, D. R., Godha, D., Gage, A. J., & Cappa, C. (2016). Risk factors associated with the practice of child marriage among Roma girls in Serbia. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 16(6), 1-10.
IFRC. (2021). National Society Programming Against Child Marriage. Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
Ikawati, E., & Anisa, D. (2023). Analisis Meningkatnya Permohonan Dispensasi Kawin Masa Pandemi Covid 19 di Pengadilan Agama Padangsidimpuan dan Pengadilan Agama Panyabungan. Palita: Journal of Social Religion Research, 8(1), 1-18.
International Center for Research on Women. (2006). Child Marriage and Poverty. India: International Center for Research on Women.
Iujeng P., R., Sukohar, A., Hutahuruk, P., & Putra, A. (2016). Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga pada Kasus Pernikahan Dini. J Medula Unila, 6(1), 143-148.
Jahra, A., Mahendra, F. T., Dzakiyah, L., & Salsavira. (2021). Spatial Analysis of Prevalence of Early Marriage and HDI in Indonesia. Jurnal Matematika, Statistika & Komputasi, 18(1), 31-41.
Jamaruddin, & Sudirman. (2022). Dimensi Pengukuran Kualitas Hidup di Beberapa Negara. PALLANGGA PRAJA, 4(1), 51-63.
Jamil, N., & Helda. (2020). Determinant Factors Influence Child Marriage in Cugenang Sub-District, Cianjur District . International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 10(8), 335-342.
Johnson, F. A., Abu, M., & Utazi, C. E. (2019). Geospatial correlates of early marriage and union formation in Ghana. PLOS ONE, 14(10), 1-17.
Judiasih, S. D., Suparto, S., Afriana, A., & Yuanitasari, D. (2018). Women, Law and Policy: Child Marriage Practices in Indonesia. Jurnal Notariil, 3(1), 47-55.
Kartika, C. S., Yudita, A. K., & Windiatma, K. A. (2021). Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis of Districts/Cities Gender Inequality in Java Island Using Moran Index and LISA. Jurnal Sains Informasi Geografi (JSIG), 4(2), 90-98.
Kartika, S., Sufri, & Kholijah, G. (2020). Penggunaan Metode Geograhically Weighted Regression (GWR) Untuk Mengestimasi Faktor Dominan yang Mempengaruhi Penduduk Miskin di Provinsi Jambi. Journal of Mathematics: Theory and Applications, 2(2), 37-45.
Kohno, A., Techasrivichien, T., Suguimoto, S. P., Dahlui, M., Farid, N. D., & Nakayama, T. (2020). Investigation of the key factors that influence the girls to enter into child marriage: A metasynthesis of qualitative evidence. PLoS ONE, 15(7), 1-20.
Komnas Perempuan. (2021). Melihat Dampak Pandemi COVID-19 dan Kebijakan PSBB melalui Kacamata Perempuan Indonesia. Jakarta: Komnas Perempuan.
Kusuma, A. P., & Oktavianto, A. D. (2022). Analisis Metode Euclidean Distance dalam Menentukan Koordinat Peta pada Alamat Rumah. Jurnal Teknologi dan Manajemen Informatika, 8(2), 108-115.
Liczbińska, G., Brabec, M., Gautam, R., Jhariya, J., & Kumar, A. (2023). From little girls to adult women: Changes in age at marriage in Scheduled Castes from Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, India. PLoS One, 18(2), e0281506.
Lopes, S. B., Brondino, N. C., & Rodrigues da silva, A. N. (2014). GIS-Based Analytical Tools for Transport Planning: Spatial Regression Models for Transportation Demand Forecast. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 3, 565-583.
Lutfiani, N., Sugiman, & Mariani, S. (2019). Pemodelan Geographically Weighted Regession (GWR) dengan Fungsi Pembobot Kernel Gaussian dan Bi-Square. UNNES Journal of Mathematics, 8(1), 82-91.
Mardyantari, E., Firdauz, M. A., Pujiningtyas, L. R., Yutifa, H., Susanto, & Sunarsi, S. (2018). Hubungan Media Pornografi dengan Perilaku Seksual Pranikah pada Remaja. Strada Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 7(1), 36-39.
Marino, C., Gini, G., Angelini, F., Vieno, A., & Spada, M. M. (2020). Social norms and e-motions in problematic social media use among adolescents. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 11(100250).
Maula, I., Irwandi, Sari, A. L., Sarimin, D. S., & Rondonuwu, R. H. (2023). Pendidikan untuk Pemerataan Pembangunan: Memperjuangkan Hak Semua Anak. Journal on Education, 5(4), 13153-13165.
Maulana, A., Meilawati, R., & Widiastuti, V. (2019). Pemodelan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) Metode Baru Menurut Provinsi Tahun 2015 Menggunakan Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). Indonesian Journal of Applied Statistics, 2(1), 21-33.
Mei, C. (2005). Geografically Weighted Regression Technique for Spatial Data Analysis. Tiongkok: School of Science Suzhou: Xi’an Jiaotong University.
Misunas, C., Gastón, C. M., & Cappa, C. (2019). Child marriage among boys in highprevalence countries: an analysis of sexual and reproductive health outcomes. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 19(25), 1-16.
Nashwari, I. P., Rustiadi, E., Siregar, H., & Juanda, B. (2017). Geographically Weighted Regression Model for Poverty Analysis in Jambi Province. Indonesian Journal of Geography, 49(1), 42-50.
Nurhikmah, Carolin, B. T., & Lubis, R. (2021). Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Pernikahan Usia Dini pada Remaja Putri. Jurnal Kebidanan, 7(1), 17-24.
Nurpadilah, W., Sumertajaya, I. M., & Aidi, M. N. (2021). Geographically Weighted Regression with Kernel Weighted Function on Poverty Cases in West Java Province. Indonesian Journal of Statistics and Its Applications, 5(1), 173-181.
Otoo-Oyortey, N., & Sonita, P. (2003). Early marriage and poverty: exploring links and key policy issues. Gender and Development, 11(2), 42-51.
Permana, B., Yulmardi, & Junaidi. (2020). Pengaruh komponen indeks pembangunan manusia (IPM) terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Kota Jambi Periode 2004-2018. e-Jurnal Ekonomi Sumberdaya dan Lingkungan, 9(2), 110-122.
Pidah, A., Kalsum, U., Sitanggang, H., & Guspianto, G. (2021). Determinan Perilaku Seks Pranikah pada Remaja Pria (15-24 Tahun) di Indonesia (Analisis SDKI 2017). Jurnal Kesmas Jambi, 5(2), 9-27.
Plan International. (2013). Because I am a Girl the State of the World’ s Girl s 2013 In Double Jeopardy: Adolescent Girls and Disasters. Oxford: New Internationalist Publications Ltd.
Ponce, P., Álvarez-García, J., Cumbicus, M., & Río-Rama, M. d. (2021). Spatial Externalities of Income Inequality on Security in Latin America. Mathematics, 9(245), 1-19.
Pramitasari, S., & Megatsari, H. (2022). Early Marriage and Various Factors That Affect It. Media Gizi Kesmas, 11(1), 275-282.
PUSKAPA. (2020). Pencegahan Perkawinan Anak Percepatan yang Tidak Bisa Ditunda. Jakarta: Center on Child Protection & WellBeing.
Ramadanisa, N., & Triwahyuningtyas, N. (2022). Analisis Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Indeks Pembangunan Manusia di Provinsi Lampung. Sibatik Journal: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Sosial, Ekonomi, Budaya, Teknologi dan Pendidikan, 1(7), 1049-1062.
Rofiq, N., Hasbi, M. Z., & Najib, M. A. (2022). Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Peningkatan Dispensasi Kawin (Studi Kasus di Pengadilan Agama Kota Magelang). Jurnal Studi Hukum Islam dan Pendidikan, 11(1), 41-58.
Rofita, D., Makmun, I., Amilia, R., Lestari, C. I., & Sofiatun. (2023). Factors Affecting Child Marriage in West Nusa Tenggara. Jurnal Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia, 18(1), 16-24.
Rosyadah, J. A. (2021). Determinan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). Efficient: ndonesian Journal of Development Economics, 4(1), 1080-1092.
Rumble, L., Peterman, A., Irdiana, N., Triyana, M., & Minnick, E. (2018). An empirical exploration of female child marriage determinants in Indonesia. BMC Public Health, 18(407), 1-13.
Sanjaya, A., Narendra, M. B., Irwanto, Suryawan, A., Irmawati, M., & Efendi, F. (2018). Early Marriage and Its Relationship with Child Development. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 9(9), 193-198.
Sapaat, T. M., Lapian, A. L., & Tumangkeng, S. Y. (2020). Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Indeks Pembangunan Manusia di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara Tahun 2005 - 2019. Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Efisiensi , 20(3), 45-56.
Schultz, T. W. (1963). The economic value of education. New York: Columbia University Press.
Schultz, T. W. (1981). Investing in people: The economic of people quality. Los Angeles: Universiti of California Press.
Sekarayu, S. Y., & Nurwati, N. (2021). Dampak Pernikahan Usia Dini terhadap Kesehatan Reproduksi. Jurnal Pengabdian dan Penelitian Kepada Masyarakat (JPPM), 2(1), 37 - 45 .
Sembiring, R., Nasution, L. N., Faried, A. I., & Novalina, A. (2019). Determinant of Human Development Index (HDI) Towards Poverty in the Regency/City of North Sumatera Province (Case Study Medan, Binjai, Deli Serdang, Karo, and Pematang Siantar). IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 10(6), 32-36.
Sinaga, J. P., Hendriadi, A., Firdaus, M., Fauzi, A., & Arsanti, I. W. (2021). Analysis of Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) on Retail Prices of Medium Rice and Red Chili in Java. Jurnal Manajemen & Agribisnis, 18(2), 144-155.
Sisters in Islam (SIS). (2018). Child Marriage: Its Relationship with Religion, Culture and Patriarchy. Selangor Darul Ehsan: Sisters in Islam (SIS).
Siswati, E., & Hermawati, D. T. (2018). Analisis Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) Kabupaten Bojonegoro. Jurnal Ilmiah Sosio Agribis, 18(2), 93-114.
Solekha, N. A., & Qudratullah, M. F. (2022). Pemodelan Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression dengan Fungsi Adaptive Gaussian Kernel Terhadap Kemiskinan di Provinsi NTT. Jambura Journal of Mathematics, 4(1), 17-32.
Strasburger, V. C. (2005). Adolescents, sex, and the media: ooooo, baby, baby-a Q & A. Adolescent medicine clinics, 16(2).
Subchi, I., Arsadani, Q., Helmi, M. I., & Faridho, E. (2021). Legal Policy of Child Marriage In the Covid-19 Pandemic Period. Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 5(2), 846-866.
Suparmi, & Soeheri. (2020). Sistem Informasi Geografis Pemetaan Tempat Kost Berbasis Web Menggunakan Metode Euclidean Distance. InfoSys Journal, 5(1), 105-113.
Suyanto, B., Sugihartati, R., Hidayat, M. A., Egalita, N., & Mas’udah, S. (2023). The causes and impacts of early marriage: the ordeal of girls in East Java, Indonesia. Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas, 101, 71-94.
Sweetland, S. R. (1996). Human Capital Theory: Foundations of a Field of Inquiry. Review of Educational Research, 66(3), 341-359.
Talukder, A., Hasan, M. M., Razu, S. R., & Hossain, Z. (2020). Early Marriage in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study Exploring the Associated Factors. Journal of International Women's Studies, 21(1), 68-78.
Tan, W. (2021). Problematika Perkawinan di Bawah Umur dan Tantangan dalam Mencapai Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). JUSTISI, 7(2), 76-88.
Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2011). Economic Development . PrenticeHaII.
Tyas, D. P., & Sukartini, N. M. (2022). Determinants of the Human Development Index (HDI) in Indonesia. MediaTrend: Berkala Kajian Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan, 17(2), 481-495.
Ula, M., Daulay, T. A., Hardi, R., Retno, S., Pratama, A., & Sahputra, I. (2023). Clustering Analysis and Mapping of ISPA Disease Spread Patterns in Bireuen District. Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi), 7(3), 733 - 742.
UNDP. (2022). Human Development Report 2021-22: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
UNICEF. (2018). Child Marriage: Latest trends and future prospects. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund.
UNICEF. (2022). Taking The Field Forward: Investing in Knowledge to End Child Marriage. ) and United Nations Children’s Fund.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2015). Elimination of Violence against Children. Vienna: United Nations.
United Nations Population Fund. (2012). Marrying Too Young: End Child Marriage. New York: United Nations Population Fund.
United Nations Population Fund. (2022). Child marriage - UNFPA. Retrieved August 5, 2023, from https://www.unfpa.org/child-marriage
Uyumu, E. B., Kilit, F. K., & Barut, Y. (2021). Problematic Internet Use and Marital Adjustment in Married Individuals. Kastamonu Education Journal, 29(4), 283-296.
Wahyudi, T. H., & Prastiwi, J. H. (2022). Sexuality and the State: Dispensation of Child Marriage in Indonesia. Aspirasi: Jurnal Masalah-Masalah Sosial, 13(2), 205-225.
Wahyudi, T., Hasanbasri, M., Kusnanto, H., & Hakimi, M. (2019). Social Determinants of Health of Child Marriage (Analysis of IFLS 2000, 2007, 2014). Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 15(1), 62-68.
Wibowo, H. R., Ratnaningsih, M., Goodwin, N. J., Ulum, D. F., & Minnick, E. (2021). One household, two worlds: Differences of perception towards child marriage among adolescent children and adults in Indonesia. The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific 8, 100103, 1-9.
Widiantara, A., & Yuhan, R. J. (2019). Pengaruh Variabel Sosial Ekonomi Terhadap Perkawinan Usia Anak pada Wanita di Indonesia Tahun 2017. Statistika, 19(2), 139 – 149.
Wulandari. (2018). Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression dengan Fungsi Kernel Fixed Gaussian pada Kemiskinan Jawa Tengah. Indonesian Journal of Statistics and Its Applications, 2(2), 101-112.
Wulandari, R. D., & Laksono, A. D. (2020). Hubungan Status Ekonomi Terhadap Pernikahan Dini Pada Perempuan DI Perdesaan Indonesia. Jurnal Kesehatan Reproduksi, 11(2), 115-124.
Yogiantoro, M., Komariah, D., & Irawan, I. (2019). Effects of Education Funding in Increasing Human Development Index. JEJAK: Journal of Economics and Policy, 12(2), 482-497.
Zhukov, Y. M. (2010). Applied Spatial Statistics in R, Section 2 Spatial Autocorrelation (IQSS ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University.
Published
2024-08-28
How to Cite
KHARISMA, Bayu; WARDHANA, Adhitya; FAUZY, Mohammad Zidan. Early Marriage and Human Development Index in Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terapan, [S.l.], v. 17, n. 2, p. 201-224, aug. 2024. ISSN 2303-0186. Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jekt/article/view/113825>. Date accessed: 13 dec. 2024.

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>