Skoring Prognostik Survival Pasien Triple Negative Breast Cancer Berbasis Immunoscore
Abstract
Kanker payudara adalah salah satu masalah kesehatan utama di dunia. Data Globocan tahun 2018, terdapat lebih dari 2 juta kasus kanker payudara baru dengan angka mortalitas lebih dari 600.000 jiwa. Salah satu subtipe kanker payudara yang memiliki prognosis yang buruk adalah Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) yang terjadi sekitar 15% hingga 20% dari seluruh kanker payudara invasif yang telah terdiagnosis. Subtipe ini memiliki sifat yang lebih agresif yang ditandai dengan nilai disease-free and overall survival yang rendah. Hingga saat ini prediktor dan prognosis pasien kanker payudara secara umum dan TNBC pada khususnya dilakukan berdasarkan evaluasi demografi, klinis, dan histopatologi. Namun, berbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem skoring yang didasarkan pada parameter tersebut tidak terlalu efektif dan hanya memberikan informasi yang terbatas dalam prediksi survival dan mortalitas TNBC. Salah satu potensi sistem prediktor dan prognosis pasien TNBC adalah berbasis sistem imun yaitu immunoscore. Dalam review ini akan dibahas lebih lanjut mengenai skoring prognostik survival pasien TNBC berbasis immunoscore.
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References
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29. Tian W, Wang L, Yuan L, dkk. A prognostic risk model for patients with triple negative breast cancer based on stromal natural killer cells, tumor‐associated macrophages and growth‐arrest specific protein 6. Cancer Sci. 2016;107:882-9.
30. Lin Y, Fu F, Lin S. A nomogram prediction for the survival of patients with triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget. 2018;9: 32108-18.
31. Yang Y, Wang Y, Deng H, dkk. Development and validation of nomograms predicting survival in Chinese patients with triple negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2019 6;19:5703-4.
32. Wang Z, Wang H, Sun X, dkk. A Risk stratification model for predicting overall survival and surgical benefit in triple-negative breast cancer patients with de novo distant metastasis. Front Oncol. 2020;10:14.
33. Fridman WH, Pagès F, Sautès-Fridman C, dkk. The immune contexture in human tumours: impact on clinical outcome. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12:298-306.
34. Ascierto P, De Maio E, Bertuzzi S, dkk. Future perspectives in melanoma research. J Transl Med. 2011;9:32-5.
35. Chen DS, Mellman I. Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point. Nature. 2017;541:321-30.
36. Salgado R, Denkert C, Demaria S, dkk. The evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer: recommendations by an International TILs Working Group 2014. Annals of Oncol. 2015;26:259-71.
37. Dunn G, Old L, Schreiber R. The three Es of cancer immunoediting. Annu Rev Immunol. 2004;22:329-60.
38. Coussens LM, Pollard JW. Leukocytes in mammary development and cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2011;3:a003285.
39. Mahmoud SM, Paish EC, Powe DG. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes predict clinical outcome in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1949-55.
40. Galon J, Mlecnik B, Bindea G, dkk. Towards the introduction of the ‘Immunoscore’ in the classification of malignant tumours. J Pathol. 2014;232:199-209.
41. Galon J, Fridman W-H, Pagès F. The Adaptive Immunologic Microenvironment in Colorectal Cancer: A Novel Perspective. Cancer Res. 2007;67:1883-6.
42. Gingras I, Azim HA, Ignatiadis M, Sotiriou C. Immunology and breast cancer: Toward a new way of understanding breast cancer and developing novel therapeutic strategies. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2015;13:372-82.
43. Galon J, Costes A, Sanchez-Cabo F, dkk. Type, density, and location of immune cells within human colorectal tumors predict clinical outcome. Science. 2006;313:1960-4.
44. Andre F, Berrada N, Desmedt C. Implication of tumor microenvironment in the resistance to chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Curr Opin Oncol. 2010;22:547-51.
45. DeNardo DG, Brennan DJ, Rexhepaj E, dkk. Leukocyte complexity predicts breast cancer survival and functionally regulates response to chemotherapy. Cancer Discov. 2011;1:54-67.
46. Baxevanis CN, Sofopoulos M, Fortis SP, dkk. The role of immune infiltrates as prognostic biomarkers in patients with breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2019;68:1671-80.
47. Nosho K, Baba Y, Tanaka N, dkk. Tumour-infiltrating T-cell subsets, molecular changes in colorectal cancer and prognosis: cohort study and literature review. J Pathol. 2010;222:350-66.
48. Ogino S, Nosho K, Irahara N, dkk. Lymphocytic reaction to colorectal cancer is associated with longer survival, independent of lymph node count, microsatellite instability, and CpG island methylator phenotype. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:6412-20.
49. Pagès F, Kirilovsky A, Mlecnik B, dkk. In situ cytotoxic and memory T cells predict outcome in patients with early-stage colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5944-51.
50. Dushyanthen S, Beavis PA, Savas P, dkk. Relevance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer. BMC Med. 2015;13:202.
51. Wein L, Savas P, Luen SJ, dkk. Clinical Validity and Utility of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Routine Clinical Practice for Breast Cancer Patients: Current and Future Directions. Front Oncol. 2017;7:156.
52. Miyan M, Schmidt-Mende J, Kiessling R, dkk. Differential tumor infiltration by T-cells characterizes intrinsic molecular subtypes in breast cancer. J Transl Med. 2016;14:227.
53. Adams S, Gray R, Demaria S, dkk. Towards an immunoscore for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC): lymphocytic infiltrate predicts outcome. J Immunother Cancer. 2013;1:22.
2. Foulkes WD, Smith IE, Reis-Filho JS. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1938-48.
3. Ismail-Khan R, Bui MM. A Review of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer Control. 2010;17:173-6.
4. Bindea G, Mlecnik B, Fridman WH, dkk. Natural immunity to cancer in humans. Curr Opin Immunol. 2010;22:215-22.
5. Nagtegaal ID, Quirke P, Schmoll HJ. Has the new TNM classification for colorectal cancer improved care? Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2011;9:119-23.
6. Pages F, Galon J, Dieu-Nosjean MC, dkk. Immune infiltration in human tumors: a prognostic factor that should not be ignored. Oncogene. 2010;29:1093-102.
7. Galon J, Pages F, Marincola FM, dkk. The immune score as a new possible approach for the classification of cancer. J Transl Med. 2012;10:1.
8. Bauer K, Brown M, Cress R, dkk. Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so called triple-negative phenotype: a population-based study from the California cancer registry. Cancer. 2007;109:1721-8.
9. Rakha E, Ellis I, Reis-Filho J. Are triple-negative and basal-like breast cancer synonymous? Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:618-19.
10. Sorlie T, Tibshirani R, Parker J. Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:8418-23.
11. Wu J, Shunrong L, Jia W, Su F. Response and Prognosis of Taxanes and Anthracyclines Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011;137:1505-10.
12. Tan GH, Taib NA, Choo WY, dkk. Clinical characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer: experience in an Asian developing country. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2009;10:395-8.
13. Liu ZB, Liu GY, Yang WT, dkk. Triple-negative breast cancer types exhibit a distinct poor clinical characteristic in lymph node-negative Chinese patients. Oncol Rep. 2008;20:987-94.
14. Primadanti SJ, Setiawan IGB. Prevalensi kanker payudara subtipe triple negative pada wanita usia muda di Bali periode januari 2014 - oktober 2016. E-Jurnal Med. 2018;7:87-90.
15. Dolle JM, Daling JR, White E, dkk. Risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer in women under the age of 45 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18:1157-66.
16. Gallo F, Morale M.C, Sambataro D, dkk. The immune system response during development and progression of carcinogen-induced rat mammary tumours: Prevention of tumour growth and restoration of immune system responsiveness by thymopentin. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1993;27:221-37.
17. Landskron G, De la Fuente M, Thuwajit P, dkk. Chronic Inflammation and Cytokines in the Tumour Microenvironment. J Immunol Res. 2014;2014:149185.
18. Campbell MJ, Scott J, Maecker HT, dkk. Immune dysfunction and micrometastases in women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;91:163-71.
19. Tsavaris N, Kosmas C, Vadiaka M, dkk. Immune changes in patients with advanced breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy with taxanes. Br J Cancer. 2002;87:21-7.
20. Dewan MZ, Terunuma H, Takada M, dkk. Role of natural killer cells in hormone-independent rapid tumor formation and spontaneous metastasis of breast cancer cells in vivo. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007;104:267-75.
21. Welte T, Kim IS, Tian L, dkk. Oncogenic mTOR signalling recruits myeloid-derived suppressor cells to promote tumour initiation. Nat Cell Biol. 2016;18:632-44.
22. Bidard FC, Conforti R, Boulet T, dkk. Does triple- negative phenotype accurately identify basal-like tumour? An immunohistochemical analysis based on 143 “triple-negative” breast cancers. Ann Oncol. 2007;18:1285-6.
23. Brown A. Epidemiology, biology, and treatment of triple-negative breast cancer in women of African ancestry. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:625-34.
24. Montagna E, Bagnardi V, Rotmensz N, dkk. Breast cancer subtypes and outcome after local and regional relapse. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:324-31.
25. Brouckaert O, Wildiers H, Floris G, dkk. Update on triple-negative breast cancer: prognosis and management strategies. Int J Womens Health. 2012;4:511-20.
26. Desmedt C, Haibe-Kains B, Wirapati P, dkk. Biological processes associated with breast cancer clinical outcome depend on the molecular subtypes. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:5158-65.
27. Boyle, P. Triple-negative breast cancer: epidemiological considerations and recommendations. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:7-12.
28. Kwon J, Eom KY, Koo TR. A Prognostic Model for Patients with Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Importance of the Modified Nottingham Prognostic Index and Age. J Breast Cancer. 2017;20:65-73.
29. Tian W, Wang L, Yuan L, dkk. A prognostic risk model for patients with triple negative breast cancer based on stromal natural killer cells, tumor‐associated macrophages and growth‐arrest specific protein 6. Cancer Sci. 2016;107:882-9.
30. Lin Y, Fu F, Lin S. A nomogram prediction for the survival of patients with triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget. 2018;9: 32108-18.
31. Yang Y, Wang Y, Deng H, dkk. Development and validation of nomograms predicting survival in Chinese patients with triple negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2019 6;19:5703-4.
32. Wang Z, Wang H, Sun X, dkk. A Risk stratification model for predicting overall survival and surgical benefit in triple-negative breast cancer patients with de novo distant metastasis. Front Oncol. 2020;10:14.
33. Fridman WH, Pagès F, Sautès-Fridman C, dkk. The immune contexture in human tumours: impact on clinical outcome. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12:298-306.
34. Ascierto P, De Maio E, Bertuzzi S, dkk. Future perspectives in melanoma research. J Transl Med. 2011;9:32-5.
35. Chen DS, Mellman I. Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point. Nature. 2017;541:321-30.
36. Salgado R, Denkert C, Demaria S, dkk. The evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer: recommendations by an International TILs Working Group 2014. Annals of Oncol. 2015;26:259-71.
37. Dunn G, Old L, Schreiber R. The three Es of cancer immunoediting. Annu Rev Immunol. 2004;22:329-60.
38. Coussens LM, Pollard JW. Leukocytes in mammary development and cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2011;3:a003285.
39. Mahmoud SM, Paish EC, Powe DG. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes predict clinical outcome in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1949-55.
40. Galon J, Mlecnik B, Bindea G, dkk. Towards the introduction of the ‘Immunoscore’ in the classification of malignant tumours. J Pathol. 2014;232:199-209.
41. Galon J, Fridman W-H, Pagès F. The Adaptive Immunologic Microenvironment in Colorectal Cancer: A Novel Perspective. Cancer Res. 2007;67:1883-6.
42. Gingras I, Azim HA, Ignatiadis M, Sotiriou C. Immunology and breast cancer: Toward a new way of understanding breast cancer and developing novel therapeutic strategies. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2015;13:372-82.
43. Galon J, Costes A, Sanchez-Cabo F, dkk. Type, density, and location of immune cells within human colorectal tumors predict clinical outcome. Science. 2006;313:1960-4.
44. Andre F, Berrada N, Desmedt C. Implication of tumor microenvironment in the resistance to chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Curr Opin Oncol. 2010;22:547-51.
45. DeNardo DG, Brennan DJ, Rexhepaj E, dkk. Leukocyte complexity predicts breast cancer survival and functionally regulates response to chemotherapy. Cancer Discov. 2011;1:54-67.
46. Baxevanis CN, Sofopoulos M, Fortis SP, dkk. The role of immune infiltrates as prognostic biomarkers in patients with breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2019;68:1671-80.
47. Nosho K, Baba Y, Tanaka N, dkk. Tumour-infiltrating T-cell subsets, molecular changes in colorectal cancer and prognosis: cohort study and literature review. J Pathol. 2010;222:350-66.
48. Ogino S, Nosho K, Irahara N, dkk. Lymphocytic reaction to colorectal cancer is associated with longer survival, independent of lymph node count, microsatellite instability, and CpG island methylator phenotype. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:6412-20.
49. Pagès F, Kirilovsky A, Mlecnik B, dkk. In situ cytotoxic and memory T cells predict outcome in patients with early-stage colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5944-51.
50. Dushyanthen S, Beavis PA, Savas P, dkk. Relevance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer. BMC Med. 2015;13:202.
51. Wein L, Savas P, Luen SJ, dkk. Clinical Validity and Utility of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Routine Clinical Practice for Breast Cancer Patients: Current and Future Directions. Front Oncol. 2017;7:156.
52. Miyan M, Schmidt-Mende J, Kiessling R, dkk. Differential tumor infiltration by T-cells characterizes intrinsic molecular subtypes in breast cancer. J Transl Med. 2016;14:227.
53. Adams S, Gray R, Demaria S, dkk. Towards an immunoscore for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC): lymphocytic infiltrate predicts outcome. J Immunother Cancer. 2013;1:22.
Published
2021-07-17
How to Cite
ADIPUTRA, Putu Anda Tusta; SUDARSA, I Wayan.
Skoring Prognostik Survival Pasien Triple Negative Breast Cancer Berbasis Immunoscore.
JBN (Jurnal Bedah Nasional), [S.l.], v. 5, n. 2, p. 65-75, july 2021.
ISSN 2548-981X.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jbn/article/view/65250>. Date accessed: 26 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/JBN.2021.v05.i02.p05.
Section
Review Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Program Studi Ilmu Bedah Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Udayana. 
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
