POTENSI NANOPARTIKEL EKSTRAK ETANOL BUNGA MARIGOLD (TAGETES ERECTA L.) TERENKAPSULASI POLYLACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID (PLGA) SEBAGAI AGEN PENCEGAH AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Pendahuluan: Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) merupakan penyakit yang banyak diderita para lansia ditandai dengan adanya degenerasi makula pada retina. Pencegahan perlu dilakukan, salah satunya menggunakan bahan alam yaitu bunga marigold dengan kandungan lutein. Lutein memiliki bioavailabilitas yang rendah sehingga diperlukan formulasi enkapsulasi nanopartikel PolyLactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA).
Pembahasan: Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) dapat diakibatkan oleh akumulasi Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) di bagian makula pada retina yang kemudian menyebabkan terjadinya stres oksidatif. Lutein pada bunga marigold bekerja dengan cara bereaksi dengan zat ROS sehingga mencegah terjadinya akumulasi dan stes oksidatif pada retina. Lutein aman dikonsumsi sebagai suplemen namun memiliki bioavailabilitas yang rendah sehingga diperlukan formulasi enkapsulasi nanopartikel PolyLactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA). Lutein dengan formulasi ini memiliki efek klinis pada AMD, yaitu meningkatkan konsentrasi plasma dari lutein, kemudian meningkatkan skor Macular Pigment Density, dan meningkatan Contrast Sensitivity serta Glare Sensitivity.
Simpulan: Lutein sebagai antioksidan yang kemudian terenkapsulasi nanopartikel PolyLactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) memiliki efek potensi untuk dijadikan agen pencegahan AMD. Diperlukan penelitian terkait dosis efektif, tingkat efikasi dalam pencegahan, serta efek samping dari lutein yang terenkapsulasi PLGA.
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References
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4. Al-Zamil WM, Yassin SA. Recent developments in age-related macular degeneration: A review. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:1313–30.
5. Heesterbeek TJ, Lorés-Motta L, Hoyng CB, Lechanteur YTE, den Hollander AI. Risk factors for progression of age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2020;40(2):140–70.
6. Jonas JB, Cheung CMG, Panda-Jonas S. Updates on the epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration. Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol. 2017;6(6):493–7.
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9. Kristianto B, Andayani A, Agung A, Putrawati M, Made N, Suryathi A, et al. Clinical characteristics and demographics figures of patients with age-related macular degeneration at a tertiary-level hospital in Denpasar , Bali. Intisari Sains Medis. 2021;12(1):298–301.
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11. Ammar MJ, Hsu J, Chiang A, Ho AC, Regillo CD. Age-related macular degeneration therapy: a review. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2020 May;31(3):215–21.
12. Gil-Martínez M, Santos-Ramos P, Fernández-Rodríguez M, Abraldes MJ, Rodríguez-Cid MJ, Santiago-Varela M, et al. Pharmacological Advances in the Treatment of Age-related Macular Degeneration. Curr Med Chem. 2020;27(4):583–98.
13. Ricci F, Bandello F, Navarra P, Staurenghi G, Stumpp M, Zarbin M. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Therapeutic management and new-upcoming approaches. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(21):1–40.
14. Ma L, Yan SF, Huang YM, Lu XR, Qian F, Pang HL, et al. Effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and visual function in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(11):2290–7.
15. Lem DW, Davey PG, Gierhart DL, Rosen RB. A systematic review of carotenoids in the management of age-related macular degeneration. Antioxidants. 2021;10(8):1–37.
16. Eisenhauer B, Natoli S, Liew G, Flood VM. Lutein and zeaxanthin — Food sources, bioavailability and dietary variety in age‐related macular degeneration protection. Nutrients. 2017;9(2).
17. Kurniawan JM, Yusuf MM, Heriyanto H, Panintingjati Brotosudarmo TH. Telaah Literatur Potensi Lutein dari Bunga Marigold Lokal sebagai Suplemen Kesehatan. Media Penelit dan Pengemb Kesehat. 2020;30(2):147–62.
18. Kurniawan JM, Yusuf MM, Azmi SS, Salim KP, Utami Prihastyanti MN, Indrawati R, et al. Effect of drying treatments on the contents of lutein and zeaxanthin in orange- and yellow-cultivars of marigold flower and its application for lutein ester encapsulation. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2019;509(1).
19. Bhat I, Yathisha UG, Karunasagar I, Mamatha BS. Nutraceutical approach to enhance lutein bioavailability via nanodelivery systems. Nutr Rev. 2020;78(9):709–24.
20. Zylberberg C, Gaskill K, Pasley S, Matosevic S. Engineering liposomal nanoparticles for targeted gene therapy. Gene Ther. 2017;24(8):441–52.
21. Xuefeng Chen, et al 2011. Fenofibrate-Loaded Biodegradable Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Experimental Diabetic Retinopathy and Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Physiol Behav. 2019;176(10):139–48.
22. Yani MV, Anjani IAW, Narayana IGS, Wihandani DM, Supadmanaba IGP. Combination of Cisplatin-Withaferin Based on PEGylated Liposome Nanoparticles as Alternative Therapy for Ovarian Cancer. J Med Heal. 2020;2(5):111–27.
23. Bhupendra Pradhan, Narendra Kumar, Suman Saha AR, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Tekari, Raipur, Chhattisgarh I. LIPOSOME: METHOD OF PREPARATION, ADVANTAGES, EVALUATION AND ITS APPLICATION Bhupendra Pradhan*, Narendra Kumar, Suman Saha, Amit Roy Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Tekari, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. J Appl Pharm Res. 2015;3(2348).
24. Kaarniranta K, Uusitalo H, Blasiak J, Felszeghy S, Kannan R, Kauppinen A, et al. Mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and their impact on age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res [Internet]. 2020;79(October 2019):100858. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100858
25. Kaarniranta K, Pawlowska E, Szczepanska J, Jablkowska A, Blasiak J. Role of mitochondrial dna damage in ros-mediated pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (Amd). Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(10).
26. Blasiak J. Senescence in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci [Internet]. 2020;77(5):789–805. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03420-x
27. Šivel M, Kráčmar S, Fišera M, Klejdus B, Kubáň V. Lutein content in marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.) concentrates used for production of food supplements. Czech J Food Sci. 2014;32(6):521–5.
28. Maleta HS, Indrawati R, Limantara L, Brotosudarmo THP. Ragam Metode Ekstraksi Karotenoid dari Sumber Tumbuhan dalam Dekade Terakhir. J Rekayasa Kim Lingkung. 2018;13(1):40–50.
29. Bernstein PS, Li B, Vachali PP, Gorusupudi A, Shyam R, Henriksen BS, et al. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2016;50(October 2017):34–66.
30. Yao Y, Qiu Q, Wu X-W, Cai Z, Xu S, Liang X. Lutein supplementation improves visual performance in Chinese drivers: 1-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrition. 2013;29(7):958–64.
31. Vishwanathan R, Neuringer M, Snodderly DM, Schalch W, Johnson EJ. Macular lutein and zeaxanthin are related to brain lutein and zeaxanthin in primates. Nutr Neurosci. 2013 Jan;16(1):21–9.
32. Fatani AJ, Al-Rejaie SS, Abuohashish HM, Al-Assaf A, Parmar MY, Ahmed MM. Lutein dietary supplementation attenuates streptozotocin-induced testicular damage and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015 Jun;15:204.
33. Addo EK, Gorusupudi A, Allman S, Bernstein PS. The Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Pregnancy (L-ZIP) study—carotenoid supplementation during pregnancy: ocular and systemic effects—study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021;22(1):1–13.
34. Beatty S, Chakravarthy U, Nolan JM, Muldrew KA, Woodside J V, Denny F, et al. Secondary outcomes in a clinical trial of carotenoids with coantioxidants versus placebo in early age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2013 Mar;120(3):600–6.
35. Roberts JE, Dennison J. The Photobiology of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in the Eye. J Ophthalmol. 2015;2015.
36. Liu H, Liu W, Zhou X, Long C, Kuang X, Hu J, et al. Protective effect of lutein on ARPE-19 cells upon H2O2-induced G2/M arrest. Mol Med Rep. 2017;16(2):2069–74.
37. Kamoshita M, Toda E, Osada H, Narimatsu T, Kobayashi S, Tsubota K, et al. Lutein acts via multiple antioxidant pathways in the photo-stressed retina. Sci Rep. 2016 Jul;6:30226.
38. Kapoor DN, Kaur R, Sharma R, Dhawan S. PLGA: a unique polymer for drug delivery. J Heal Educ. 2015;6:41–58.
39. Ding D, Zhu Q. Recent advances of PLGA micro/nanoparticles for the delivery of biomacromolecular therapeutics. Mater Sci Eng C. 2018;92:1041–60.
40. Gonzalez-pizarro R, Silva-abreu M, Calpena AC, Egea A, Espina M, García ML. Development of Fluorometholone-loaded PLGA Nanoparticles for Treatment of Inflammatory Disorders of Anterior and Posterior Segments of the Eye. Int J Pharm. 2018;
41. Rozaria A, Pontillo N, Detsi A. Nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery : modified and non-modified chitosan as a promising biocompatible carrier. J Cell Biochem. 2019;14:1889–909.
42. Judul H, Farmasi PS, Matematika F, Ilmu DAN, Alam P, Indonesia UI. FORMULASI DAN KARAKTERISASI NANOPARTIKEL PLGA ( Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid ) EKSTRAK KULIT MANGGIS ( Garcinia mangostana L .) DENGAN VARIASI PVA ( Polyvinyl Alcohol ) FORMULASI DAN KARAKTERISASI NANOPARTIKEL PLGA ( Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid ) EKSTRAK. 2017;
43. Wilson LM, Tharmarajah S, Jia Y, Semba RD, Schaumberg DA, Robinson KA. The Effect of Lutein / Zeaxanthin Intake on Human Macular Pigment Optical Density : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;(4):2244–54.
44. Hashemi M, Shamshiri A, Saeedi M, Tayebi L, Yazdian-robati R. Aptamer-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles for delivery and imaging of cancer therapeutic drugs. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2020;691(July):108485.
45. Salama HA, Ghorab M, Mahmoud AA, Hady MA. Research Article PLGA Nanoparticles as Subconjunctival Injection for Management of Glaucoma. 2017;(6).
46. Ghosh AK, Thapa R, Hariani HN, Volyanyuk M, Ogle SD, Orloff KA, et al. Poly ( lactic-co-glycolic acid ) Nanoparticles Encapsulating the Prenylated Flavonoid , Xanthohumol , Protect Corneal Epithelial Cells from Dry Eye Disease-Associated Oxidative Stress. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;
47. Stringham JM, Stringham NT, O’Brien KJ. Macular Carotenoid Supplementation Improves Visual Performance, Sleep Quality, and Adverse Physical Symptoms in Those with High Screen Time Exposure. J Chem Inf Model. 2017;1–13.
48. Khoo HE, Ng HS, Yap W, Ji H, Goh H, Yim HS. Nutrients for Prevention of Macular Degeneration and Eye-Related Diseases. J Cell Mol Med. 2019;1–16.
49. Obana A, Gohto Y, Nakazawa R, Moriyama T, Gellermann W, Bernstein PS. Effect of an antioxidant supplement containing high dose lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and skin carotenoid levels. J Pineal Res. 2020;1–12.
50. Feng L, Nie K, Jiang H, Fan W. Effects of lutein supplementation in agerelated macular degeneration. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):1–13.
51. Sawa M, Shunto T, Issei N, Yokoyama A, Shigeta R. Effects of Lutein Supplementation in Japanese Patients with Unilateral Age-Related Macular Degeneration : The Sakai Lutein Study. J Heal Educ. 2020;1–11.
52. Sánchez-lópez E, Egea MA, Davis BM, Guo L, Espina M, Silva AM, et al. Memantine-Loaded PEGylated Biodegradable Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Glaucoma. 2017;1701808:1–12.
53. Huang Y, Dou H, Huang F, Xu X, Zou Z, Lin X. Effect of Supplemental Lutein and Zeaxanthin on Serum , Macular Pigmentation , and Visual Performance in Patients with Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Heal Educ. 2015;2015.
54. Machida N, Kosehira M, Kitaichi N. nutrients Clinical E ff ects of Dietary Supplementation of Lutein with High Bio-Accessibility on Macular Pigment Optical Density and Contrast Sensitivity : A. J Heal Educ. 2020;1–12.
2. Mitchell P, Liew G, Gopinath B, Wong TY. Age-related macular degeneration. Lancet [Internet]. 2018;392(10153):1147–59. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31550-2
3. García-Layana A, Cabrera-López F, García-Arumí J, Arias-Barquet L, Ruiz-Moreno JM. Early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration: Update and clinical review. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:1579–87.
4. Al-Zamil WM, Yassin SA. Recent developments in age-related macular degeneration: A review. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:1313–30.
5. Heesterbeek TJ, Lorés-Motta L, Hoyng CB, Lechanteur YTE, den Hollander AI. Risk factors for progression of age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2020;40(2):140–70.
6. Jonas JB, Cheung CMG, Panda-Jonas S. Updates on the epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration. Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol. 2017;6(6):493–7.
7. Xu X, Wu J, Yu X, Tang Y, Tang X, Shentu X. Regional differences in the global burden of age-related macular degeneration. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1–9.
8. Tany CE, Sumual V, Saerang JSM. Prevalensi Age Related Macular Degeneration di Poliklinik Mata BLU RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado Periode Januari 2013 – Oktober 2015. e-CliniC. 2016;4(1).
9. Kristianto B, Andayani A, Agung A, Putrawati M, Made N, Suryathi A, et al. Clinical characteristics and demographics figures of patients with age-related macular degeneration at a tertiary-level hospital in Denpasar , Bali. Intisari Sains Medis. 2021;12(1):298–301.
10. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. World Population Ageing 2019 [Internet]. Vol. Highlights, World Population Ageing 2019. 2019. 64 p. Available from: http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/pdf/65executivesummary spanish.pdf%0Ahttp://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-5204-7_6
11. Ammar MJ, Hsu J, Chiang A, Ho AC, Regillo CD. Age-related macular degeneration therapy: a review. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2020 May;31(3):215–21.
12. Gil-Martínez M, Santos-Ramos P, Fernández-Rodríguez M, Abraldes MJ, Rodríguez-Cid MJ, Santiago-Varela M, et al. Pharmacological Advances in the Treatment of Age-related Macular Degeneration. Curr Med Chem. 2020;27(4):583–98.
13. Ricci F, Bandello F, Navarra P, Staurenghi G, Stumpp M, Zarbin M. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Therapeutic management and new-upcoming approaches. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(21):1–40.
14. Ma L, Yan SF, Huang YM, Lu XR, Qian F, Pang HL, et al. Effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and visual function in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(11):2290–7.
15. Lem DW, Davey PG, Gierhart DL, Rosen RB. A systematic review of carotenoids in the management of age-related macular degeneration. Antioxidants. 2021;10(8):1–37.
16. Eisenhauer B, Natoli S, Liew G, Flood VM. Lutein and zeaxanthin — Food sources, bioavailability and dietary variety in age‐related macular degeneration protection. Nutrients. 2017;9(2).
17. Kurniawan JM, Yusuf MM, Heriyanto H, Panintingjati Brotosudarmo TH. Telaah Literatur Potensi Lutein dari Bunga Marigold Lokal sebagai Suplemen Kesehatan. Media Penelit dan Pengemb Kesehat. 2020;30(2):147–62.
18. Kurniawan JM, Yusuf MM, Azmi SS, Salim KP, Utami Prihastyanti MN, Indrawati R, et al. Effect of drying treatments on the contents of lutein and zeaxanthin in orange- and yellow-cultivars of marigold flower and its application for lutein ester encapsulation. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2019;509(1).
19. Bhat I, Yathisha UG, Karunasagar I, Mamatha BS. Nutraceutical approach to enhance lutein bioavailability via nanodelivery systems. Nutr Rev. 2020;78(9):709–24.
20. Zylberberg C, Gaskill K, Pasley S, Matosevic S. Engineering liposomal nanoparticles for targeted gene therapy. Gene Ther. 2017;24(8):441–52.
21. Xuefeng Chen, et al 2011. Fenofibrate-Loaded Biodegradable Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Experimental Diabetic Retinopathy and Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Physiol Behav. 2019;176(10):139–48.
22. Yani MV, Anjani IAW, Narayana IGS, Wihandani DM, Supadmanaba IGP. Combination of Cisplatin-Withaferin Based on PEGylated Liposome Nanoparticles as Alternative Therapy for Ovarian Cancer. J Med Heal. 2020;2(5):111–27.
23. Bhupendra Pradhan, Narendra Kumar, Suman Saha AR, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Tekari, Raipur, Chhattisgarh I. LIPOSOME: METHOD OF PREPARATION, ADVANTAGES, EVALUATION AND ITS APPLICATION Bhupendra Pradhan*, Narendra Kumar, Suman Saha, Amit Roy Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Tekari, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. J Appl Pharm Res. 2015;3(2348).
24. Kaarniranta K, Uusitalo H, Blasiak J, Felszeghy S, Kannan R, Kauppinen A, et al. Mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and their impact on age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res [Internet]. 2020;79(October 2019):100858. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100858
25. Kaarniranta K, Pawlowska E, Szczepanska J, Jablkowska A, Blasiak J. Role of mitochondrial dna damage in ros-mediated pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (Amd). Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(10).
26. Blasiak J. Senescence in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci [Internet]. 2020;77(5):789–805. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03420-x
27. Šivel M, Kráčmar S, Fišera M, Klejdus B, Kubáň V. Lutein content in marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.) concentrates used for production of food supplements. Czech J Food Sci. 2014;32(6):521–5.
28. Maleta HS, Indrawati R, Limantara L, Brotosudarmo THP. Ragam Metode Ekstraksi Karotenoid dari Sumber Tumbuhan dalam Dekade Terakhir. J Rekayasa Kim Lingkung. 2018;13(1):40–50.
29. Bernstein PS, Li B, Vachali PP, Gorusupudi A, Shyam R, Henriksen BS, et al. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2016;50(October 2017):34–66.
30. Yao Y, Qiu Q, Wu X-W, Cai Z, Xu S, Liang X. Lutein supplementation improves visual performance in Chinese drivers: 1-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrition. 2013;29(7):958–64.
31. Vishwanathan R, Neuringer M, Snodderly DM, Schalch W, Johnson EJ. Macular lutein and zeaxanthin are related to brain lutein and zeaxanthin in primates. Nutr Neurosci. 2013 Jan;16(1):21–9.
32. Fatani AJ, Al-Rejaie SS, Abuohashish HM, Al-Assaf A, Parmar MY, Ahmed MM. Lutein dietary supplementation attenuates streptozotocin-induced testicular damage and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015 Jun;15:204.
33. Addo EK, Gorusupudi A, Allman S, Bernstein PS. The Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Pregnancy (L-ZIP) study—carotenoid supplementation during pregnancy: ocular and systemic effects—study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2021;22(1):1–13.
34. Beatty S, Chakravarthy U, Nolan JM, Muldrew KA, Woodside J V, Denny F, et al. Secondary outcomes in a clinical trial of carotenoids with coantioxidants versus placebo in early age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2013 Mar;120(3):600–6.
35. Roberts JE, Dennison J. The Photobiology of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in the Eye. J Ophthalmol. 2015;2015.
36. Liu H, Liu W, Zhou X, Long C, Kuang X, Hu J, et al. Protective effect of lutein on ARPE-19 cells upon H2O2-induced G2/M arrest. Mol Med Rep. 2017;16(2):2069–74.
37. Kamoshita M, Toda E, Osada H, Narimatsu T, Kobayashi S, Tsubota K, et al. Lutein acts via multiple antioxidant pathways in the photo-stressed retina. Sci Rep. 2016 Jul;6:30226.
38. Kapoor DN, Kaur R, Sharma R, Dhawan S. PLGA: a unique polymer for drug delivery. J Heal Educ. 2015;6:41–58.
39. Ding D, Zhu Q. Recent advances of PLGA micro/nanoparticles for the delivery of biomacromolecular therapeutics. Mater Sci Eng C. 2018;92:1041–60.
40. Gonzalez-pizarro R, Silva-abreu M, Calpena AC, Egea A, Espina M, García ML. Development of Fluorometholone-loaded PLGA Nanoparticles for Treatment of Inflammatory Disorders of Anterior and Posterior Segments of the Eye. Int J Pharm. 2018;
41. Rozaria A, Pontillo N, Detsi A. Nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery : modified and non-modified chitosan as a promising biocompatible carrier. J Cell Biochem. 2019;14:1889–909.
42. Judul H, Farmasi PS, Matematika F, Ilmu DAN, Alam P, Indonesia UI. FORMULASI DAN KARAKTERISASI NANOPARTIKEL PLGA ( Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid ) EKSTRAK KULIT MANGGIS ( Garcinia mangostana L .) DENGAN VARIASI PVA ( Polyvinyl Alcohol ) FORMULASI DAN KARAKTERISASI NANOPARTIKEL PLGA ( Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid ) EKSTRAK. 2017;
43. Wilson LM, Tharmarajah S, Jia Y, Semba RD, Schaumberg DA, Robinson KA. The Effect of Lutein / Zeaxanthin Intake on Human Macular Pigment Optical Density : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;(4):2244–54.
44. Hashemi M, Shamshiri A, Saeedi M, Tayebi L, Yazdian-robati R. Aptamer-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles for delivery and imaging of cancer therapeutic drugs. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2020;691(July):108485.
45. Salama HA, Ghorab M, Mahmoud AA, Hady MA. Research Article PLGA Nanoparticles as Subconjunctival Injection for Management of Glaucoma. 2017;(6).
46. Ghosh AK, Thapa R, Hariani HN, Volyanyuk M, Ogle SD, Orloff KA, et al. Poly ( lactic-co-glycolic acid ) Nanoparticles Encapsulating the Prenylated Flavonoid , Xanthohumol , Protect Corneal Epithelial Cells from Dry Eye Disease-Associated Oxidative Stress. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;
47. Stringham JM, Stringham NT, O’Brien KJ. Macular Carotenoid Supplementation Improves Visual Performance, Sleep Quality, and Adverse Physical Symptoms in Those with High Screen Time Exposure. J Chem Inf Model. 2017;1–13.
48. Khoo HE, Ng HS, Yap W, Ji H, Goh H, Yim HS. Nutrients for Prevention of Macular Degeneration and Eye-Related Diseases. J Cell Mol Med. 2019;1–16.
49. Obana A, Gohto Y, Nakazawa R, Moriyama T, Gellermann W, Bernstein PS. Effect of an antioxidant supplement containing high dose lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and skin carotenoid levels. J Pineal Res. 2020;1–12.
50. Feng L, Nie K, Jiang H, Fan W. Effects of lutein supplementation in agerelated macular degeneration. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):1–13.
51. Sawa M, Shunto T, Issei N, Yokoyama A, Shigeta R. Effects of Lutein Supplementation in Japanese Patients with Unilateral Age-Related Macular Degeneration : The Sakai Lutein Study. J Heal Educ. 2020;1–11.
52. Sánchez-lópez E, Egea MA, Davis BM, Guo L, Espina M, Silva AM, et al. Memantine-Loaded PEGylated Biodegradable Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Glaucoma. 2017;1701808:1–12.
53. Huang Y, Dou H, Huang F, Xu X, Zou Z, Lin X. Effect of Supplemental Lutein and Zeaxanthin on Serum , Macular Pigmentation , and Visual Performance in Patients with Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Heal Educ. 2015;2015.
54. Machida N, Kosehira M, Kitaichi N. nutrients Clinical E ff ects of Dietary Supplementation of Lutein with High Bio-Accessibility on Macular Pigment Optical Density and Contrast Sensitivity : A. J Heal Educ. 2020;1–12.
Published
2023-12-02
How to Cite
KUSUMA, I Komang Wira Ananta et al.
POTENSI NANOPARTIKEL EKSTRAK ETANOL BUNGA MARIGOLD (TAGETES ERECTA L.) TERENKAPSULASI POLYLACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID (PLGA) SEBAGAI AGEN PENCEGAH AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION.
Essential: Essence of Scientific Medical Journal, [S.l.], v. 21, n. 1, p. 80-89, dec. 2023.
ISSN 2655-6472.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/essential/article/view/100274>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/essential.v21i1.100274.
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Artikel Tinjauan Pustaka
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