Analysis of Carbon Phase in Activated Coconut Shell Charcoal Based Teeth Whitening Using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Method
Abstract
Now there are many teeth whitening products on the market which are claimed to be made from coconut shell charcoal. Charcoal in a material is in the form of carbon compounds, which can be in the form of graphene (GP), graphene oxide (GO) phases, and/or reduced graphene oxide (rGO). One method to identify the presence of the carbon phase is to use the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) method. In this study, XRD characterization was carried out on one of the coconut shell charcoal-based tooth whiteners that has been registered with BPOM. Carbon phase analysis was carried out using software Match-3 and Origin 2019a. The results of the analysis showed that the tooth whitening samples contained carbon in the crystal phase of turbostratic graphite and amorphous reduced graphene oxide with a percentage content of 1.48% and 81.69%, respectively. The results also showed the presence of P, Al, and Si metal compounds.
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References
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[5] ISO/TS 80004-11:2017 (en), Nanotechnologies-Vocabulary-Part 11: Nanolayer, Nanocoating, Nanofilm and related terms, Technical Committee ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies, 2017.
[6] Krzysztof Tadyszak, Jacek K. Wychowaniec, and Jagoda Litowczenko Biomedical Applications of Graphene-Based Structures, Nanomaterials, Vol. 8, 2018, pp. 944.
[7] Franziska Schäffel, The Atomic Structure of Graphene and Its Few-layer Counterparts, In: Jamie H. Warner, Franziska Schäffel, Alicja Bachmatiuk, Mark H. Rümmeli, Graphene: Fundamentals and Emergent Applications, Elsevier Inc, 2013.
[8] Michio Inagaki, Advanced Carbon Materials, In: Shigeyuki Somiya, Second Edition, Handbook of Advanced Ceramics: Materials, Applications, Processing, and Properties, Elsevier Inc., 2013.
[9] Michael C. Rowe, Brendon J. Brewer, AMORPH: A statistical program for characterizing amorphous materials by X-ray diffraction, Computers & Geosciences, Vol. 120, 2018, pp. 21-31.
[10] Atom Hamasaki, Ayumi Furuse, Yuya Sekinuma, Kazuki Fujio, Masashi Iide & Sumio Ozeki, Improving the Micropore Capacity of Activated Carbon by preparation under a High Magnetic Field of 10 T, Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, 2019, pp. 7489.
[11] Rifki Husnul, K, Pembuatan dan Karakterisasi Karbon Aktif dari Tempurung Kelapa Sebagai Adsorsben Zat Warna Metilan Biru, Universitas Lampung, 2016.
[12] Garg A., Textbook of Operative Dentistry. 3rd ed., New Delhi, Jaypee, 2015, pp. 443-462.
[13] Annisa Athirah, Pengaruh Waktu Aktivasi Arang Tempurung Kelapa (Cocos Nucifera) Sebagai Alternatif Bahan Home Bleaching Alami Terhadap Perubahan Kecerahan Gigi (In Vitro), Skripsi, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan, 2019.
[14] Pambayun, G. S., Yuliantom, R.Y.E., Rachimoellah M., Putri E.M.M, Pembuatan karbon aktif dari arang tempurung kelapa dengan aktivator ZnCl2 dan Na2CO3 sebagai adsorben untuk mengurangi kadar fenol dalam air limbah”. Jurnal Teknik POMITS, Vol. 2(1), 2013, pp. 116–120.
[15] Fatima Tuz Johra, Jee-Wook Lee, Woo-Gwang Jung, Facile And Safe Graphene Preparation on Solution Based Platform, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 20, 2014, pp. 2883-2887.
[16] Sujiono, E.H., Zurnansyah, D. Zabrian, M.Y. Dahlan, B.D. Amin, Samnur, J. Agus, Graphene oxide based coconut shell waste: synthesis by modified Hummers method and characterization, Heliyon, Vol.6, 2020, pp. e04568.
[17] Xinfeng Xie, Production And Characterization Of Carbon Structures Derived From Wood, Thesis, Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor, 2008.
[18] Fahmi, Nur Anggita Ayu Dewayanti, Widiyastuti Widiyastuti & Heru Setyawan, Preparation of porous graphene-like material from coconut shell charcoals for supercapacitors, Cogent Engineering, Vol. 7, 2008, pp. 1748962.
[19] Manoj B, Kunjomana, A.G., Study of Stacking Structure of Amorphous Carbon by X-Ray Diffraction Technique, Int., J. Electrochem. Sci., Vol. 7, 2012, pp. 3127-3134.
[20] Manoj B, Investigation of nanocrystalline structure in selected carbonaceous materials, International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, Vol. 21, No. 9, 2014, pp. 940-946.
Published
2024-02-28
How to Cite
ALFIRA, Muna et al.
Analysis of Carbon Phase in Activated Coconut Shell Charcoal Based Teeth Whitening Using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Method.
BULETIN FISIKA, [S.l.], v. 25, n. 1, p. 124 – 129, feb. 2024.
ISSN 2580-9733.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/buletinfisika/article/view/100553>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/BF.2024.V25.i01.p16.
Section
Articles
