Potential of honey and propolis of Tetragonula laeviceps bees inhibitory to the in vitro growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria
Abstract
Honey, which is good for human health due to its high nutrition content, is a product of bees that belongs to Tetragonula laeviceps. Besides honey, these bees also produce several derivative products, such as propolis, often used as a health supplement. Honey and propolis have been widely reported to have antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to investigate their effectiveness in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in various in vitro tests (including determination of MIC and LC50 values). This study used a complete randomized design with five levels of concentrations (15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% v/v) to determine these two bee’s products ini inhibiting the in vitro growth of S. aureus and E. coli. Ethanol (95% ethanol) used as the solvent in this five replicated experiment, served as nil control. Inhibition zone and MIC values ??were determined by applying the diffusion well method. In contrast, a pour plate method on a nutrient agar medium was applied in the determination of LC50 values of the honey and propolis. The results of the preliminary study showed that honey of 100% concentration inhibited the growth of S. aureus and E. coli with inhibition zones of 12.50±1.09 mm and 6.60±0.60mm, respectively. Similar results were also shown by propolis with inhibition diameters of 15.50±1.08mm and 8.10±1.00mm on respective lawns of S. aureus and E. coli. Both honey and propolis appeared to have MIC value of 15% (v/v), while their LC50 values ??on S. aureus were 35.15% (v/v) and 18.25% (v/v), respectively, and on E. coli were 35.89% (v/v) and 28.2% (v/v), respectively. Propolis has a stronger inhibitory effect against S. aureus and E. coli when compared to honey.
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References
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Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, and Turck M. 1966. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by a Standardized Single Disk Method, American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45(4_ts): 493–496, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/45.4_ts.493
Becerril-Sánchez AL, Quintero-Salazar, B, Dublán-García, O, and Escalona-Buendía HB. 2021. Phenolic Compounds in Honey and Their Relationship with Antioxidant Activity, Botanical Origin, and Color. Antioxidants, 10, 1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111700.
Cowan MM. 1999. Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 12: 564-582.
Dewi MA, Kartasasmita RE, Wibowo MS. 2017. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Beberapa Madu Asli Lebah Asal Indonesia Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Eschericia coli. Kartika-Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi. 5(1):27-30.
Dewi MK. 2014. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Majapahit (Cresentia cujete) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Ralstonia solanacearum Penyebab Penyakit Layu. Jurnal Lentera Bio. 3(1) : 51-57.
Dewantari M, Suranjaya IG. 2019. Pengembangan Budidaya Lebah Madu Trigona spp. Ramah Lingkungan di Desa Antapan Kecamatan Baturiti Kabupaten Tabanan. Buletin Udayana Mengabdi. 18(1): 114-119.
Dewantari M, Sumardani NLG dan Suranjaya IG. 2020. Pengembangan Budidaya Lebah Madu Lokal “Kele-Kele” (Trigona Spp) Pada Masyarakat Pinggiran Hutan Di Kecamatan Pupuan Kabupaten Tabanan. Buletin Udayana Mengabdi. 19(1): 6-11.
Fhitryani S, Suryanto D, Karim A. 2017. Pemeriksaan Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus dan Salmonella sp. pada Jamu Gendong yang Dijajakan di Kota Medan. BIOLINK(Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan Industri Kesehatan). 3(2): 146-55.
Fitrianingsih SP, Lestari F, Aminah S. 2014. Uji Efek Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Salak (Salacca zalacca Gaertner Voss) Dengan Metode Perendaman DPPH. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian dan PKM Sains, Teknologi dan Kesehatan. 4(1): 49-54.
Gnanamani A, Hariharan P, Paul-Satyaseela M. 2017. Staphylococcus aureus: Overview of Bacteriology, Clinical Diseases, Epidemiology, Antibiotic Resistance and Therapeutic Approach. Frontiers inStaphylococcus aureus. 4:28.
Hasan AZ, Artika IM, Popi AK, Lasmiyanti M. 2019. Propolis sebagai Alternatif Bahan Antikaries Gigi. Chemistry Progress, 4(1): 45-53.
Hegazi AG, Abd El Hady FK. 2001. Egyptian propolis: 1-antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Upper Egypt propolis. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 56(1-2): 82-88.
Hemraj V, Diksha, Avneet. 2013. A Review on commonly used Biochemichal Test for Bacteria. Journal of Life Science. 1(10): 1-7.
Hayhurst C. 2004. Epidemics Deadly Diseases Throughout History E. coli. The Rosen Publishing Group: New York.
Junior AF, Dalestrin AC, Betoni JEC, Orsi RO, da Cunha MLRS, Montelli AC. 2005. Propolis: Anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity atid Synergism with Antimicrobial drugs. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 100(5): 563-566.
Khongkwanmueang A, Nuyu A, Straub L, Maitip J. 2020. Physicochemical Profiles, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacity of Honey from Stingless Bee Tetragonula laeviceps Species Complex. In E3S Web of Conferences EDP Science. 14: 1-6.
Lai Y, Masatoshi H, Ma Y, Guo Y and Zhang B (2022) Role of Vitamin K in Intestinal Health. Front. Immunol. 12:791565. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791565.
Leboffe MJ, Pierre BE. 2011. A Photographic Atlas for The Microbiology Laboratory. Morton: London.
Leliqia NPE, Trisna NKCA, Paramita NLPV. 2021. Potensi Madu Kele Bali Dan Kombinasinya Dengan VCO Sebagai Antiacne. SCIENTIA: Jurnal Farmasi dan Kesehatan. 11(1): 88-95.
McDevitt SF. 2010. Methyl red test on Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes. American Society for Microbiology: USA.
Mentari IN, Arifin Z, dan Kurniawan E. 2018. Efektivitas Antibakteri Madu dan Propolis terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Media of Medical Laboratory Science.2(1): 1-12.
Murali A, Patel S. 2017. The Effect of Different Heavy Metal Acetate Solutions on the Inhibition of Catalase Enzyme. Journal of the South Carolina Academy of Science. 15(2): 13.
Mustafidah CS, Alimudddin. 2015. Uji Fitokimia, Toksisitas dan Aktivitas Antibakteri dari Ekstrak Berbagai Fraksi Daun Mahang ( Macarang apruinosa (Miq.) Mull. Arg.) terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal kimia Mulawarman. 12(2): 83-88.
Naylor SW, Gally DL, Low JC. 2005. Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli in Veterinary Medicine. International journal of medical microbiology. 295(6-7):419-441.
Pelczar MJ, Chan ECS. 2008. Dasar-Dasar Mikrobiologi 2. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia: Jakarta.
Pratami HA, Apriliana E, Rukmono P. 2013. Identifikasi Mikroorganisme pada Tangan Tenaga Medis dan Paramedis di Unit Perinatologi Rumah Sakit Abdul Moeloek Bandar Lampung. Jurnal Majority. 2(5): 85-94.
Prestianti I, Baharuddin M, Sappewali S. 2018. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Sarang Lebah Hutan (Apis dorsata) terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia. 14(2): 314-322.
Przybyłek I, Karpiński TM. Antibacterial Properties of Propolis. Molecules. 2019; 24(11):2047. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112047
Puspawati NN, Nuraida L, Adawiyah DR. 2010. Penggunaan Berbagai Jenis Bahan Pelindung untuk Mempertahankan Viabilitas Bakteri Asam Laktat yang di Isolasi dari Air Susu Ibu pada Proses Pengeringan Beku. Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan. 21(1): 59-59.
Putri RN. 2019. Perbandingan Sistem Kesehatan di Negara Berkembang dan Negara Maju. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi. 19(1): 139-146.
Radji M. 2011. Buku Ajar Mikrobiologi: Panduan Mahasiswa Farmasi dan Kedokteran. EGC: Jakarta.
Rahman MM, Richardson A, and Sofian-Azirun M. 2010. Antibacterial activity of propolis and honey against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 4(16): 1872-1878.
Rajeswari T, Venugopal A, Viswanathan C, Kishmu L, Venil CK, Sasikumar JM. 2010. Antibacterial Activity of Honey Against Staphylococcus aureus from Infected Wounds. Pharmacologyonline. 1:537-541.
Razak A, Djamal SH, Revilla G. 2013. Uji Daya Hambat Air Perasan Buah Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia s.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Secara In Vitro. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas. 2(1): 5-8.
Ristivojević P, Dimkić I, Trifković J, Berić T, Vovk I, Milojković-Opsenica D, Stanković S. 2016. Antimicrobial Activity of Serbian Propolis Evaluated by Means of MIC, HPTLC, Bioautography and Chemometrics. PloS one. 11(6): 1-15.
Riyandoko RS. 2016. Memelihara Lebah Trigona: Panen Madu Tanpa Tersengat. Lembar Informasi Kanoppi. 3: 1-4.
Sakagami SF. 1978. Tetragonula Stingless Bees of the Continental Asia and Sri Lanka (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Journal Faculty of Science. 21(2): 165-247.
Soedarto. 2014. Mikrobiologi Kedokteran : Medical Microbiology. Sagung Seto: Jakarta.
Sridhar RPN. 2006. IMVic reaction. Dept. Of Microbiology. JJMMC: Davangere.
Susanto D, Sudrajat, Ruga R. 2012. Studi Kandungan Bahan Aktif Tumbuhan Meranti Merah (Shorea leprosula Miq) Sebagai Sumber Senyawa Antibakteri. Mulawarmnan Scientifie. 11(2): 181-190.
Sutrisna R, Ekowati CN, Sinaga ES. 2015. Pengaruh pH terhadap Produksi Antibakteri oleh Bakteri Asam Laktat dari Usus Itik. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan. 15(3): 234-238.
Suardana IW, Sumiarto B., Lukman DW. 2007. Isolasi dan identifikasi E. coli O157:H7 pada daging sapi di Kabupaten Badung Provinsi Bali. Jurnal Veteriner. 8(1): 16-23.
Takasi KNB, Schilr H. 1994. Electron microscopic investigation of the possible Mechanism of the antibacterial action of propolis. Provenance planta Med. 60(3): 222 – 227.
Tripathi N, Sapra A. 2020. Gram Staining. StatPearls: Florida
Wibowo A, Widjiastuti I, Saraswati W. 2017. Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimal (KBM) Ekstrak Propolis Lawang Terhadap Candida albicans. Conservative Dentistry Journal. 7(1): 37-42.
Yuliana R, Sutariningsih E, Santoso HB, Riendrasari SD. 2015. Daya Antimikrobia Sarang Lebah Madu Trigona spp terhadap Mikrobia Patogen. Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi. 8(1): 67-72.
Yuliati. 2017. Uji Efektivitas Larutan Madu Sebagai Antibakteri Terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosae dengan Metode Disk Diffusion. Jurnal Profesika Medika. 11(1): 7-15.
Zahra NN, Muliasari H, Andayani Y, Sudarma IM. 2021. Analisis Kadar Fenolik Total dan Aktivitas Antiradikal Bebas Madu dan Propolis Trigona sp. Asal Lombok Utara. Analit: Analytical and Environmental Chemistry. 6(1): 74-82.
Zechner V, Sofka D, Paulsen P, Hilbert F. 2020. Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli and Resistance Genes in Coliphages from a Small Animal Clinic and in a Patient Dog with Chronic Urinary Tract Infection. Antibiotics. 9(10): 652. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9100652
Andreasen CB. 2008. Staphylococcosis in Diseases of Poultry. 12th ed. Blackwell Publishing: USA.
Araya K, Arpatsorn N, Lars S, and Jakkrawut M. 2020. Physicochemical Profiles, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacity of Honey from Stingless Bee Tetragonula laeviceps Species Complex. E3S Web of Conferences 141, 03007. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202014103007
Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, and Turck M. 1966. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by a Standardized Single Disk Method, American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45(4_ts): 493–496, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/45.4_ts.493
Becerril-Sánchez AL, Quintero-Salazar, B, Dublán-García, O, and Escalona-Buendía HB. 2021. Phenolic Compounds in Honey and Their Relationship with Antioxidant Activity, Botanical Origin, and Color. Antioxidants, 10, 1700. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111700.
Cowan MM. 1999. Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 12: 564-582.
Dewi MA, Kartasasmita RE, Wibowo MS. 2017. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Beberapa Madu Asli Lebah Asal Indonesia Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Eschericia coli. Kartika-Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi. 5(1):27-30.
Dewi MK. 2014. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Majapahit (Cresentia cujete) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Ralstonia solanacearum Penyebab Penyakit Layu. Jurnal Lentera Bio. 3(1) : 51-57.
Dewantari M, Suranjaya IG. 2019. Pengembangan Budidaya Lebah Madu Trigona spp. Ramah Lingkungan di Desa Antapan Kecamatan Baturiti Kabupaten Tabanan. Buletin Udayana Mengabdi. 18(1): 114-119.
Dewantari M, Sumardani NLG dan Suranjaya IG. 2020. Pengembangan Budidaya Lebah Madu Lokal “Kele-Kele” (Trigona Spp) Pada Masyarakat Pinggiran Hutan Di Kecamatan Pupuan Kabupaten Tabanan. Buletin Udayana Mengabdi. 19(1): 6-11.
Fhitryani S, Suryanto D, Karim A. 2017. Pemeriksaan Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus dan Salmonella sp. pada Jamu Gendong yang Dijajakan di Kota Medan. BIOLINK(Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan Industri Kesehatan). 3(2): 146-55.
Fitrianingsih SP, Lestari F, Aminah S. 2014. Uji Efek Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Salak (Salacca zalacca Gaertner Voss) Dengan Metode Perendaman DPPH. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian dan PKM Sains, Teknologi dan Kesehatan. 4(1): 49-54.
Gnanamani A, Hariharan P, Paul-Satyaseela M. 2017. Staphylococcus aureus: Overview of Bacteriology, Clinical Diseases, Epidemiology, Antibiotic Resistance and Therapeutic Approach. Frontiers inStaphylococcus aureus. 4:28.
Hasan AZ, Artika IM, Popi AK, Lasmiyanti M. 2019. Propolis sebagai Alternatif Bahan Antikaries Gigi. Chemistry Progress, 4(1): 45-53.
Hegazi AG, Abd El Hady FK. 2001. Egyptian propolis: 1-antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Upper Egypt propolis. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 56(1-2): 82-88.
Hemraj V, Diksha, Avneet. 2013. A Review on commonly used Biochemichal Test for Bacteria. Journal of Life Science. 1(10): 1-7.
Hayhurst C. 2004. Epidemics Deadly Diseases Throughout History E. coli. The Rosen Publishing Group: New York.
Junior AF, Dalestrin AC, Betoni JEC, Orsi RO, da Cunha MLRS, Montelli AC. 2005. Propolis: Anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity atid Synergism with Antimicrobial drugs. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 100(5): 563-566.
Khongkwanmueang A, Nuyu A, Straub L, Maitip J. 2020. Physicochemical Profiles, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacity of Honey from Stingless Bee Tetragonula laeviceps Species Complex. In E3S Web of Conferences EDP Science. 14: 1-6.
Lai Y, Masatoshi H, Ma Y, Guo Y and Zhang B (2022) Role of Vitamin K in Intestinal Health. Front. Immunol. 12:791565. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791565.
Leboffe MJ, Pierre BE. 2011. A Photographic Atlas for The Microbiology Laboratory. Morton: London.
Leliqia NPE, Trisna NKCA, Paramita NLPV. 2021. Potensi Madu Kele Bali Dan Kombinasinya Dengan VCO Sebagai Antiacne. SCIENTIA: Jurnal Farmasi dan Kesehatan. 11(1): 88-95.
McDevitt SF. 2010. Methyl red test on Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes. American Society for Microbiology: USA.
Mentari IN, Arifin Z, dan Kurniawan E. 2018. Efektivitas Antibakteri Madu dan Propolis terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Media of Medical Laboratory Science.2(1): 1-12.
Murali A, Patel S. 2017. The Effect of Different Heavy Metal Acetate Solutions on the Inhibition of Catalase Enzyme. Journal of the South Carolina Academy of Science. 15(2): 13.
Mustafidah CS, Alimudddin. 2015. Uji Fitokimia, Toksisitas dan Aktivitas Antibakteri dari Ekstrak Berbagai Fraksi Daun Mahang ( Macarang apruinosa (Miq.) Mull. Arg.) terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal kimia Mulawarman. 12(2): 83-88.
Naylor SW, Gally DL, Low JC. 2005. Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli in Veterinary Medicine. International journal of medical microbiology. 295(6-7):419-441.
Pelczar MJ, Chan ECS. 2008. Dasar-Dasar Mikrobiologi 2. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia: Jakarta.
Pratami HA, Apriliana E, Rukmono P. 2013. Identifikasi Mikroorganisme pada Tangan Tenaga Medis dan Paramedis di Unit Perinatologi Rumah Sakit Abdul Moeloek Bandar Lampung. Jurnal Majority. 2(5): 85-94.
Prestianti I, Baharuddin M, Sappewali S. 2018. Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Sarang Lebah Hutan (Apis dorsata) terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia. 14(2): 314-322.
Przybyłek I, Karpiński TM. Antibacterial Properties of Propolis. Molecules. 2019; 24(11):2047. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112047
Puspawati NN, Nuraida L, Adawiyah DR. 2010. Penggunaan Berbagai Jenis Bahan Pelindung untuk Mempertahankan Viabilitas Bakteri Asam Laktat yang di Isolasi dari Air Susu Ibu pada Proses Pengeringan Beku. Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan. 21(1): 59-59.
Putri RN. 2019. Perbandingan Sistem Kesehatan di Negara Berkembang dan Negara Maju. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi. 19(1): 139-146.
Radji M. 2011. Buku Ajar Mikrobiologi: Panduan Mahasiswa Farmasi dan Kedokteran. EGC: Jakarta.
Rahman MM, Richardson A, and Sofian-Azirun M. 2010. Antibacterial activity of propolis and honey against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 4(16): 1872-1878.
Rajeswari T, Venugopal A, Viswanathan C, Kishmu L, Venil CK, Sasikumar JM. 2010. Antibacterial Activity of Honey Against Staphylococcus aureus from Infected Wounds. Pharmacologyonline. 1:537-541.
Razak A, Djamal SH, Revilla G. 2013. Uji Daya Hambat Air Perasan Buah Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia s.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus Secara In Vitro. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas. 2(1): 5-8.
Ristivojević P, Dimkić I, Trifković J, Berić T, Vovk I, Milojković-Opsenica D, Stanković S. 2016. Antimicrobial Activity of Serbian Propolis Evaluated by Means of MIC, HPTLC, Bioautography and Chemometrics. PloS one. 11(6): 1-15.
Riyandoko RS. 2016. Memelihara Lebah Trigona: Panen Madu Tanpa Tersengat. Lembar Informasi Kanoppi. 3: 1-4.
Sakagami SF. 1978. Tetragonula Stingless Bees of the Continental Asia and Sri Lanka (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Journal Faculty of Science. 21(2): 165-247.
Soedarto. 2014. Mikrobiologi Kedokteran : Medical Microbiology. Sagung Seto: Jakarta.
Sridhar RPN. 2006. IMVic reaction. Dept. Of Microbiology. JJMMC: Davangere.
Susanto D, Sudrajat, Ruga R. 2012. Studi Kandungan Bahan Aktif Tumbuhan Meranti Merah (Shorea leprosula Miq) Sebagai Sumber Senyawa Antibakteri. Mulawarmnan Scientifie. 11(2): 181-190.
Sutrisna R, Ekowati CN, Sinaga ES. 2015. Pengaruh pH terhadap Produksi Antibakteri oleh Bakteri Asam Laktat dari Usus Itik. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan. 15(3): 234-238.
Suardana IW, Sumiarto B., Lukman DW. 2007. Isolasi dan identifikasi E. coli O157:H7 pada daging sapi di Kabupaten Badung Provinsi Bali. Jurnal Veteriner. 8(1): 16-23.
Takasi KNB, Schilr H. 1994. Electron microscopic investigation of the possible Mechanism of the antibacterial action of propolis. Provenance planta Med. 60(3): 222 – 227.
Tripathi N, Sapra A. 2020. Gram Staining. StatPearls: Florida
Wibowo A, Widjiastuti I, Saraswati W. 2017. Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimal (KBM) Ekstrak Propolis Lawang Terhadap Candida albicans. Conservative Dentistry Journal. 7(1): 37-42.
Yuliana R, Sutariningsih E, Santoso HB, Riendrasari SD. 2015. Daya Antimikrobia Sarang Lebah Madu Trigona spp terhadap Mikrobia Patogen. Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi. 8(1): 67-72.
Yuliati. 2017. Uji Efektivitas Larutan Madu Sebagai Antibakteri Terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosae dengan Metode Disk Diffusion. Jurnal Profesika Medika. 11(1): 7-15.
Zahra NN, Muliasari H, Andayani Y, Sudarma IM. 2021. Analisis Kadar Fenolik Total dan Aktivitas Antiradikal Bebas Madu dan Propolis Trigona sp. Asal Lombok Utara. Analit: Analytical and Environmental Chemistry. 6(1): 74-82.
Zechner V, Sofka D, Paulsen P, Hilbert F. 2020. Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli and Resistance Genes in Coliphages from a Small Animal Clinic and in a Patient Dog with Chronic Urinary Tract Infection. Antibiotics. 9(10): 652. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9100652
Published
2022-10-18
How to Cite
PUTRA, Fernando; RAMONA, Yan; WIJAYA, I Made Saka.
Potential of honey and propolis of Tetragonula laeviceps bees inhibitory to the in vitro growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria.
Jurnal Biologi Udayana, [S.l.], v. 26, n. 2, p. 153-164, oct. 2022.
ISSN 2599-2856.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/bio/article/view/83027>. Date accessed: 25 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/JBIOUNUD.2022.v26.i02.p01.
Section
Articles
