The Indian Rape Law: Vocabulary of Protest, Reactionary Legislations and Quality of Equality Culture
Abstract
The problem of violence perpetrated against women in India is not simple. It is embroiled in the historical subjugation of the ‘weaker sex.’ Women have been unable to claim equality in society despite mandatory provisions in the Constitution of India and other legislations in their favour. Despite numerous amendments to the Indian criminal law, rape, one of the most heinous crimes, continues to be committed in India at an alarming rate. The law on Rape in India has undergone three phases of amendments, and all precipitated in the aftermath of public fury on account of brutal and heinous incidents of rape. This paper employs the socio-legal approach to assess the efficacy and impact of these amendments in changing social behaviour. It concludes that though the massive public outrage undoubtedly led to radical amendments, it was a knee-jerk reaction that suffered from legislative ambiguities. The increase in the retributive content of the law ultimately resulted in reduced convictions. Although law is believed to be an instrument of social change, the amendments in the anti-rape legislation have been unable to bring about a positive transformation in the existing cultural inequality.
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References
Book
Beauvoir, Simone de. The Second Sex. London: Vintage Books, 2011.
Bedi, Shruti. “Bodily Integrity and the Extensity of Women’s Human Rights under Indian Criminal Law.” In The Assurance of Women’s Human Rights in Criminal Justice, edited by Wu Guang Hong et al., 228-260. Hanoi: Vietnam National University, 2021.
Brownmiller, Susan. Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1975.
Gangoli, Geetanjali. “Controlling women’s sexuality: rape law in India.” In International Approaches to Rape, edited by Nicole Westmarland and Geetanjali Gangoli, 101-120. Policy Press, 2011.
Grover, Vrinda. “Citadels of Power and Impunity, Disturbed but not Dislodged: Evaluating the 2013 Law Reforms in the Anti Rape Law in India.” In Sexualized Violence in the National Debate: Cross-border Observations on India and South Africa, edited by Melanie Verwoerd & Claudia Lopes, 114-129. South Africa: Heinrich Böll Foundation, 2015.
The Mahbub ul Haq Human Development Centre. Human Development in South Asia, 2000: The Gender Question. Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 2000.
United Nations. Handbook for Legislation on Violence against Women. New York: United Nations, 2010.
Journal Article
Abdelwahed, Tamara, Stella Gaumert and Laura Konrad. “The Influence of Public Outrage on Law Making.” Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America 51, no. 4 (2018): 478-498.
Agnes, Flavia. “Protecting Women against Violence? Review of a Decade of Legislation, 1980-89.” Economic and Political Weekly 27, no. 17 (1992): WS19-WS33.
Baxi, Pratiksha. “Rape, Retribution, State: On Whose Bodies?” Economic and Political Weekly 35, no. 14 (2000): 1996-1200.
Baxi, Pratiksha. “Understanding Rape Law Reform.” Yojana 58 (2014): 38-42.
Baxi, Upendra, et.al.. "An open letter to the Chief Justice of India." Supreme Court Cases 4, no. J17 (1979): 17-23.
Cherukuri, Suvarna. "Sexual Violence against Women, the Laws, the Punishment, and Negotiating the Duplicity." Laws 10, no. 2 (2021): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws10020027
Chapman, Jean. “Violence against Women in Democratic India: Let's Talk Misogyny.” Social Scientist 42, no. 9/10 (2014): 49-61.
Dandona, Rakhi, et.al., “Administrative Data Deficiencies Plague Understanding of the Magnitude of Rape-Related Crimes in Indian Women and Girls,” BMC Public Health 22 (2022): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13182-0
Ghosal, Sarbani Guha and Sarbani Guha Ghosa. “Socio-Political Dimensions of Rape.” The Indian Journal of Political Science 70, no. 1 (2009): 107-120.
Gogoi, Soyonika. “Consent Matters: A Comparative Study of Rape Laws in India, UK and Canada.” International Journal of Law Mangement and Humanities 5 no. 1 (2022): 1395-1405 https://doij.org/10.10000/IJLMH.112670
Gupta, Abhishek. “Decoding ‘Deterrence’: A Critique of the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018.” Indian Law Institute Law Review (Summer 2018): 136-155.
Malik, Jagbir Singh and Anuradha Nadda. “A Cross-sectional Study of Gender-Based Violence against Men in the Rural Area of Haryana, India.” Indian Journal of Community Medicine 44, no. 1 (2019): 35-38.
Math, Suresh Bada and Shekhar P. Seshadri. “The invisible ones: Sexual minorities.” Indian Journal of Medical Research 137, no. 1 (2013): 4-6.
Pitre, Amita and Lakshmi Lingam. “Age of Consent: Challenges and Contradictions of Sexual Violence Laws in India.” Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters 29, no. 2 (2021): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2021.1878656
Ramteke, Prerna S. “Knitting the Future Story of Indian Women: Preventing Violence, Fostering Development, and Accelerating Empowerment.” Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 1, no.2 (2017): 98-120. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v01.i02.p02
Ranjan, Rajeev and Tanya Grover. “Comparison and Critical Analysis on Rape Laws in India (Before and After Criminal Law Amendment Act 2013).” Indian Journal of Creative Research Thoughts 6, no. 2 (2018): 178-183.
Rao, T.S. Sathyanarayana, Nilesh Shah, and Chittaranjan Andrade. “Marital Rape in India.” Journal of Psychosexual Health 4, no.4 (2022): 221-222. https://doi.org/10.1177/26318318221131745
Roychowdhury, Poulami. “Rape and the Seduction of Popular Politics.” Gender and Society 30, no. 1 (2016): 80-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243215613482
Shah, Adfer Rashid. “Understanding Delhi Rape Horror and Underlying Perspectives.” The Tibet Journal 38 no. 1-2 (2013): 43-53.
Tyagi, Prabhat. “Prevalence of Rape Culture in India: Where are we Heading?” International Journal of Law Management & Humanities 3, no. 3 (2020): 832-836.
Vibhute, K.I. “Victims of Rape and their Right to Live with Human Dignity and to be Compensated: Legislative and Judicial Responses in India.” Journal of the Indian Law Institute 41, no. 2 (1999): 222-236.
Legal Document
India. Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971.
India. Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012.
India. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.
India. The Criminal Amendment Act No. 22 of 2018.
India. The Criminal Law Amendment Act No. 13 of 2013.
India. The Criminal Law Amendment Act No. 43 of 1983.
India. The Criminal Procedure Code, 1973.
India. The Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
India. The Indian Penal Code, 1860.
Other Document
Justice Malimath Committee Report. “Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System.” Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs (Mar. 2003). https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/criminal_justice_system.pdf
National Crime Records Bureau. “Crime in India 2020.” Vol. 1 (2020). https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/CII%202020%20Volume%201.pdf
National Crime Records Bureau. “Crime in India 2021.” Vol. 1 (2021). https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/CII-2021/CII_2021Volume%201.pdf
Report of the Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law. January 23, 2013. (JVC Report). https://adrindia.org/sites/default/files/Justice_Verma_Amendmenttocriminallaw_Jan2013.pdf
Case Law
Supreme Court of India. Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab (1980) 2 SCC 684
Coker v. Georgio 433 U.S. 584 (1977)
Supreme Court of India. Independent Thought v. Union of India and Anr., (2017) W.P. (C) No. 382 of 2013
Supreme Court of India. Lillu @ Rajesh & Anr vs State of Haryana on 11 April, 2013, Criminal Appeal no. 1226 of 2011
Supreme Court of India. Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab (1983) 3 SCC 470
Delhi High Court, India. RIT Foundation v. UOI and other connected matters 2022 LiveLaw (Del) 433
Supreme Court of India. Sangeet v. State of Haryana (2013) 2 SCC 452
Supreme Court of India. State Govt of NCT of Delhi v. Ram Singh & Ors., (2013) SC 114
Supreme Court of India. Tukaram v. State of Maharashtra, (1979) 2 SCC 143
Website Content
“Landmark judgements that shaped the Rape Laws in India.” https://www.lawinsider.in/columns/landmark-judgements-that-shaped-the-rape-laws-in-india#:~:text=The%20objective%20of%20Section%20375,more%20serious%20crime%20than%20murder.
“Support grows for Nirbhaya.” https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/support-grows-for-nirbhaya/articleshow/17738427.cms
American Academy of Achievement, “Ruth Bader Ginsberg on Integrity.” https://achievement.org/video/ruth-bader-ginsburg-20/
Agnes, Flavia. “Death penalty for child rapists: This populist move will only cause India’s children more harm.” https://scroll.in/article/876554/death-penalty-for-child-rapists-this-populist-move-will-cause-more-harm-to-indias-children
Arya, Divya. “India death penalty: Does it actually deter rape?” https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-44922084
Chaudhuri, Pubali Ray. “India Hates Women.” https://msmagazine.com/2013/01/07/being-female-in-india-a-hate-story/
Editor. “A Critique on Anti-Rape Laws in India.” https://journal.rostrumlegal.com/a-critique-on-anti-rape-laws-in-india/#_ednref9
Express Web Desk. “Kathua rape case verdict HIGHLIGHTS: Three main accused sentenced to life imprisonment, 5-year jail term for others.” https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kathua-rape-murder-case-verdict-live-updates-5772581/
Gouws, Amanda. “Rape is endemic in South Africa. Why the ANC government keeps missing the mark.” https://mg.co.za/opinion/2022-08-09-rape-is-endemic-in-south-africa-why-the-anc-government-keeps-missing-the-mark/
Guzman, Chad De. “After a Teacher Was Convicted of Raping 13 Girls, Indonesia Finally Passed Sexual Violence Reform.” https://time.com/6166853/indonesia-sexual-violence-law/
Henschke, Rebecca. “Indonesia approves death penalty for child rapists.” https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36385909
HT Correspondent. “It’s time to reclaim the legacy of Simone de Beauvoir and see feminism for what it is.” https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/it-s-time-to-reclaim-the-legacy-of-simone-de-beauvoir-and-see-feminism-for-what-it-is/story-FFw9y9PCRzzooYSC3QdLDO.html
India News. “Court verdict in Unnao rape case against Kuldeep Sengar likely today.” https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/court-verdict-in-unnao-rape-case-against-kuldeep-sengar-likely-today/story-8AvdmEud3OgAV1uaTbHcfI.html
The Guardian. “Indonesia introduces death penalty and chemical castration for paedophiles.” https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/26/indonesia-introduces-death-penalty-and-chemical-castration-for-paedophiles
Kansal, Raghav. “The Basics of Socio-Legal Research” Indian Journal of Law and Public Policy. https://ijlpp.com/3688-2/
Karmini, Niniek. “‘Long-awaited law’: Indonesia passes law against sexual violence.” https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2022/0412/Long-awaited-law-Indonesia-passes-law-against-sexual-violence
Kuadli, Jenifer. “32 Shocking Sexual Assault Statistics for 2022.” https://legaljobs.io/blog/sexual-assault-statistics/
Mallick, Tejaswini. “An Extensive Study of Rape Laws in India.” https://articles.manupatra.com/article-details/An-Extensive-study-of-Rape-Laws-in-India
Manjesh, Sahana. “Why the Death Penalty is Not a Solution to India’s Rape Problem.” https://article-14.com/post/why-the-death-penalty-is-not-a-solution-to-india-s-rape-problem
Menon, Nivedita. “Statement by Women’s and Progressive Groups and Individuals Condemning Sexual Violence and Opposing Death Penalty.” https://kafila.online/2012/12/24/statement-by-womens-and-progressive-groups-and-individuals-condemning-sexual-violence-and-opposing-death-penalty/
Mogul, Rhea, Swati Gupta and Manveena Suri. “Alleged Rapist and His Mother Set Teenage Girl on Fire After Learning She was Pregnant, Indian Police Say.” https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/12/india/india-girl-rape-pregnancy-attempted-murder-intl-hnk/index.html
Prakash, Anjana. “Death Sentence as ‘Collective Conscience’ is a Fraud upon Justice.” https://thewire.in/law/death-penalty-collective-conscience-justice
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Beauvoir, Simone de. The Second Sex. London: Vintage Books, 2011.
Bedi, Shruti. “Bodily Integrity and the Extensity of Women’s Human Rights under Indian Criminal Law.” In The Assurance of Women’s Human Rights in Criminal Justice, edited by Wu Guang Hong et al., 228-260. Hanoi: Vietnam National University, 2021.
Brownmiller, Susan. Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1975.
Gangoli, Geetanjali. “Controlling women’s sexuality: rape law in India.” In International Approaches to Rape, edited by Nicole Westmarland and Geetanjali Gangoli, 101-120. Policy Press, 2011.
Grover, Vrinda. “Citadels of Power and Impunity, Disturbed but not Dislodged: Evaluating the 2013 Law Reforms in the Anti Rape Law in India.” In Sexualized Violence in the National Debate: Cross-border Observations on India and South Africa, edited by Melanie Verwoerd & Claudia Lopes, 114-129. South Africa: Heinrich Böll Foundation, 2015.
The Mahbub ul Haq Human Development Centre. Human Development in South Asia, 2000: The Gender Question. Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 2000.
United Nations. Handbook for Legislation on Violence against Women. New York: United Nations, 2010.
Journal Article
Abdelwahed, Tamara, Stella Gaumert and Laura Konrad. “The Influence of Public Outrage on Law Making.” Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America 51, no. 4 (2018): 478-498.
Agnes, Flavia. “Protecting Women against Violence? Review of a Decade of Legislation, 1980-89.” Economic and Political Weekly 27, no. 17 (1992): WS19-WS33.
Baxi, Pratiksha. “Rape, Retribution, State: On Whose Bodies?” Economic and Political Weekly 35, no. 14 (2000): 1996-1200.
Baxi, Pratiksha. “Understanding Rape Law Reform.” Yojana 58 (2014): 38-42.
Baxi, Upendra, et.al.. "An open letter to the Chief Justice of India." Supreme Court Cases 4, no. J17 (1979): 17-23.
Cherukuri, Suvarna. "Sexual Violence against Women, the Laws, the Punishment, and Negotiating the Duplicity." Laws 10, no. 2 (2021): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws10020027
Chapman, Jean. “Violence against Women in Democratic India: Let's Talk Misogyny.” Social Scientist 42, no. 9/10 (2014): 49-61.
Dandona, Rakhi, et.al., “Administrative Data Deficiencies Plague Understanding of the Magnitude of Rape-Related Crimes in Indian Women and Girls,” BMC Public Health 22 (2022): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13182-0
Ghosal, Sarbani Guha and Sarbani Guha Ghosa. “Socio-Political Dimensions of Rape.” The Indian Journal of Political Science 70, no. 1 (2009): 107-120.
Gogoi, Soyonika. “Consent Matters: A Comparative Study of Rape Laws in India, UK and Canada.” International Journal of Law Mangement and Humanities 5 no. 1 (2022): 1395-1405 https://doij.org/10.10000/IJLMH.112670
Gupta, Abhishek. “Decoding ‘Deterrence’: A Critique of the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018.” Indian Law Institute Law Review (Summer 2018): 136-155.
Malik, Jagbir Singh and Anuradha Nadda. “A Cross-sectional Study of Gender-Based Violence against Men in the Rural Area of Haryana, India.” Indian Journal of Community Medicine 44, no. 1 (2019): 35-38.
Math, Suresh Bada and Shekhar P. Seshadri. “The invisible ones: Sexual minorities.” Indian Journal of Medical Research 137, no. 1 (2013): 4-6.
Pitre, Amita and Lakshmi Lingam. “Age of Consent: Challenges and Contradictions of Sexual Violence Laws in India.” Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters 29, no. 2 (2021): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2021.1878656
Ramteke, Prerna S. “Knitting the Future Story of Indian Women: Preventing Violence, Fostering Development, and Accelerating Empowerment.” Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 1, no.2 (2017): 98-120. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v01.i02.p02
Ranjan, Rajeev and Tanya Grover. “Comparison and Critical Analysis on Rape Laws in India (Before and After Criminal Law Amendment Act 2013).” Indian Journal of Creative Research Thoughts 6, no. 2 (2018): 178-183.
Rao, T.S. Sathyanarayana, Nilesh Shah, and Chittaranjan Andrade. “Marital Rape in India.” Journal of Psychosexual Health 4, no.4 (2022): 221-222. https://doi.org/10.1177/26318318221131745
Roychowdhury, Poulami. “Rape and the Seduction of Popular Politics.” Gender and Society 30, no. 1 (2016): 80-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243215613482
Shah, Adfer Rashid. “Understanding Delhi Rape Horror and Underlying Perspectives.” The Tibet Journal 38 no. 1-2 (2013): 43-53.
Tyagi, Prabhat. “Prevalence of Rape Culture in India: Where are we Heading?” International Journal of Law Management & Humanities 3, no. 3 (2020): 832-836.
Vibhute, K.I. “Victims of Rape and their Right to Live with Human Dignity and to be Compensated: Legislative and Judicial Responses in India.” Journal of the Indian Law Institute 41, no. 2 (1999): 222-236.
Legal Document
India. Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971.
India. Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012.
India. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.
India. The Criminal Amendment Act No. 22 of 2018.
India. The Criminal Law Amendment Act No. 13 of 2013.
India. The Criminal Law Amendment Act No. 43 of 1983.
India. The Criminal Procedure Code, 1973.
India. The Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
India. The Indian Penal Code, 1860.
Other Document
Justice Malimath Committee Report. “Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System.” Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs (Mar. 2003). https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/criminal_justice_system.pdf
National Crime Records Bureau. “Crime in India 2020.” Vol. 1 (2020). https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/CII%202020%20Volume%201.pdf
National Crime Records Bureau. “Crime in India 2021.” Vol. 1 (2021). https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/CII-2021/CII_2021Volume%201.pdf
Report of the Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law. January 23, 2013. (JVC Report). https://adrindia.org/sites/default/files/Justice_Verma_Amendmenttocriminallaw_Jan2013.pdf
Case Law
Supreme Court of India. Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab (1980) 2 SCC 684
Coker v. Georgio 433 U.S. 584 (1977)
Supreme Court of India. Independent Thought v. Union of India and Anr., (2017) W.P. (C) No. 382 of 2013
Supreme Court of India. Lillu @ Rajesh & Anr vs State of Haryana on 11 April, 2013, Criminal Appeal no. 1226 of 2011
Supreme Court of India. Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab (1983) 3 SCC 470
Delhi High Court, India. RIT Foundation v. UOI and other connected matters 2022 LiveLaw (Del) 433
Supreme Court of India. Sangeet v. State of Haryana (2013) 2 SCC 452
Supreme Court of India. State Govt of NCT of Delhi v. Ram Singh & Ors., (2013) SC 114
Supreme Court of India. Tukaram v. State of Maharashtra, (1979) 2 SCC 143
Website Content
“Landmark judgements that shaped the Rape Laws in India.” https://www.lawinsider.in/columns/landmark-judgements-that-shaped-the-rape-laws-in-india#:~:text=The%20objective%20of%20Section%20375,more%20serious%20crime%20than%20murder.
“Support grows for Nirbhaya.” https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/support-grows-for-nirbhaya/articleshow/17738427.cms
American Academy of Achievement, “Ruth Bader Ginsberg on Integrity.” https://achievement.org/video/ruth-bader-ginsburg-20/
Agnes, Flavia. “Death penalty for child rapists: This populist move will only cause India’s children more harm.” https://scroll.in/article/876554/death-penalty-for-child-rapists-this-populist-move-will-cause-more-harm-to-indias-children
Arya, Divya. “India death penalty: Does it actually deter rape?” https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-44922084
Chaudhuri, Pubali Ray. “India Hates Women.” https://msmagazine.com/2013/01/07/being-female-in-india-a-hate-story/
Editor. “A Critique on Anti-Rape Laws in India.” https://journal.rostrumlegal.com/a-critique-on-anti-rape-laws-in-india/#_ednref9
Express Web Desk. “Kathua rape case verdict HIGHLIGHTS: Three main accused sentenced to life imprisonment, 5-year jail term for others.” https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kathua-rape-murder-case-verdict-live-updates-5772581/
Gouws, Amanda. “Rape is endemic in South Africa. Why the ANC government keeps missing the mark.” https://mg.co.za/opinion/2022-08-09-rape-is-endemic-in-south-africa-why-the-anc-government-keeps-missing-the-mark/
Guzman, Chad De. “After a Teacher Was Convicted of Raping 13 Girls, Indonesia Finally Passed Sexual Violence Reform.” https://time.com/6166853/indonesia-sexual-violence-law/
Henschke, Rebecca. “Indonesia approves death penalty for child rapists.” https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36385909
HT Correspondent. “It’s time to reclaim the legacy of Simone de Beauvoir and see feminism for what it is.” https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/it-s-time-to-reclaim-the-legacy-of-simone-de-beauvoir-and-see-feminism-for-what-it-is/story-FFw9y9PCRzzooYSC3QdLDO.html
India News. “Court verdict in Unnao rape case against Kuldeep Sengar likely today.” https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/court-verdict-in-unnao-rape-case-against-kuldeep-sengar-likely-today/story-8AvdmEud3OgAV1uaTbHcfI.html
The Guardian. “Indonesia introduces death penalty and chemical castration for paedophiles.” https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/26/indonesia-introduces-death-penalty-and-chemical-castration-for-paedophiles
Kansal, Raghav. “The Basics of Socio-Legal Research” Indian Journal of Law and Public Policy. https://ijlpp.com/3688-2/
Karmini, Niniek. “‘Long-awaited law’: Indonesia passes law against sexual violence.” https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2022/0412/Long-awaited-law-Indonesia-passes-law-against-sexual-violence
Kuadli, Jenifer. “32 Shocking Sexual Assault Statistics for 2022.” https://legaljobs.io/blog/sexual-assault-statistics/
Mallick, Tejaswini. “An Extensive Study of Rape Laws in India.” https://articles.manupatra.com/article-details/An-Extensive-study-of-Rape-Laws-in-India
Manjesh, Sahana. “Why the Death Penalty is Not a Solution to India’s Rape Problem.” https://article-14.com/post/why-the-death-penalty-is-not-a-solution-to-india-s-rape-problem
Menon, Nivedita. “Statement by Women’s and Progressive Groups and Individuals Condemning Sexual Violence and Opposing Death Penalty.” https://kafila.online/2012/12/24/statement-by-womens-and-progressive-groups-and-individuals-condemning-sexual-violence-and-opposing-death-penalty/
Mogul, Rhea, Swati Gupta and Manveena Suri. “Alleged Rapist and His Mother Set Teenage Girl on Fire After Learning She was Pregnant, Indian Police Say.” https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/12/india/india-girl-rape-pregnancy-attempted-murder-intl-hnk/index.html
Prakash, Anjana. “Death Sentence as ‘Collective Conscience’ is a Fraud upon Justice.” https://thewire.in/law/death-penalty-collective-conscience-justice
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Published
2023-01-30
How to Cite
BEDI, Shruti.
The Indian Rape Law: Vocabulary of Protest, Reactionary Legislations and Quality of Equality Culture.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 1-24, jan. 2023.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/92470>. Date accessed: 16 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2023.v07.i01.p01.
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