Quo Vadis Regulation on Underwater Cultural Heritage in Indonesia: Balancing Conservation and Economic Interest
Abstract
The management of underwater cultural heritage in Indonesia is still experiencing many obstacles, one of which is the imbalance between conservation and economic interest in managing underwater cultural heritage. The results indicate that these problems stem from the legal gap that exists in the Indonesian legal system. Existing Laws and Regulations have not been adequate to respond to the needs for conservation and proper economic utilization of underwater cultural heritage. The non-existent provision in regards to in situ and ex situ conservation, as well as the appraisal and selling methods, has led to further legal uncertainty. By using normative legal research methods, this research paper aims to analyze the urgency of managing valuable cargo objects from sunken ships classified as underwater cultural heritage objects and formulate a new concept of underwater cultural heritage management which contain seven steps that will balance both conservation and economic.
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References
Book
Dromgoole, Sarah. Underwater Cultural Heritage and International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Flecker, Michael. “Wrecked Twice: Shipwrecks as a Cultural Resource in Southeast Asia.” In Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia: Preservation, Development, and Neglect, 15. London: Anthem Press, 2011.
Muhammad, Abdulkadir. Hukum Dan Penelitian Hukum. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 2004.
Pearson, Natalie. “Protecting and Preserving Underwater Cultural Heritage in Southeast Asia” In The Palgrave Handbook on Art Crime. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
Soekanto, Soerjono. Penelitian Hukum Normatif, Suatu Tinjauan Singkat. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo, 2003.
Sugiyono. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif Dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta, 2013.
Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin. “Struggles over Historic Shipwrecks in Indonesia: Economic versus Preservation Interests” In Cultural Property and Contested Ownership. New York: Routledge, 2017.
Journal Article
Argyropoulos, Vasilike, and Anastasia Stratigea. “Sustainable Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage: The Route from Discovery to Engagement—Open Issues in the Mediterranean.” Heritage 2, no. 2 (2019): 1588–1613. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2020098.
Sari, A. K., Much Nurachmad, and Hudiansyah Is Nursal. “Model Pengelolaan Benda Berharga Muatan Kapal Tenggelam Berdasarkan Kebijakan Ekonomi Biru (Blue Economy) untuk Memperkuat Ekonomi Berkelanjutan Indonesia.” Lex Jurnalica 18, no. 1 (2021): 38-47.
Aznar, Mariano J. “In situ Preservation of Underwater Cultural Heritage as an International Legal Principle.” Journal of Maritime Archaeology 13, no. 1 (2018): 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-018-9192-4.
Bruno, Fabio, et al. “Development and Integration of Digital Technologies Addressed to Raise Awareness and Access to European Underwater Cultural Heritage. An Overview of the H2020 i-MARECULTURE Project.” In OCEANS 2017 - Aberdeen, (2017): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANSE.2017.8084984.
Carlota P. R., M., et al. Underwater Cultural Heritage as an Engine for Social, Economic and Cultural Development. State of Research at the University of Cadiz (Andalusia, Spain). Heritage 4, no. 4 (2021): 2676-2690. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040151.
Lu, Bingbin and Shichao Zhou. “China’s State-Led Working Model on Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage: Practice, Challenges, and Possible Solutions.” Marine Policy 65 (2016): 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.12.003.
Manglis, Angelos, Anastasia Fourkiotou, and Dimitra Papadopoulou. “The Accessible Underwater Cultural Heritage Sites (AUCHS) as a sustainable tourism development opportunity in the Mediterranean Region.” Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal 68, no. 4 (2020): 499-503. https://doi.org/10.37741/t.68.4.9.
Mochtar, Agni Sesaria. “In-Situ Preservation Sebagai Strategi Pengelolaan Peninggalan Arkeologi Bawah Air Indonesia.” Kalpataru 2, no. 1 (2016): 53–64. https://doi.org/10.24832/kpt.v25i1.83.
Ounanian, Kristen, et al. “Conceptualizing coastal and maritime cultural heritage through communities of meaning and participation.” Ocean & Coastal Management 212, (2021): 1-8, ISSN 0964-5691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105806.
Prasetyo, Bagus. “Efektivitas Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2010 Tentang Cagar Budaya.” Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 15, no. 1 (2018): 69-78. https://doi.org/10.24832/kpt.v25i1.83.
Pretylia, Vinca. “Tinjauan Hukum Pelelangan Benda Berharga Muatan Kapal Tenggelam (BMKT).” University of Bengkulu Law Journal 2, no. 2 (2017): 165-184. https://doi.org/10.33369/ubelaj.2.2.165-184.
Ricca, Michela, et al. “A Sustainable Approach for the Management and Valorization of Underwater Cultural Heritage: New Perspectives from the TECTONIC Project.” Sustainability 12, no. 12 (2020): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125000.
Sofian, Harry Octavianus. “Permasalahan Arkeologi Bawah Air Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Kapata Arkeologi 6, no. 11 (2010): 49-65. https://doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v6i11.144.
Sulistyo, A. D. Agung and Arie Afriansyah. “Komitmen Indonesia dalam Pelindungan Warisan Budaya Bawah Air di Perairan Indonesia.” Veritas et Justitia 7, no. 2 (2021): 271-296. https://doi.org/10.25123/vej.v7i2.4339.
Viduka, Andrew. “Australia and Pacific Island Countries: The Need to Collaborate to Protect Underwater Cultural Heritage.” Historic Environment 31, no. 2 (2019): 88–100. https://hdl.handle.net/1959.11/29880.
Wahjudin, Judi. “Lelang Keramik Di Stuttgart, Jerman.” Buletin Cagar Budaya, no. 3 (2003).
Wibowo, Maulana Satria and Andi Akhmad Basith Dir. “Analisis Kebijakan Indonesia Terhadap Regulasi UNESCO Convention 2001.” Journal of International Relations 6, no. 4, (2020): 568-577.
Thesis of Dissertation
Adila, Arina Hukmu. “Pengaturan Pengelolaan Benda Berharga Asal Muatan Kapal Tenggelam Di Indonesia Berbasis Cultural Resource Management.” Master’s Thesis, Faculty of Law, Diponegoro University, 2017.
Purnama, Muhammad Ikhsan. “Penanganan Kapal Karam Bersejarah Di Wilayah Perairan Indonesia Berdasarkan Hukum Internasional (Kasus Kapal Geldermalsen Milik VOC 1985 Di Perairan Kepulauan Riau).” Thesis, Faculty of Law, Jenderal Soedirman University, 2018.
Legal Documents
Indonesia. Law No. 11 of 2010 Concerning Cultural Conservation
Indonesia. Law No. 32 of 2014 concerning Marine Affairs.
Indonesia. Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 32 of 2019 concerning Marine Spatial Plan.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 5 of 2021 concerning Risk-Based Business Licensing
Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 44 of 2016 concerning the List of Business Fields Closed and Business Fields Open with Conditions in the Investment Sector.
Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 10 of 2021 concerning the Investment Business Sector
Indonesia. Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1989 concerning the National Committee for the Lifting and Utilization of Valuable Objects from the Load of Sunken Ships
Indonesia. Presidential Decree No. 25 of 1992 concerning the Distribution of Proceeds from the Lifting of Valuable Objects from the Cargo of a Sunken Ship Between the Government and Companies.
Indonesia. Presidential Decree No. 19 of 2007 concerning the National Committee for the Salvage and Utilization of Valuable Cargo Objects from Sunken Ships, lastlyAmended by Presidential Decree No. 12 of 2009.
Indonesia. Regulation of Minister of Finance No. 184/PMK.06/2009 concerning Procedures for Determining the Status of the Use and Sale of Valuable Cargo Objects from Sunken Ship.
Indonesia. Regulation of Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries No. 28/PERMEN-KP/2015 of 2015 concerning Temporary Termination (Moratory) Licensing of Surveys and Removal of Valuable Objectives Origin of Carrying on Sunnking Ship
Indonesia. Regulation of Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries No. 04/PERMEN-KP/2016 of 2016 concerning Temporary Termination (Moratory) Licensing of Surveys and Removal of Valuable Objectives Origin of Carrying on Sunnking Ship
United Nations. UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage of 2001.
United Nations. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Other Documents
Director of Marine Services. “Urgensi Pengaturan Pemanfaatan BMKT.” Presentation, Jakarta, 2021.
Website Content
BPCB Banten. “Upaya Pelindungan Dan Pemanfaatan Cagar Budaya Bawah Air Dari Sisi Hukum Nasional Dan Internasional.” 2018. https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbbanten/upaya-pelindungan-dan-pemanfaatan-cagar-budaya-bawah-air-dari-sisi-hukum-nasional-dan-internasional/.
CNN Indonesia. “Nilai Harta Karun Bawah Laut Indonesia Rp127,6 Triliun.” 2021. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20210304134313-92-613678/nilai-harta-karun-bawah-laut-indonesia-rp1276-triliun.
Kontan. “Pemerintah Siapkan Aturan Pengelolaan Benda Berhara Muatan Kapal Tenggelam.” 2022. https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/pemerintah-siapkan-aturan-pengelolaan-benda-berharga-muatan-kapal-tenggelam
UNESCO. “States Parties to the 2001 Convention.” https://en.unesco.org/underwater-heritage/2001.
Dromgoole, Sarah. Underwater Cultural Heritage and International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Flecker, Michael. “Wrecked Twice: Shipwrecks as a Cultural Resource in Southeast Asia.” In Rethinking Cultural Resource Management in Southeast Asia: Preservation, Development, and Neglect, 15. London: Anthem Press, 2011.
Muhammad, Abdulkadir. Hukum Dan Penelitian Hukum. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 2004.
Pearson, Natalie. “Protecting and Preserving Underwater Cultural Heritage in Southeast Asia” In The Palgrave Handbook on Art Crime. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
Soekanto, Soerjono. Penelitian Hukum Normatif, Suatu Tinjauan Singkat. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo, 2003.
Sugiyono. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif Dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta, 2013.
Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin. “Struggles over Historic Shipwrecks in Indonesia: Economic versus Preservation Interests” In Cultural Property and Contested Ownership. New York: Routledge, 2017.
Journal Article
Argyropoulos, Vasilike, and Anastasia Stratigea. “Sustainable Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage: The Route from Discovery to Engagement—Open Issues in the Mediterranean.” Heritage 2, no. 2 (2019): 1588–1613. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage2020098.
Sari, A. K., Much Nurachmad, and Hudiansyah Is Nursal. “Model Pengelolaan Benda Berharga Muatan Kapal Tenggelam Berdasarkan Kebijakan Ekonomi Biru (Blue Economy) untuk Memperkuat Ekonomi Berkelanjutan Indonesia.” Lex Jurnalica 18, no. 1 (2021): 38-47.
Aznar, Mariano J. “In situ Preservation of Underwater Cultural Heritage as an International Legal Principle.” Journal of Maritime Archaeology 13, no. 1 (2018): 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-018-9192-4.
Bruno, Fabio, et al. “Development and Integration of Digital Technologies Addressed to Raise Awareness and Access to European Underwater Cultural Heritage. An Overview of the H2020 i-MARECULTURE Project.” In OCEANS 2017 - Aberdeen, (2017): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANSE.2017.8084984.
Carlota P. R., M., et al. Underwater Cultural Heritage as an Engine for Social, Economic and Cultural Development. State of Research at the University of Cadiz (Andalusia, Spain). Heritage 4, no. 4 (2021): 2676-2690. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040151.
Lu, Bingbin and Shichao Zhou. “China’s State-Led Working Model on Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage: Practice, Challenges, and Possible Solutions.” Marine Policy 65 (2016): 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.12.003.
Manglis, Angelos, Anastasia Fourkiotou, and Dimitra Papadopoulou. “The Accessible Underwater Cultural Heritage Sites (AUCHS) as a sustainable tourism development opportunity in the Mediterranean Region.” Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal 68, no. 4 (2020): 499-503. https://doi.org/10.37741/t.68.4.9.
Mochtar, Agni Sesaria. “In-Situ Preservation Sebagai Strategi Pengelolaan Peninggalan Arkeologi Bawah Air Indonesia.” Kalpataru 2, no. 1 (2016): 53–64. https://doi.org/10.24832/kpt.v25i1.83.
Ounanian, Kristen, et al. “Conceptualizing coastal and maritime cultural heritage through communities of meaning and participation.” Ocean & Coastal Management 212, (2021): 1-8, ISSN 0964-5691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105806.
Prasetyo, Bagus. “Efektivitas Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2010 Tentang Cagar Budaya.” Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 15, no. 1 (2018): 69-78. https://doi.org/10.24832/kpt.v25i1.83.
Pretylia, Vinca. “Tinjauan Hukum Pelelangan Benda Berharga Muatan Kapal Tenggelam (BMKT).” University of Bengkulu Law Journal 2, no. 2 (2017): 165-184. https://doi.org/10.33369/ubelaj.2.2.165-184.
Ricca, Michela, et al. “A Sustainable Approach for the Management and Valorization of Underwater Cultural Heritage: New Perspectives from the TECTONIC Project.” Sustainability 12, no. 12 (2020): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125000.
Sofian, Harry Octavianus. “Permasalahan Arkeologi Bawah Air Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Kapata Arkeologi 6, no. 11 (2010): 49-65. https://doi.org/10.24832/kapata.v6i11.144.
Sulistyo, A. D. Agung and Arie Afriansyah. “Komitmen Indonesia dalam Pelindungan Warisan Budaya Bawah Air di Perairan Indonesia.” Veritas et Justitia 7, no. 2 (2021): 271-296. https://doi.org/10.25123/vej.v7i2.4339.
Viduka, Andrew. “Australia and Pacific Island Countries: The Need to Collaborate to Protect Underwater Cultural Heritage.” Historic Environment 31, no. 2 (2019): 88–100. https://hdl.handle.net/1959.11/29880.
Wahjudin, Judi. “Lelang Keramik Di Stuttgart, Jerman.” Buletin Cagar Budaya, no. 3 (2003).
Wibowo, Maulana Satria and Andi Akhmad Basith Dir. “Analisis Kebijakan Indonesia Terhadap Regulasi UNESCO Convention 2001.” Journal of International Relations 6, no. 4, (2020): 568-577.
Thesis of Dissertation
Adila, Arina Hukmu. “Pengaturan Pengelolaan Benda Berharga Asal Muatan Kapal Tenggelam Di Indonesia Berbasis Cultural Resource Management.” Master’s Thesis, Faculty of Law, Diponegoro University, 2017.
Purnama, Muhammad Ikhsan. “Penanganan Kapal Karam Bersejarah Di Wilayah Perairan Indonesia Berdasarkan Hukum Internasional (Kasus Kapal Geldermalsen Milik VOC 1985 Di Perairan Kepulauan Riau).” Thesis, Faculty of Law, Jenderal Soedirman University, 2018.
Legal Documents
Indonesia. Law No. 11 of 2010 Concerning Cultural Conservation
Indonesia. Law No. 32 of 2014 concerning Marine Affairs.
Indonesia. Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 32 of 2019 concerning Marine Spatial Plan.
Indonesia. Government Regulation No. 5 of 2021 concerning Risk-Based Business Licensing
Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 44 of 2016 concerning the List of Business Fields Closed and Business Fields Open with Conditions in the Investment Sector.
Indonesia. Presidential Regulation No. 10 of 2021 concerning the Investment Business Sector
Indonesia. Presidential Decree No. 43 of 1989 concerning the National Committee for the Lifting and Utilization of Valuable Objects from the Load of Sunken Ships
Indonesia. Presidential Decree No. 25 of 1992 concerning the Distribution of Proceeds from the Lifting of Valuable Objects from the Cargo of a Sunken Ship Between the Government and Companies.
Indonesia. Presidential Decree No. 19 of 2007 concerning the National Committee for the Salvage and Utilization of Valuable Cargo Objects from Sunken Ships, lastlyAmended by Presidential Decree No. 12 of 2009.
Indonesia. Regulation of Minister of Finance No. 184/PMK.06/2009 concerning Procedures for Determining the Status of the Use and Sale of Valuable Cargo Objects from Sunken Ship.
Indonesia. Regulation of Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries No. 28/PERMEN-KP/2015 of 2015 concerning Temporary Termination (Moratory) Licensing of Surveys and Removal of Valuable Objectives Origin of Carrying on Sunnking Ship
Indonesia. Regulation of Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries No. 04/PERMEN-KP/2016 of 2016 concerning Temporary Termination (Moratory) Licensing of Surveys and Removal of Valuable Objectives Origin of Carrying on Sunnking Ship
United Nations. UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage of 2001.
United Nations. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Other Documents
Director of Marine Services. “Urgensi Pengaturan Pemanfaatan BMKT.” Presentation, Jakarta, 2021.
Website Content
BPCB Banten. “Upaya Pelindungan Dan Pemanfaatan Cagar Budaya Bawah Air Dari Sisi Hukum Nasional Dan Internasional.” 2018. https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbbanten/upaya-pelindungan-dan-pemanfaatan-cagar-budaya-bawah-air-dari-sisi-hukum-nasional-dan-internasional/.
CNN Indonesia. “Nilai Harta Karun Bawah Laut Indonesia Rp127,6 Triliun.” 2021. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20210304134313-92-613678/nilai-harta-karun-bawah-laut-indonesia-rp1276-triliun.
Kontan. “Pemerintah Siapkan Aturan Pengelolaan Benda Berhara Muatan Kapal Tenggelam.” 2022. https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/pemerintah-siapkan-aturan-pengelolaan-benda-berharga-muatan-kapal-tenggelam
UNESCO. “States Parties to the 2001 Convention.” https://en.unesco.org/underwater-heritage/2001.
Published
2022-07-29
How to Cite
YUNIZA, Mailinda Eka et al.
Quo Vadis Regulation on Underwater Cultural Heritage in Indonesia: Balancing Conservation and Economic Interest.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 2, p. 143-165, july 2022.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/80876>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2022.v06.i02.p02.
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