Peaceful Utilization of Transboundary Reservoir in Continental Shelf of Ambalat
Abstract
Maritime boundaries between Indonesia and Malaysia in Ambalat have not been settled yet. This block is located on a continental shelf that is rich in transboundary reservoirs of hydrocarbons such as oil and gas. Malaysia as a coastal state wants to apply archipelagic state’s boundary, whereas Indonesia as an archipelagic state has applied for an extension of its continental shelf to the United Nations. Therefore, there is still unsettling business to be done in this area to fully utilize transboundary reservoirs in peace. This article aims to seek for way of solving the recurring conflict and utilizing transboundary reservoir in peaceful manner. This article is formulated using normative legal research based on statute, case, and conceptual approaches. This article concludes that differences between states on setting its boundaries is based on interpretation and is driven by economic value of resources, while there is opportunity to peacefully utilize transboundary reservoir by means of joint development based on international practices.
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References
Book
Anderson, David E. Modern Law of the Sea: Selected Essays. The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010.
Beckman, Robert. et. al. Beyond Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea: Legal Framework for the Joint Development of Hydrocarbon Resources. United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013.
Fox, Hazel. Joint Development of Offshore Oil and Gas: A Model Agreement for States with Explanatory Commentary. Great Britain: British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 1990.
Legoni, Rainer and Daniel Vignes. Maritime Delimitation. The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006.
Druce, Stephen C., and Efri Yoni Baikoeni. “Circumventing Conflict: The Indonesia–Malaysia Ambalat Block Dispute.” In Contemporary Conflicts in Southeast Asia, 137-156. Singapore: Springer, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0042-3_7
Journal Article
Allo, Maria and Maria L. Loureiro. “Evaluating the fulfillment of the principles of collective action in practice: A case study from Galicia (NW Spain).” Forest Policy and Economics 73, (2016): 1-9.
Andaru, Djarot D.A. “Joint Development Agreement Sebagai Solusi Penyelesaian Sengketa Wilayah Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Laut Natuna.” Masalah-Masalah Hukum 49, no. 4 (2020): 345-358. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.49.4.2020.345-358
Angkasari, Wildani, Kamarulnizam Abdullah, Asmar Abdul Rahim, and Mohammad Zaki Ahmad. “Indonesia – Malaysia Dispute over Maritime Boundaries in the Northern Region of the Malacca Straits: Implication to Fisheries Management Regime.” Journal of Critical Reviews 7, no. 3 (2020): 593–598. http://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.03.104
Bakhtiar, Aziz I. “Penyelesaian Sengketa antara Indonesia dan Malaysia di wilayah Ambalat menurut Hukum Laut Internasional.” Jurnal Hukum Universitas Brwijaya 36, (2015): 1-23.
Beckman, Robert and Leonardo Bernard. “Framework for the Joint Development of Hydrocarbon Resources.” Asian Yearbook of International Law 22 (2016): 86-108. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004379633_006
Butcher, John G. “The International Court of Justice and the Territorial Dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia in the Sulawesi Sea.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 35, no. 2 (2013): 235-257. https://doi.org/10.1355/cs35-2e
Hananto, Pulung Widhi, Anggita Doramia Lumbanraja, Rahandy Rizki Prananda, and Aisyah Ayu Musyafah. “Legal scenario towards the policy of marine natural resources on the continental shelf: Ambalat case study.” The 5th International Conference on Tropical and Coastal Region Eco Development. IOP Conference Series: Earth Environtal Science 530, (2020): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/530/1/012003
Litvinenko, Vladimir. “The Role of Hydrocarbons in the Global Energy Agenda: The Focus on Liquefied Natural Gas.” Resources Review 9, no. 59 (2020): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9050059.
Lopez, Martha Claudia and Emilio F. Moran. “The legacy of Elinor Ostrom and its relevance to issues of forest conservation.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 19, (2016): 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.12.001.
Ong, David M. “Joint Development of Common Offshore Oil and Gas Deposits: ‘Mere’ State Practice or Customary International Law?.” American Journal of International Law 93, no. 4 (1999): 771-804. https://doi.org/10.2307/2555344
Reynolds, Thomas A. “Delimitation, Exploitation, and Allocation of Transboundary Oil and Gas Deposits between Nation-States.” ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law 1, (1995): 135-170.
Sumerta Yasa, Putu Gede Arya. “Distribution and Revenue Sharing of Natural Resources in Indonesia: Autonomous Region and Legal Pluralism Perspective.” Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 5, no. 2 (2021): 172-184. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2021.v05.i02.p05
Torla, Areej, Salma Yusof, and Mohd Hisham Mohd Kamal. “The Dispute between Malaysia and Indonesia over the ND6 and ND7 Sea Blocks: A Malaysian Perspective.” Journal of East Asia and International Law 8, no. 1 (2015): 171-193. https://doi.org/10.14330/jeail.2015.8.1.08
Urdaneta, Karla. “Transboundary Petroleum Reservoirs: A Recommended Approach For The United States and Mexico in The Deepwaters of The Gulf of Mexico.” Houston Journal of International Law 32, no. 2 (2010): 334-391.
Weaver, Jacqueline L. and David F. Asmus. “Unitizing Oil and Gas Fields Around the World: A Comparative Analysis of Nationl Laws and Private Contract.” Houston Journal International Law 28, no. 3 (2006): 3-197.
Zukri, Nur Fareha Binti Mohammad, Ong Argo Victoria, and Fadli Eko Apriliyanto. “Dispute International between Indonesia and Malaysia Seize on.” International Journal of Law Recontruction 3, no. 1, (2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v3i1.4367
Thesis or Dissertation
Purwanti, Evy. “Equitable principle dalam penentuan Delimitasi perbatasan Indonesia dengan negara-negara lain di Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif dan Landas Kontinen.” Master’s Thesis, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2016.
Legal Documents
Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark together with the Home Government of the Faroe Islands, on the one hand, and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, on the other hand, relating to Maritime Delimitation in the Area between the Faroe Islands and the United Kingdom, Treaty, Delimitation Treaty Infobase, 18 May 1999.
Agreement on the Continental Shelf Between Iceland and Jan Mayen, Treaty, Delimitation Treaties Infobase, 22 October 1981.
Bahrain-Saudi Arabia Boundary Agreement, Treaty, Delimitation Treaties Infobase, 22 February 1958.
Convention sur la delimitation des plateaux continentaux des deux Etats dans le Golfe de Gascogne (Golfe de Biscaye), France and Spain, signee a Paris at 29 January 1974.
Frigg Field Reservoir Agreement,10 May 1976.
Management and Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Senegal and the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Treaty, Delimitation Treaties Infobase, 14 October 1993.
Markham Field Reservoirs Agreement, 26 May 1992.
Protocol of Agreement Relating to the Organisation and Operation of the Agency for Management and Co-operation between the Republic of Senegal and the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, 12 June 1995.
Statfjord Field Reservoirs Agreement,16 October 1979.
The Management and Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Senegal and the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Treaty, Delimitation Treaty Infobase, 14 October 1993.
Treaty between the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe on the Joint Development of Petroleum and other Resources, in respect of Areas of the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Two States, Treaty, Delimitation Treaty Infobase, 21February 2001.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982.
Case Law
Continental Shelf (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgement, I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 62.
Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh v. Myanmar), ITLOS Reports 2002, p. 455.Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain). Merits Judgement, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 176.
Maritime Boundary Delimitation (Guyana v. Suriname Arbitration), Judgement, P.C.A. Reports, p. 461.
Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), Judgement, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 61.
Maritime Delimitation (The Government of the State of Eritrea v. The Government of the Republic of Yemen), ITLOS Reports 1999, p. 417.
North Sea Continental Shelf Sea Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v. Netherlands), Judgement, I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 99.
Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia v. Malaysia), Judgement, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 102.
Other Documents
Anghelache, Adina. “History of unitization-based cooperation in the development of offshore cross-border deposits.” https://www.enpg.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/EPG_2015-11-3_Adina-Anghelache_History-of-unitization_Part1.pdf
Arinaitwe, Patson. “Exploitation of Offshore Transboundary Oil and Gas Reservoirs: an International Law Perspective.” http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2486488
Guo, Rongxing. “Territorial Disputes and Seabed Petroleum Exploitation: Some Options for East China Sea.” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294737633
International Law Commission. “Draft articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers.” https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/71/150
Lefeber, Rene. “International Law and the Use of Maritime Hydrocarbon Resources.” https://www.clingendaelenergy.com/inc/upload/files/IGU-2015_Law_of_the_Sea_TF3_IGU_Final_May_2015.pdf
Muigua, Kariuki. “Managing Transboundary Natural Resources in Kenya.” http://kmco.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Managing-Transboundary-Natural-Resources-in-Kenya-Kariuki-Muigua-26th-November-2018.pdf
The Geographer. “Continental Shelf Boundary: Indonesia-Malaysia.” https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/LIS-1.pdf
Website Content
James, Canute. “Venezuela saber-rattles over Guyana, US wades in.” https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2175764-venezuela-saberrattles-over-guyana-us-wades-in
Anderson, David E. Modern Law of the Sea: Selected Essays. The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010.
Beckman, Robert. et. al. Beyond Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea: Legal Framework for the Joint Development of Hydrocarbon Resources. United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013.
Fox, Hazel. Joint Development of Offshore Oil and Gas: A Model Agreement for States with Explanatory Commentary. Great Britain: British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 1990.
Legoni, Rainer and Daniel Vignes. Maritime Delimitation. The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006.
Druce, Stephen C., and Efri Yoni Baikoeni. “Circumventing Conflict: The Indonesia–Malaysia Ambalat Block Dispute.” In Contemporary Conflicts in Southeast Asia, 137-156. Singapore: Springer, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0042-3_7
Journal Article
Allo, Maria and Maria L. Loureiro. “Evaluating the fulfillment of the principles of collective action in practice: A case study from Galicia (NW Spain).” Forest Policy and Economics 73, (2016): 1-9.
Andaru, Djarot D.A. “Joint Development Agreement Sebagai Solusi Penyelesaian Sengketa Wilayah Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Laut Natuna.” Masalah-Masalah Hukum 49, no. 4 (2020): 345-358. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.49.4.2020.345-358
Angkasari, Wildani, Kamarulnizam Abdullah, Asmar Abdul Rahim, and Mohammad Zaki Ahmad. “Indonesia – Malaysia Dispute over Maritime Boundaries in the Northern Region of the Malacca Straits: Implication to Fisheries Management Regime.” Journal of Critical Reviews 7, no. 3 (2020): 593–598. http://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.03.104
Bakhtiar, Aziz I. “Penyelesaian Sengketa antara Indonesia dan Malaysia di wilayah Ambalat menurut Hukum Laut Internasional.” Jurnal Hukum Universitas Brwijaya 36, (2015): 1-23.
Beckman, Robert and Leonardo Bernard. “Framework for the Joint Development of Hydrocarbon Resources.” Asian Yearbook of International Law 22 (2016): 86-108. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004379633_006
Butcher, John G. “The International Court of Justice and the Territorial Dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia in the Sulawesi Sea.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 35, no. 2 (2013): 235-257. https://doi.org/10.1355/cs35-2e
Hananto, Pulung Widhi, Anggita Doramia Lumbanraja, Rahandy Rizki Prananda, and Aisyah Ayu Musyafah. “Legal scenario towards the policy of marine natural resources on the continental shelf: Ambalat case study.” The 5th International Conference on Tropical and Coastal Region Eco Development. IOP Conference Series: Earth Environtal Science 530, (2020): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/530/1/012003
Litvinenko, Vladimir. “The Role of Hydrocarbons in the Global Energy Agenda: The Focus on Liquefied Natural Gas.” Resources Review 9, no. 59 (2020): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9050059.
Lopez, Martha Claudia and Emilio F. Moran. “The legacy of Elinor Ostrom and its relevance to issues of forest conservation.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 19, (2016): 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.12.001.
Ong, David M. “Joint Development of Common Offshore Oil and Gas Deposits: ‘Mere’ State Practice or Customary International Law?.” American Journal of International Law 93, no. 4 (1999): 771-804. https://doi.org/10.2307/2555344
Reynolds, Thomas A. “Delimitation, Exploitation, and Allocation of Transboundary Oil and Gas Deposits between Nation-States.” ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law 1, (1995): 135-170.
Sumerta Yasa, Putu Gede Arya. “Distribution and Revenue Sharing of Natural Resources in Indonesia: Autonomous Region and Legal Pluralism Perspective.” Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 5, no. 2 (2021): 172-184. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2021.v05.i02.p05
Torla, Areej, Salma Yusof, and Mohd Hisham Mohd Kamal. “The Dispute between Malaysia and Indonesia over the ND6 and ND7 Sea Blocks: A Malaysian Perspective.” Journal of East Asia and International Law 8, no. 1 (2015): 171-193. https://doi.org/10.14330/jeail.2015.8.1.08
Urdaneta, Karla. “Transboundary Petroleum Reservoirs: A Recommended Approach For The United States and Mexico in The Deepwaters of The Gulf of Mexico.” Houston Journal of International Law 32, no. 2 (2010): 334-391.
Weaver, Jacqueline L. and David F. Asmus. “Unitizing Oil and Gas Fields Around the World: A Comparative Analysis of Nationl Laws and Private Contract.” Houston Journal International Law 28, no. 3 (2006): 3-197.
Zukri, Nur Fareha Binti Mohammad, Ong Argo Victoria, and Fadli Eko Apriliyanto. “Dispute International between Indonesia and Malaysia Seize on.” International Journal of Law Recontruction 3, no. 1, (2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v3i1.4367
Thesis or Dissertation
Purwanti, Evy. “Equitable principle dalam penentuan Delimitasi perbatasan Indonesia dengan negara-negara lain di Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif dan Landas Kontinen.” Master’s Thesis, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2016.
Legal Documents
Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark together with the Home Government of the Faroe Islands, on the one hand, and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, on the other hand, relating to Maritime Delimitation in the Area between the Faroe Islands and the United Kingdom, Treaty, Delimitation Treaty Infobase, 18 May 1999.
Agreement on the Continental Shelf Between Iceland and Jan Mayen, Treaty, Delimitation Treaties Infobase, 22 October 1981.
Bahrain-Saudi Arabia Boundary Agreement, Treaty, Delimitation Treaties Infobase, 22 February 1958.
Convention sur la delimitation des plateaux continentaux des deux Etats dans le Golfe de Gascogne (Golfe de Biscaye), France and Spain, signee a Paris at 29 January 1974.
Frigg Field Reservoir Agreement,10 May 1976.
Management and Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Senegal and the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Treaty, Delimitation Treaties Infobase, 14 October 1993.
Markham Field Reservoirs Agreement, 26 May 1992.
Protocol of Agreement Relating to the Organisation and Operation of the Agency for Management and Co-operation between the Republic of Senegal and the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, 12 June 1995.
Statfjord Field Reservoirs Agreement,16 October 1979.
The Management and Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Senegal and the Government of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Treaty, Delimitation Treaty Infobase, 14 October 1993.
Treaty between the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe on the Joint Development of Petroleum and other Resources, in respect of Areas of the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Two States, Treaty, Delimitation Treaty Infobase, 21February 2001.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982.
Case Law
Continental Shelf (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgement, I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 62.
Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh v. Myanmar), ITLOS Reports 2002, p. 455.Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain). Merits Judgement, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 176.
Maritime Boundary Delimitation (Guyana v. Suriname Arbitration), Judgement, P.C.A. Reports, p. 461.
Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), Judgement, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 61.
Maritime Delimitation (The Government of the State of Eritrea v. The Government of the Republic of Yemen), ITLOS Reports 1999, p. 417.
North Sea Continental Shelf Sea Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v. Netherlands), Judgement, I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 99.
Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia v. Malaysia), Judgement, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 102.
Other Documents
Anghelache, Adina. “History of unitization-based cooperation in the development of offshore cross-border deposits.” https://www.enpg.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/EPG_2015-11-3_Adina-Anghelache_History-of-unitization_Part1.pdf
Arinaitwe, Patson. “Exploitation of Offshore Transboundary Oil and Gas Reservoirs: an International Law Perspective.” http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2486488
Guo, Rongxing. “Territorial Disputes and Seabed Petroleum Exploitation: Some Options for East China Sea.” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294737633
International Law Commission. “Draft articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers.” https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/71/150
Lefeber, Rene. “International Law and the Use of Maritime Hydrocarbon Resources.” https://www.clingendaelenergy.com/inc/upload/files/IGU-2015_Law_of_the_Sea_TF3_IGU_Final_May_2015.pdf
Muigua, Kariuki. “Managing Transboundary Natural Resources in Kenya.” http://kmco.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Managing-Transboundary-Natural-Resources-in-Kenya-Kariuki-Muigua-26th-November-2018.pdf
The Geographer. “Continental Shelf Boundary: Indonesia-Malaysia.” https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/LIS-1.pdf
Website Content
James, Canute. “Venezuela saber-rattles over Guyana, US wades in.” https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2175764-venezuela-saberrattles-over-guyana-us-wades-in
Published
2022-01-30
How to Cite
KHARISMAWAN, Gede Khrisna; EKA WISANJAYA, I Gede Pasek.
Peaceful Utilization of Transboundary Reservoir in Continental Shelf of Ambalat.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 1, p. 108-124, jan. 2022.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/78389>. Date accessed: 19 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2022.v06.i01.p06.
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