Prison Overcrowding: Alternative Sentencing in Indonesia’s Draft Criminal Code and Its Consequences on Correctional System
Abstract
Imprisonment is often the most preferred choice of punishment in the eyes of law enforcement officers. As a result, prison overcrowding is inevitable and leads to the emergence of various problems in prisons. The discourse of alternative sentencing has recently gained increasing prominence in the Indonesian public with a view to addressing such problems amid the ongoing review of the Draft Criminal Code (Rancangan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana/ RKUHP). This article aims to analyze alternative sentencing in the form of community service and probation penalties. It discusses the role and strategic measures taken by the Indonesian correctional system related to the performance of community correctional counselors in order to prepare for the implementation of alternative sentencing in the future. Employing a qualitative method, this study shows that alternative sentencing is principally in line with the concept of social reintegration and the philosophy of the current Indonesian Correctional Institution (Lembaga Pemasyarakatan). The correctional system in the country has also begun to take strategic measures to respond to the future implementation of the alternative sentencing in the RKUHP by means of updating the legal framework and improving infrastructure as well as the quality of human resources in accordance with the framework of community-based corrections.
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References
Book
Hough, Mike, Jessica Jacobson, and Andrew Millie. The Decision to Imprison: Sentencing and the Prison Population. London: South Bank University, 2003.
McCarthy, Belinda Rodgers, Bernard J McCarthy, and Matthew C Leone. Community-Based Corrections. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1997.
Muladi, Barda Nawawi Arief, and Barda Nawawi Arief. Teori-Teori Dan Kebijakan Pidana. Bandung: Alumni Press, 1998.
Neuman, William Lawrence. Workbook for Neumann Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2006.
Semisch, Courtney. Alternative Sentencing in the Federal Criminal Justice System. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2015.
Snarr, Richard W, and Bruce I Wolford. Introduction to Corrections. Madison: Wm. C. Brown, 1985.
Sudaryono, Leopold. Drivers of Prison Overcrowding in Indonesia. New York: Routledge, 2020.
Sudirman, Didin. Reposisi Dan Revitalisasi Pemasyarakatan Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana di Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Pengkajian Dan Pengembangan Kebijakan Departemen Hukum Dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI, 2007.
Journal Article
Burdman, Milton. “Realism in Community-Based Correctional Services.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 381, no. 1 (1969): 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271626938100109
Geurin, Lynn, Melanie D Otis, and David Royse. “Increasing Alternative Sentencing in the Juvenile Justice System through a Partnership between Public Defenders and Social Workers.” Journal of Forensic Social Work 3, no. 3 (2013): 261–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/1936928X.2013.859026
Ginting, Jamin. “Sanksi Kerja Sosial Sebagai Alternatif Bentuk Pemidanaan Dalam Sistem Hukum Di Indonesia.” Law Review 19, no. 3 (2020): 246–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/lr.v19i3.2098
Jones, Clarke R. “Are prisons really schools for terrorism? Challenging the rhetoric on prison radicalization.” Punishment and Society 16, no. 1 (2014): 74-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474513506482
Larasati, Nadia Utami. “Efek Prisonisasi dan Urgensi Pemberian Pidana Alternatif bagi First Offender.” Deviance: Jurnal Kriminologi 2, no. 1 (2018): 51-64.
MacDonald, Morag. “Overcrowding and Its Impact on Prison Conditions and Health.” International Journal of Prisoner Health 14, no. 2 (2018): 65–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPH-04-2018-0014
Nugraha, Aditya. “Konsep Community Based Corrections Pada Sistem Pemasyarakatan Dalam Menghadapi Dampak Pemenjaraan.” Jurnal Sains Sosio Humaniora 4, no. 1 (2020): 141–51. https://doi.org/10.22437/jssh.v4i1.9778
Ohoiwutun, Y A, and Samsudi Samsudi. “Menalar Sel Mewah Di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan.” Masalah-Masalah Hukum 24, no. 1 (2017): 48-54.
Okoye, Jude Uchenna. “Imprisonment in Nigeria: A Comparative Study.” Unizik Law Journal 15 (2020): 1-17.
Özerdem, Alpaslan. “A Re-Conceptualisation of Ex-Combatant Reintegration: ‘Social Reintegration’ Approach.” Conflict, Security & Development 12, no. 1 (2012): 51-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2012.667661
Pitts, James MA, O. Hayden Griffin, and W. Wesley Johnson. “Contemporary prison overcrowding: short-term fixes to a perpetual problem.” Contemporary Justice Review 17, no. 1 (2017): 124-139.
Raphael, Steven. “How Do We Reduce Incarceration Rates While Maintaining Public Safety.” Criminology & Pub. Pol’y 13, no. 4 (2014): 579-597. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2014.883844
Rumadan, Ismail. “Problem Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Di Indonesia Dan Reorientasi Tujuan Pemidanaan.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan 2, no. 2 (2013): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.2.2.2013.263-276
Shepherd, Joanna. “The Imprisonment Puzzle: Understanding How Prison Growth Affects Crime.” Criminology & Public Policy 5, no. 2 (2006): 285–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2006.00378.x
Skelton, Ann. “Alternative Sentencing Review.” CSPRI Research Paper Series, no. 6 (2004): 1-51.
Sulhin, Iqrak. “Correctional Governance: An Indonesian Experience.” 2010. the 29th Asian and Pacific Conference of Correctional Administrators (APCCA) 15-20 November 2009, Perth Western Australia.
Wibawa, Iskandar. “Pidana Kerja Sosial Dan Restitusi Sebagai Alternatif Pidana Penjara Dalam Pembaharuan Hukum Pidana Indonesia.” Jurnal Media Hukum 24, no. 2 (2017): 105–14. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.2017.0086.105-114
Thesis
Chaerudin. “Masalah Prisonisasi Dalam Hubungannya Dengan Sistem Pemasyarakatan: Studi Pada Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Cipinang Jakarta.” Master’s Thesis, Department of Law University of Indonesia, 1995.
Fitriasih, Surastini. “Pidana Pengawasan Dalam Konsep Rancangan KUHP: Suatu Analisis Mengenai Penyempurnaan Pidana Bersyarat.” Master’s Thesis, Department of Law University of Indonesia, 1997.
Legal Documents
Indonesia. Law No. 1 of 1946 concerning Criminal Code.
Indonesia. Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics.
Indonesia. Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning Juvenile Criminal Justice System.
Indonesia. Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. M.HH-OT.02.02 of 2009 concerning The Blueprint for The Revision of The Implementation of Correctional System.
Indonesia. Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 40 of 2018 concerning The Blueprint for The Revitalization of The Implementation of Indonesian Correctional Institution (2019-2023).
Indonesia. Minister of Empowerment of the State Apparatus and Bureaucratic Reform Regulation No. 22 of 2016 concerning The Functional Position of Community Correctional Counselors.
Indonesia. Supreme Court of The Republic of Indonesia. Supreme Court Regulation No. 2 of 2012 concerning Settlement of Minor Crime Limits and Amount of Fines in the Criminal Code.
Indonesia. The Indonesian House of Representatives. Draft Criminal Code Year 2019.
Interview
Sudirman, Dindin (Secretary of the Directorate General of Corrections). “Alternative Sentencing in Indonesia,” Interview by Nadia Utami Larasati, Jakarta, May 7, 2009.
Setiono, Djoko (Director of Social Guidance of the Directorate General of Corrections). “Alternative Sentencing in Indonesia,” Interview Nadia Utami Larasati, Jakarta, November 10, 2017.
Narya (Head of Evaluation and Reporting Section at the Secretariat of the Directorate General of Corrections). “Alternative Sentencing in Indonesia,” Interview by Nadia Utami Larasati, Jakarta, September 30, 2020.
Other Documents
Institute for Criminal Justice. “Strategies to Reduce Overcrowding in Indonesia: Causes, Impacts, and Solutions.” (2018). https://icjr.or.id/strategies-to-reduce-overcrowding-in-indonesia-causes-impacts-and-solutions/
Walmsley, Roy. “World Prison Population List.” (2003). https://www.prisonstudies.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/wppl_12.pdf
Hough, Mike, Jessica Jacobson, and Andrew Millie. The Decision to Imprison: Sentencing and the Prison Population. London: South Bank University, 2003.
McCarthy, Belinda Rodgers, Bernard J McCarthy, and Matthew C Leone. Community-Based Corrections. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1997.
Muladi, Barda Nawawi Arief, and Barda Nawawi Arief. Teori-Teori Dan Kebijakan Pidana. Bandung: Alumni Press, 1998.
Neuman, William Lawrence. Workbook for Neumann Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2006.
Semisch, Courtney. Alternative Sentencing in the Federal Criminal Justice System. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2015.
Snarr, Richard W, and Bruce I Wolford. Introduction to Corrections. Madison: Wm. C. Brown, 1985.
Sudaryono, Leopold. Drivers of Prison Overcrowding in Indonesia. New York: Routledge, 2020.
Sudirman, Didin. Reposisi Dan Revitalisasi Pemasyarakatan Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana di Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Pengkajian Dan Pengembangan Kebijakan Departemen Hukum Dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI, 2007.
Journal Article
Burdman, Milton. “Realism in Community-Based Correctional Services.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 381, no. 1 (1969): 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271626938100109
Geurin, Lynn, Melanie D Otis, and David Royse. “Increasing Alternative Sentencing in the Juvenile Justice System through a Partnership between Public Defenders and Social Workers.” Journal of Forensic Social Work 3, no. 3 (2013): 261–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/1936928X.2013.859026
Ginting, Jamin. “Sanksi Kerja Sosial Sebagai Alternatif Bentuk Pemidanaan Dalam Sistem Hukum Di Indonesia.” Law Review 19, no. 3 (2020): 246–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/lr.v19i3.2098
Jones, Clarke R. “Are prisons really schools for terrorism? Challenging the rhetoric on prison radicalization.” Punishment and Society 16, no. 1 (2014): 74-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474513506482
Larasati, Nadia Utami. “Efek Prisonisasi dan Urgensi Pemberian Pidana Alternatif bagi First Offender.” Deviance: Jurnal Kriminologi 2, no. 1 (2018): 51-64.
MacDonald, Morag. “Overcrowding and Its Impact on Prison Conditions and Health.” International Journal of Prisoner Health 14, no. 2 (2018): 65–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPH-04-2018-0014
Nugraha, Aditya. “Konsep Community Based Corrections Pada Sistem Pemasyarakatan Dalam Menghadapi Dampak Pemenjaraan.” Jurnal Sains Sosio Humaniora 4, no. 1 (2020): 141–51. https://doi.org/10.22437/jssh.v4i1.9778
Ohoiwutun, Y A, and Samsudi Samsudi. “Menalar Sel Mewah Di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan.” Masalah-Masalah Hukum 24, no. 1 (2017): 48-54.
Okoye, Jude Uchenna. “Imprisonment in Nigeria: A Comparative Study.” Unizik Law Journal 15 (2020): 1-17.
Özerdem, Alpaslan. “A Re-Conceptualisation of Ex-Combatant Reintegration: ‘Social Reintegration’ Approach.” Conflict, Security & Development 12, no. 1 (2012): 51-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2012.667661
Pitts, James MA, O. Hayden Griffin, and W. Wesley Johnson. “Contemporary prison overcrowding: short-term fixes to a perpetual problem.” Contemporary Justice Review 17, no. 1 (2017): 124-139.
Raphael, Steven. “How Do We Reduce Incarceration Rates While Maintaining Public Safety.” Criminology & Pub. Pol’y 13, no. 4 (2014): 579-597. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2014.883844
Rumadan, Ismail. “Problem Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Di Indonesia Dan Reorientasi Tujuan Pemidanaan.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan 2, no. 2 (2013): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.2.2.2013.263-276
Shepherd, Joanna. “The Imprisonment Puzzle: Understanding How Prison Growth Affects Crime.” Criminology & Public Policy 5, no. 2 (2006): 285–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2006.00378.x
Skelton, Ann. “Alternative Sentencing Review.” CSPRI Research Paper Series, no. 6 (2004): 1-51.
Sulhin, Iqrak. “Correctional Governance: An Indonesian Experience.” 2010. the 29th Asian and Pacific Conference of Correctional Administrators (APCCA) 15-20 November 2009, Perth Western Australia.
Wibawa, Iskandar. “Pidana Kerja Sosial Dan Restitusi Sebagai Alternatif Pidana Penjara Dalam Pembaharuan Hukum Pidana Indonesia.” Jurnal Media Hukum 24, no. 2 (2017): 105–14. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.2017.0086.105-114
Thesis
Chaerudin. “Masalah Prisonisasi Dalam Hubungannya Dengan Sistem Pemasyarakatan: Studi Pada Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Cipinang Jakarta.” Master’s Thesis, Department of Law University of Indonesia, 1995.
Fitriasih, Surastini. “Pidana Pengawasan Dalam Konsep Rancangan KUHP: Suatu Analisis Mengenai Penyempurnaan Pidana Bersyarat.” Master’s Thesis, Department of Law University of Indonesia, 1997.
Legal Documents
Indonesia. Law No. 1 of 1946 concerning Criminal Code.
Indonesia. Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics.
Indonesia. Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning Juvenile Criminal Justice System.
Indonesia. Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. M.HH-OT.02.02 of 2009 concerning The Blueprint for The Revision of The Implementation of Correctional System.
Indonesia. Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 40 of 2018 concerning The Blueprint for The Revitalization of The Implementation of Indonesian Correctional Institution (2019-2023).
Indonesia. Minister of Empowerment of the State Apparatus and Bureaucratic Reform Regulation No. 22 of 2016 concerning The Functional Position of Community Correctional Counselors.
Indonesia. Supreme Court of The Republic of Indonesia. Supreme Court Regulation No. 2 of 2012 concerning Settlement of Minor Crime Limits and Amount of Fines in the Criminal Code.
Indonesia. The Indonesian House of Representatives. Draft Criminal Code Year 2019.
Interview
Sudirman, Dindin (Secretary of the Directorate General of Corrections). “Alternative Sentencing in Indonesia,” Interview by Nadia Utami Larasati, Jakarta, May 7, 2009.
Setiono, Djoko (Director of Social Guidance of the Directorate General of Corrections). “Alternative Sentencing in Indonesia,” Interview Nadia Utami Larasati, Jakarta, November 10, 2017.
Narya (Head of Evaluation and Reporting Section at the Secretariat of the Directorate General of Corrections). “Alternative Sentencing in Indonesia,” Interview by Nadia Utami Larasati, Jakarta, September 30, 2020.
Other Documents
Institute for Criminal Justice. “Strategies to Reduce Overcrowding in Indonesia: Causes, Impacts, and Solutions.” (2018). https://icjr.or.id/strategies-to-reduce-overcrowding-in-indonesia-causes-impacts-and-solutions/
Walmsley, Roy. “World Prison Population List.” (2003). https://www.prisonstudies.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/wppl_12.pdf
Published
2022-01-30
How to Cite
UTAMI LARASATI, Nadia; MUNABARI, Fahlesa; SUMARWAN, Untung.
Prison Overcrowding: Alternative Sentencing in Indonesia’s Draft Criminal Code and Its Consequences on Correctional System.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 1, p. 42-61, jan. 2022.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/78262>. Date accessed: 24 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2021.v06.i01.p03.
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