The Diaspora Project on Education Sector: Cultivating Positive Perception of Indonesia Through International Education
Abstract
The massive support to develop a new category of Indonesian Diaspora that is called as a “special friends of Indonesia’ (Indonesianist) seems would remain become a domain of academic and public debates. The existing Indonesian law and regulations, even though have been amended many times and during the debates on law creating process have tried to adopt the model of dual citizenship, do not affirm this new category. Despite this current legal situation, this article argues that this special friend can be cultivated from the international education section. This paper is academic research in the field of social sciences, especially international relations that analyzes statements, views, and opinion by government officers, diaspora, and Indonesianists as well as some law and regulations. The research suggests that the concept of Special Friends of Indonesia (Indonesianists) is too broad and poses a challenge for the conceptual and legal definition. Fully considering the high contribution of Indonesianist, nurturing of future Indonesianist - especially through student mobility programs - is best to take place in the situation allowing for exposure and socialization process to be built internally.
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References
BOOK
Brah, Avtar. Cartographies of diaspora: Contesting identities. New York: routledge, 2005.
Clifford, James. Routes: Travel and translation in the late twentieth century. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Cohen, Robert. Global Diaspora: An Introduction. London: UCL Press, 1997
Cull, Nicholas J. "Public diplomacy: Lessons from the past." CPD Perspectives on Public. Los Angeles: Figueora Press, 2009
Ember, M., Ember, C. R., & Skoggard, I. (Eds.). (2004). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities. Springer Science & Business Media.
Ilieva, J., P. Killingley, V. Tsiligiris, and M. Peak. "The shape of global higher education: international mobility of students, research and education provision. Volume 2. London: British Council, 2017.
Ilieva, Janet, and Michael Peak. "The shape of global higher education: National policies framework for international engagement." London: British Council, 2016.
Cooper, Andrew F., Jorge Heine, Ramesh Thakur, and Ramesh Chandra Thakur, eds. The Oxford handbook of modern diplomacy. Oxford University Press, 2013.
d'Hooghe, Ingrid, and Jan Melissen. The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, 2005
Nye, Joseph S. The future of power. New York: Public Affairs, 2011.
Santoso, Iman. Diaspora, globalisasi, keamanan, dan keimigrasian. Bandung: Pustaka Reka Cipta, 2014.
Sheffer, Gabriel. Diaspora politics: At home abroad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Trent, Deborah Lee. “American Diaspora Diplomacy U.S. Foreign Policy and Lebanese Americans.” The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. 2012.
Verma, Sohali. Instruments of engagement: Assessing India’s PIO and OCI scheme, CARIM–India RR 2013/21. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. San Domenico di Fiesole (FI): European University Institute, 2013.
CHAPTER IN BOOK
Hadiwinata, Bob Sugeng. “Reciprocity and Relationship Building through Education: the ACICIS Field Study Program in West Java.” in Linking people: Connections and Encounters between Australians and Indonesians, 135-152. Berlin: Regiospectra, 2015
Purdey, Jemma. "Investing in good will: Australia’s scholarship programs for Indonesian tertiary students, 1950s–2010." in Linking people: Connections and encounters between Australians and Indonesians, 111-132. Berlin: Regiospectra, 2015
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Axel, Brian Keith. "National Interruption: Diaspora Theory and Multiculturalism in the UK." Cultural Dynamic 14, no. 3 (2002): 235-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/09213740020140030101
Baubock, Rainer. "Stakeholder citizenship and transnational political participation: a normative evaluation of external voting." Fordham L. Rev. 75 no. 5 (2007): 2393-2447
Brubaker, Rogers. “The ‘diaspora’ diaspora.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 28, no.1 (2005): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141987042000289997
Byrne, Caitlin, and Rebecca Hall. "Australia's international education as public diplomacy: Soft power potential." Clingendael Discussion Paper in Diplomacy 121 (2011): 1-27.
Byrne, Caitlin, and Rebecca Hall. "Realising Australia's international education as public diplomacy." Australian Journal of International Affairs 67, no. 4 (2013): 419-438. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2013.806019
George, Glynis. "The Canadian Tamil diaspora and the politics of multiculturalism." Identities 18, no. 5 (2011): 459-480. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2011.670610
Harijanti et al. “Citizenship and the Indonesian Diaspora: Lessons from South Korean and Indian Experiences.” Border Crossing 2 no.8 (2018): 297-310.
Harijanti, Susi Dwi, Bilal Dewansyah, Ali Abdurahman, and Wicaksana Dramanda. "Citizenship and the Indonesian Diaspora: Lessons from the South Korean and Indian Experiences."Border Crossing 8, no. 2 (2018). 297-310.
Ho, Elaine LE, and Fiona McConnell. "Conceptualizing ‘diaspora diplomacy’: Territory and populations betwixt the domestic and foreign."Progress in Human Geography 43, no. 2 (2019): 235-255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132517740217
Karim, Karim H. "Nation and diaspora: Rethinking multiculturalism in a transnational context."International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics 2, no. 3 (2007): 267-282. https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.2.3.267_1
Kingsbury, Damien. "Knowing Indonesia: Intersections of Self, Discipline, and Nation ed. by Jemma Purdy." Indonesia 96, no. 1 (2013): 203-207. https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2013.0024
Nesbitt‐Larking, Paul. "Dissolving the diaspora: Dialogical practice in the development of deep multiculturalism." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 18, no. 4 (2008): 351-362. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.956
Nye Jr, Joseph S. "Public diplomacy and soft power." The annals of the American academy of political and social science 616, no. 1 (2008): 94-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207311699
Rana, Kishan. "India's Diaspora Diplomacy." The Hague journal of diplomacy 4, no. 3 (2009): 361-372. https://doi.org/10.1163/187119109X455955
Safran, William. "Diasporas in modern societies: Myths of homeland and return." Diaspora: A journal of transnational studies 1, no. 1 (1991): 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1353/dsp.1991.0004
Sheffer, Gabriel Gabi. "Transnationalism and ethnonational diasporism." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 15, no. 1 (2006): 121-145. https://doi.org/10.1353/dsp.0.0029
Sitabuana, Tundjung Herning. "Indonesian Chinese Diaspora, Dual Citizenship and Indonesian Development." Constitutional Review 1, no. 1 (2015): 50-71.
Tsagarousianou, Roza. "Rethinking the Concept of Diaspora: Mobility, Connectivity and Communication in a Globalised World." Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture 1, no. 1 (2004): 52-65. https://doi.org/10.16997/wpcc.203
WEBSITE CONTENT
Basnur, A. “Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Indonesia di Luar Negeri Untuk Kepentingan Nasional.” Kementrian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. 2017. https://www.kemlu.go.id/id/lembar-informasi/Documents/Paparan%20 Direktur%20Diplik%20-20Forum%20Bakohumas%20Tematik%20Kemlu%202017.pdf
Byrne. C, Rebecca Hall. International Education as Public Diplomacy. Research Digest 3. https://www.ieaa.org.au/documents/item/258
Indonesia Diaspora Network. “Deklarasi Diaspora Indonesia”, http://www.diasporaindonesia.org/index.php/idn/programmes
“Kehadiran Kartu Diaspora Indonesia Mendapat Tanggapan Negatif.” Detiknews.com. Last Modified August 24, 2017. https://news.detik.com/abc-australia/d-3613331/kehadiran-kartu-diaspora-indonesia-mendapat-tanggapan-negatif.
Kementrian Pendidikan Malaysia. Perangkaan Pendidikan Malaysia 2015. https://www.moe.gov.my/index.php/menumedia/media-cetak/penerbitan/terbitan/buku-informasi/1581-perangkaan-pendidikan-malaysia-2015-1/file
Zubaidah, Neneng. “Jumlah Mahasiswa Asing Meningkat.” Koran Sindo. Last Modified May 15, 2017. http://koran-sindo.com/page/news/2017-05-15/0/9/Jumlah_Mahasiswa_Asing_Meningkat
LEGAL DOCUMENTS
Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 26 Year 2016 concerning Amendment to Government Regulation No 31 Year 2013 Concerning Implementation of Law No. 6 Year 2011 concerning Immigration
International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights
Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 62 Year 1958 concerning Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia
Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 12 Year 2005 concerning the Ratification of International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights
Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 12 Year 2006 concerning Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia
Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 6 Year 2011 concerning Immigration
Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia Regulation No. 7 of 2017 concerning the Issuance and Revocation of Indonesian Community Overseas Cards
Presidential Regulation No 76 Year 2017 concerning Facility for Oversea Indonesians Community
CASE LAW
Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indoensia No. 80/PUU-XIV/2016
OTHER DOCUMENT
Jovenir, Christelle M. “Diaspora Diplomacy: Functions, Duties, and Challenges of an Ambassador.” Understanding Diaspora Diplomacy (June 2013).
Brah, Avtar. Cartographies of diaspora: Contesting identities. New York: routledge, 2005.
Clifford, James. Routes: Travel and translation in the late twentieth century. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Cohen, Robert. Global Diaspora: An Introduction. London: UCL Press, 1997
Cull, Nicholas J. "Public diplomacy: Lessons from the past." CPD Perspectives on Public. Los Angeles: Figueora Press, 2009
Ember, M., Ember, C. R., & Skoggard, I. (Eds.). (2004). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities. Springer Science & Business Media.
Ilieva, J., P. Killingley, V. Tsiligiris, and M. Peak. "The shape of global higher education: international mobility of students, research and education provision. Volume 2. London: British Council, 2017.
Ilieva, Janet, and Michael Peak. "The shape of global higher education: National policies framework for international engagement." London: British Council, 2016.
Cooper, Andrew F., Jorge Heine, Ramesh Thakur, and Ramesh Chandra Thakur, eds. The Oxford handbook of modern diplomacy. Oxford University Press, 2013.
d'Hooghe, Ingrid, and Jan Melissen. The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, 2005
Nye, Joseph S. The future of power. New York: Public Affairs, 2011.
Santoso, Iman. Diaspora, globalisasi, keamanan, dan keimigrasian. Bandung: Pustaka Reka Cipta, 2014.
Sheffer, Gabriel. Diaspora politics: At home abroad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Trent, Deborah Lee. “American Diaspora Diplomacy U.S. Foreign Policy and Lebanese Americans.” The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. 2012.
Verma, Sohali. Instruments of engagement: Assessing India’s PIO and OCI scheme, CARIM–India RR 2013/21. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. San Domenico di Fiesole (FI): European University Institute, 2013.
CHAPTER IN BOOK
Hadiwinata, Bob Sugeng. “Reciprocity and Relationship Building through Education: the ACICIS Field Study Program in West Java.” in Linking people: Connections and Encounters between Australians and Indonesians, 135-152. Berlin: Regiospectra, 2015
Purdey, Jemma. "Investing in good will: Australia’s scholarship programs for Indonesian tertiary students, 1950s–2010." in Linking people: Connections and encounters between Australians and Indonesians, 111-132. Berlin: Regiospectra, 2015
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Axel, Brian Keith. "National Interruption: Diaspora Theory and Multiculturalism in the UK." Cultural Dynamic 14, no. 3 (2002): 235-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/09213740020140030101
Baubock, Rainer. "Stakeholder citizenship and transnational political participation: a normative evaluation of external voting." Fordham L. Rev. 75 no. 5 (2007): 2393-2447
Brubaker, Rogers. “The ‘diaspora’ diaspora.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 28, no.1 (2005): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141987042000289997
Byrne, Caitlin, and Rebecca Hall. "Australia's international education as public diplomacy: Soft power potential." Clingendael Discussion Paper in Diplomacy 121 (2011): 1-27.
Byrne, Caitlin, and Rebecca Hall. "Realising Australia's international education as public diplomacy." Australian Journal of International Affairs 67, no. 4 (2013): 419-438. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2013.806019
George, Glynis. "The Canadian Tamil diaspora and the politics of multiculturalism." Identities 18, no. 5 (2011): 459-480. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2011.670610
Harijanti et al. “Citizenship and the Indonesian Diaspora: Lessons from South Korean and Indian Experiences.” Border Crossing 2 no.8 (2018): 297-310.
Harijanti, Susi Dwi, Bilal Dewansyah, Ali Abdurahman, and Wicaksana Dramanda. "Citizenship and the Indonesian Diaspora: Lessons from the South Korean and Indian Experiences."Border Crossing 8, no. 2 (2018). 297-310.
Ho, Elaine LE, and Fiona McConnell. "Conceptualizing ‘diaspora diplomacy’: Territory and populations betwixt the domestic and foreign."Progress in Human Geography 43, no. 2 (2019): 235-255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132517740217
Karim, Karim H. "Nation and diaspora: Rethinking multiculturalism in a transnational context."International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics 2, no. 3 (2007): 267-282. https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.2.3.267_1
Kingsbury, Damien. "Knowing Indonesia: Intersections of Self, Discipline, and Nation ed. by Jemma Purdy." Indonesia 96, no. 1 (2013): 203-207. https://doi.org/10.1353/ind.2013.0024
Nesbitt‐Larking, Paul. "Dissolving the diaspora: Dialogical practice in the development of deep multiculturalism." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 18, no. 4 (2008): 351-362. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.956
Nye Jr, Joseph S. "Public diplomacy and soft power." The annals of the American academy of political and social science 616, no. 1 (2008): 94-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207311699
Rana, Kishan. "India's Diaspora Diplomacy." The Hague journal of diplomacy 4, no. 3 (2009): 361-372. https://doi.org/10.1163/187119109X455955
Safran, William. "Diasporas in modern societies: Myths of homeland and return." Diaspora: A journal of transnational studies 1, no. 1 (1991): 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1353/dsp.1991.0004
Sheffer, Gabriel Gabi. "Transnationalism and ethnonational diasporism." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 15, no. 1 (2006): 121-145. https://doi.org/10.1353/dsp.0.0029
Sitabuana, Tundjung Herning. "Indonesian Chinese Diaspora, Dual Citizenship and Indonesian Development." Constitutional Review 1, no. 1 (2015): 50-71.
Tsagarousianou, Roza. "Rethinking the Concept of Diaspora: Mobility, Connectivity and Communication in a Globalised World." Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture 1, no. 1 (2004): 52-65. https://doi.org/10.16997/wpcc.203
WEBSITE CONTENT
Basnur, A. “Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Indonesia di Luar Negeri Untuk Kepentingan Nasional.” Kementrian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. 2017. https://www.kemlu.go.id/id/lembar-informasi/Documents/Paparan%20 Direktur%20Diplik%20-20Forum%20Bakohumas%20Tematik%20Kemlu%202017.pdf
Byrne. C, Rebecca Hall. International Education as Public Diplomacy. Research Digest 3. https://www.ieaa.org.au/documents/item/258
Indonesia Diaspora Network. “Deklarasi Diaspora Indonesia”, http://www.diasporaindonesia.org/index.php/idn/programmes
“Kehadiran Kartu Diaspora Indonesia Mendapat Tanggapan Negatif.” Detiknews.com. Last Modified August 24, 2017. https://news.detik.com/abc-australia/d-3613331/kehadiran-kartu-diaspora-indonesia-mendapat-tanggapan-negatif.
Kementrian Pendidikan Malaysia. Perangkaan Pendidikan Malaysia 2015. https://www.moe.gov.my/index.php/menumedia/media-cetak/penerbitan/terbitan/buku-informasi/1581-perangkaan-pendidikan-malaysia-2015-1/file
Zubaidah, Neneng. “Jumlah Mahasiswa Asing Meningkat.” Koran Sindo. Last Modified May 15, 2017. http://koran-sindo.com/page/news/2017-05-15/0/9/Jumlah_Mahasiswa_Asing_Meningkat
LEGAL DOCUMENTS
Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 26 Year 2016 concerning Amendment to Government Regulation No 31 Year 2013 Concerning Implementation of Law No. 6 Year 2011 concerning Immigration
International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights
Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 62 Year 1958 concerning Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia
Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 12 Year 2005 concerning the Ratification of International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights
Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 12 Year 2006 concerning Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia
Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 6 Year 2011 concerning Immigration
Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia Regulation No. 7 of 2017 concerning the Issuance and Revocation of Indonesian Community Overseas Cards
Presidential Regulation No 76 Year 2017 concerning Facility for Oversea Indonesians Community
CASE LAW
Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indoensia No. 80/PUU-XIV/2016
OTHER DOCUMENT
Jovenir, Christelle M. “Diaspora Diplomacy: Functions, Duties, and Challenges of an Ambassador.” Understanding Diaspora Diplomacy (June 2013).
Published
2019-07-31
How to Cite
INDRASWARI, Ratih; ARYANI, Nyoman Mas.
The Diaspora Project on Education Sector: Cultivating Positive Perception of Indonesia Through International Education.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 3, n. 2, p. 123-140, july 2019.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/45066>. Date accessed: 13 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2019.v03.i02.p01.
Section
Articles
