Corporate Social Responsibility and Its Implementation in Tourism Industry: A Comparative Study between Indonesia and Australia
Abstract
The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been widely spread to developing countries. Most scholars argue that the CSR will give economic benefit to the local communities surrounding the company. Indonesia and Australia have adopted the concept of CSR into some legislation and regulations. When the laws of CSR were implemented in the field of tourism, some companies thought that they do not have any legal obligation to implement it. In practice, local communities have used CSR to demand the tourism industries to provide any social, cultural and economic facilities. This article is aimed at providing an analysis regarding the legal framework of Indonesian and Australian laws and regulations concerning CSR, particularly in Tourism Sector. In addition, it is intended to analyze how the implementation of CSR in tourism may strengthen the local communities. It is a normative legal research that primarily scrutinizes written official law and regulations as well as relevant court decisions regarding the issue of CSR, company, and tourism. It can be concluded that both Indonesia and Australia have regulated the concept of CSR very well as stipulated in official law and regulations. Regarding the implementation, by revolving within the scope of sustainable development concept as well as a gradual increase of tourism industries participation in CSR, the well-being of the local community will surely be improved.
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References
BOOK
Bowen, Howard R., Jean-Pascal Gond, and Peter Geoffrey Bowen, Social Responsibilities of the Businessman. University of Iowa Press, 2013.
Dharmayuda, I Made Suasthawa, Desa Adat Kesatuan Masyarakat Hukum Adat di Propinsi Bali. Upada Sastra Denpasar, 2001.
Gorda, I Gusti Ngurah, Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Astabrata Bali in cooperation with STIE Satya Dharma, 2004.
Idowa, Samuel O., Abubaker S. Kasum, and Asli Yuksel Mermod, People, Planet and Profit: Socio-Economic Perspectives of CSR. Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2014.
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Astiti, Tjok Istri Putra, and I Ketut Sudantra, “Reflecting on Tourism Activities in Bali: A Discourse on Communal Rights, Culture and Hindu Values,” in Sustainable Tourism and Law, edited by Michael G. Faure, Ni Ketut Supasti Dharmawan and I Made Budi Arsika (Den Haag: Eleven International Publishing, 2014).
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Andrini, Laurensia. “Mandatory Corporate Social Responsibility in Indonesia.” Mimbar Hukum-Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada 28, no. 3 (2016): 512-525.
Argandoña, Antonio. “Corporate Social Responsibility in the Tourism Industry: Some Lessons from the Spanish Experience”. IESE Business School Working Paper No. 844. (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1593592.
Bevan, Emma AM, and Ping Yung. “Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility in Australian Construction SMEs.” Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 22, no. 3 (2015): 295-311. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-05-2014-0071
Del Baldo, Mara. “Sustainability and CSR Orientation through “Edutainment” in Tourism.” International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility 3, no. 5 (2018): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40991-018-0027-2
Greenberg, David. “Making Corporate Social Responsibility an Everyday Part of the Business of Business: Offering Realistic Options for Regulatory Reform.” Bond L. Rev 19, no. 2 (2007).
Hamid, Md. Abdul. 2010, “CSR in Tourism”, SSRN (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1684185
Hughes, Emma and Regina Scheyvens. “Corporate Social Responsibility in Tourism Post-2015: A Development First Approach.” Tourism Geographies 18 no.5 (2016): 469-482. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2016.1208678
Indrawati, Anak Agung Sri, Ni Ketut Supasti Dharmawan, and Ida Ayu Sukihana. “Implementasi Konsep CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) Pada Perusahaan Industri Pariwisata di Bali.” Kertha Patrika 37, no. 2 (2012).
Kasim, Azilah. “The Need for Business Environmental and Social Responsibility in the Tourism Industry.” International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration 7, no. 1 (2006): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1300/J149v07n01_01
Martinez, Patricia, Andrea Pérez, and Ignacio Rodríguez del Bosque. “Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility in Tourism: Development and Validation of an Efficient Measurement Scale in the Hospitality Industry.”Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 30, no.4 (2013): 365-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.784154
Nguyen, Minh, Jo Bensemann, and Stephen Kelly. “Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Vietnam: A Conceptual Framework.” International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility 3, No. 9 (2018): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40991-018-0032-5
Roth, Dik, and Gede Sedana. “Reframing Tri Hita Karana: From ‘Balinese Culture’ to Politics.” The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 16, no. 2 (2015): 157-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2014.994674
Safa’at, Muchamad Ali. “Corporate Social Responsibility: A Constitutional Perspective,” Jurnal Konstitusi 11, no. 1 (2014): 1-17.
Triari, Putri, Kali Jones, and Ni Gusti Ayu Dyah Satyawati. “Indigenous People, Economic Development and Sustainable Tourism: A Comparative Analysis between Bali, Indonesia and Australia”. Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 1 no. 1 (2017): 16-30. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v01.i01.p02
Tribe, John. “The Concept of Tourism: Framing a Wide Tourism World and Broad Tourism Society.” Tourism Recreation Research 24, no. 2 (1999): 75-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.1999.11014879
THESIS
Yanta, Viddi Dandi, “Implementasi Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Pada Perseroan Terbatas yang Bergerak dalam Bidang Pariwisata di Bali.” Thesis, Magister of Notary Programme, Gadjah Mada University, 2009.
PROCEEDING
Truscott, Rachael A. (2007) “Corporate Social Responsibility in Australia: Constructing Reputation”. Proceedings 2007 Australia And New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference (ANZMAC), Dunedin, New Zealand.
LEGAL DOCUMENTS
Australia, Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth)
Australia, Corporations Act 2001 (Cth)
Indonesia, The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Indonesia, Act of Republic of Indonesia No. 25 Year 2007 concerning Investment
Indonesia, Act of Republic of Indonesia No. 40 Year 2007 concerning Limited Liability Company
Indonesia, Government Regulation of Republic of Indonesia No. 47 Year 2012 concerning Social and Environmental Responsibility of Limited Liability Company
Indonesia, Regulation of Head of Badung Regency No. 6 Year 2013 concerning Corporate Social Responsibility
United Nations World Tourism Organization, the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism
INTERVIEW
Artayasa, Wayan. “CSR: implementation” Interview by Authors. Puri Dalem Hotel, Sanur. December 8, 2015.
Dharmawan, Ni Ketut Supasti. “CSR in Tourism Industries.” Interview by Authors, Faculty of Law, Udayana University, Denpasar, December 7, 2015.
CASE LAW
Decision of Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia No. 53/PUU-VI/2008.
Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia No. 148/Pid.Sus/2013/PN.Tipikor.Smg
WEBSITE CONTENT
Metro Bali. “Safari Peduli Pemeriksaan Mata dan Operasi Katarak untuk Lansia bersama John Fawcett Foundation,” December 12, 2013. http://metrobali.com/safari-peduli-pecahkan-rekor-operasi-katarak-untuk-500-lansia/
Black, Leeora D. What We Do, Australian Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility, www.accsr.com.au
CSR Bali, Universal Children Day Celebration at Melia Bali Indonesia. December 3, 2014. http://www.csrbali.com/universal-children-day-celebration-at-melia-bali-indonesia.html.
Elkington, John, “Enter the Triple Bottom Linehttp://www.johnelkington.com/archive/TBL-elkington-chapter.pdf
Ema Sukarelawanto, “ITDC Raih Super Platinum & CSR Tri Hita Karana Award 2017,” November 26, 2017. http://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20171126/78/712684/itdc-raih-super-platinum-csr-tri-hita-karana-award-2017
Human Rights Commission, “Corporate Social Responsibility and Human Rights (2008).” https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/corporate-social-responsibility-human-rights
International Organisation for Standardisation, “ISO 26000 Guidance of Social Responsibility (2010)”, http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso26000.htm
Jago, Leo, and Margaret Deery. “State of the Business Events Industry 2010,” Report of Business Events Council of Australia, September 2011. http://www.businesseventscouncil.org.au/files/State_of_the_Business_Events_Industry_Report_2010.pdf
Kabar Dewata. Tri Hita Karana CSR Awards Bagi Perusahaan yang Melakukan Tanggung Jawab Sosial”. November 27, 2017. http://kabardewata.com/berita/berita-utama/sosial/tri-hita-karana-csr-awards-bagi-perusahaan.html#.Wx¬VKHzSFNdg2017.
Liputan 6.Com, “Ini Dia 10 Destinasi Wisata yang Disebut Bali Baru”. February 27, 2016. https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/2445931/ini-dia-10-destinasi-wisata-yang-disebut-bali-baru
Macquarie Dictionary Online. https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au
Small Business NSW Commissioner, What is CSR?, 2014. www.toolkit.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au
The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework, United Nations, 2011.https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.pdf
Tourism Australia, www.tourism-australia.com
United Nations World Tourism Organization, “Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives. http://ethics.unwto.org/content/corporate-social-responsibility-initiatives
United Nations World Tourism Organization, “Private Sector Commitment to the UNWTO Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. http://ethics.unwto.org/content/private-sector-commitment-unwto-global-code-ethics-tourism
Bowen, Howard R., Jean-Pascal Gond, and Peter Geoffrey Bowen, Social Responsibilities of the Businessman. University of Iowa Press, 2013.
Dharmayuda, I Made Suasthawa, Desa Adat Kesatuan Masyarakat Hukum Adat di Propinsi Bali. Upada Sastra Denpasar, 2001.
Gorda, I Gusti Ngurah, Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Astabrata Bali in cooperation with STIE Satya Dharma, 2004.
Idowa, Samuel O., Abubaker S. Kasum, and Asli Yuksel Mermod, People, Planet and Profit: Socio-Economic Perspectives of CSR. Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2014.
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Astiti, Tjok Istri Putra, and I Ketut Sudantra, “Reflecting on Tourism Activities in Bali: A Discourse on Communal Rights, Culture and Hindu Values,” in Sustainable Tourism and Law, edited by Michael G. Faure, Ni Ketut Supasti Dharmawan and I Made Budi Arsika (Den Haag: Eleven International Publishing, 2014).
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Andrini, Laurensia. “Mandatory Corporate Social Responsibility in Indonesia.” Mimbar Hukum-Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada 28, no. 3 (2016): 512-525.
Argandoña, Antonio. “Corporate Social Responsibility in the Tourism Industry: Some Lessons from the Spanish Experience”. IESE Business School Working Paper No. 844. (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1593592.
Bevan, Emma AM, and Ping Yung. “Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility in Australian Construction SMEs.” Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 22, no. 3 (2015): 295-311. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-05-2014-0071
Del Baldo, Mara. “Sustainability and CSR Orientation through “Edutainment” in Tourism.” International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility 3, no. 5 (2018): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40991-018-0027-2
Greenberg, David. “Making Corporate Social Responsibility an Everyday Part of the Business of Business: Offering Realistic Options for Regulatory Reform.” Bond L. Rev 19, no. 2 (2007).
Hamid, Md. Abdul. 2010, “CSR in Tourism”, SSRN (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1684185
Hughes, Emma and Regina Scheyvens. “Corporate Social Responsibility in Tourism Post-2015: A Development First Approach.” Tourism Geographies 18 no.5 (2016): 469-482. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2016.1208678
Indrawati, Anak Agung Sri, Ni Ketut Supasti Dharmawan, and Ida Ayu Sukihana. “Implementasi Konsep CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) Pada Perusahaan Industri Pariwisata di Bali.” Kertha Patrika 37, no. 2 (2012).
Kasim, Azilah. “The Need for Business Environmental and Social Responsibility in the Tourism Industry.” International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration 7, no. 1 (2006): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1300/J149v07n01_01
Martinez, Patricia, Andrea Pérez, and Ignacio Rodríguez del Bosque. “Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility in Tourism: Development and Validation of an Efficient Measurement Scale in the Hospitality Industry.”Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 30, no.4 (2013): 365-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.784154
Nguyen, Minh, Jo Bensemann, and Stephen Kelly. “Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Vietnam: A Conceptual Framework.” International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility 3, No. 9 (2018): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40991-018-0032-5
Roth, Dik, and Gede Sedana. “Reframing Tri Hita Karana: From ‘Balinese Culture’ to Politics.” The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 16, no. 2 (2015): 157-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2014.994674
Safa’at, Muchamad Ali. “Corporate Social Responsibility: A Constitutional Perspective,” Jurnal Konstitusi 11, no. 1 (2014): 1-17.
Triari, Putri, Kali Jones, and Ni Gusti Ayu Dyah Satyawati. “Indigenous People, Economic Development and Sustainable Tourism: A Comparative Analysis between Bali, Indonesia and Australia”. Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 1 no. 1 (2017): 16-30. https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2017.v01.i01.p02
Tribe, John. “The Concept of Tourism: Framing a Wide Tourism World and Broad Tourism Society.” Tourism Recreation Research 24, no. 2 (1999): 75-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.1999.11014879
THESIS
Yanta, Viddi Dandi, “Implementasi Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Pada Perseroan Terbatas yang Bergerak dalam Bidang Pariwisata di Bali.” Thesis, Magister of Notary Programme, Gadjah Mada University, 2009.
PROCEEDING
Truscott, Rachael A. (2007) “Corporate Social Responsibility in Australia: Constructing Reputation”. Proceedings 2007 Australia And New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference (ANZMAC), Dunedin, New Zealand.
LEGAL DOCUMENTS
Australia, Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth)
Australia, Corporations Act 2001 (Cth)
Indonesia, The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Indonesia, Act of Republic of Indonesia No. 25 Year 2007 concerning Investment
Indonesia, Act of Republic of Indonesia No. 40 Year 2007 concerning Limited Liability Company
Indonesia, Government Regulation of Republic of Indonesia No. 47 Year 2012 concerning Social and Environmental Responsibility of Limited Liability Company
Indonesia, Regulation of Head of Badung Regency No. 6 Year 2013 concerning Corporate Social Responsibility
United Nations World Tourism Organization, the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism
INTERVIEW
Artayasa, Wayan. “CSR: implementation” Interview by Authors. Puri Dalem Hotel, Sanur. December 8, 2015.
Dharmawan, Ni Ketut Supasti. “CSR in Tourism Industries.” Interview by Authors, Faculty of Law, Udayana University, Denpasar, December 7, 2015.
CASE LAW
Decision of Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia No. 53/PUU-VI/2008.
Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia No. 148/Pid.Sus/2013/PN.Tipikor.Smg
WEBSITE CONTENT
Metro Bali. “Safari Peduli Pemeriksaan Mata dan Operasi Katarak untuk Lansia bersama John Fawcett Foundation,” December 12, 2013. http://metrobali.com/safari-peduli-pecahkan-rekor-operasi-katarak-untuk-500-lansia/
Black, Leeora D. What We Do, Australian Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility, www.accsr.com.au
CSR Bali, Universal Children Day Celebration at Melia Bali Indonesia. December 3, 2014. http://www.csrbali.com/universal-children-day-celebration-at-melia-bali-indonesia.html.
Elkington, John, “Enter the Triple Bottom Linehttp://www.johnelkington.com/archive/TBL-elkington-chapter.pdf
Ema Sukarelawanto, “ITDC Raih Super Platinum & CSR Tri Hita Karana Award 2017,” November 26, 2017. http://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20171126/78/712684/itdc-raih-super-platinum-csr-tri-hita-karana-award-2017
Human Rights Commission, “Corporate Social Responsibility and Human Rights (2008).” https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/corporate-social-responsibility-human-rights
International Organisation for Standardisation, “ISO 26000 Guidance of Social Responsibility (2010)”, http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso26000.htm
Jago, Leo, and Margaret Deery. “State of the Business Events Industry 2010,” Report of Business Events Council of Australia, September 2011. http://www.businesseventscouncil.org.au/files/State_of_the_Business_Events_Industry_Report_2010.pdf
Kabar Dewata. Tri Hita Karana CSR Awards Bagi Perusahaan yang Melakukan Tanggung Jawab Sosial”. November 27, 2017. http://kabardewata.com/berita/berita-utama/sosial/tri-hita-karana-csr-awards-bagi-perusahaan.html#.Wx¬VKHzSFNdg2017.
Liputan 6.Com, “Ini Dia 10 Destinasi Wisata yang Disebut Bali Baru”. February 27, 2016. https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/2445931/ini-dia-10-destinasi-wisata-yang-disebut-bali-baru
Macquarie Dictionary Online. https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au
Small Business NSW Commissioner, What is CSR?, 2014. www.toolkit.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au
The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework, United Nations, 2011.https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.pdf
Tourism Australia, www.tourism-australia.com
United Nations World Tourism Organization, “Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives. http://ethics.unwto.org/content/corporate-social-responsibility-initiatives
United Nations World Tourism Organization, “Private Sector Commitment to the UNWTO Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. http://ethics.unwto.org/content/private-sector-commitment-unwto-global-code-ethics-tourism
Published
2018-07-31
How to Cite
SURYA PUTRA, Anak Agung Bagus Ngurah Agung; SARAH WHITE, Renee; SARNA, Kadek.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Its Implementation in Tourism Industry: A Comparative Study between Indonesia and Australia.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 2, p. 165 - 190, july 2018.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/39909>. Date accessed: 25 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2018.v02.i02.p03.
Section
Articles
