Weighting Approaches on Online Sexual Abuse of Children: Cultural Prevention or Crime-Based Enforcement?
Abstract
Online Child Sexual Exploitation (OCSE) is a form of crime against children that can be reviewed from various perspectives such as criminal law, criminology and culture. This offence is governed in several international legal instruments because perpetrators and victims are often located in different territories or have different nationalities. The Optional Protocol on Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (OPSC) is one that provides a reference in combating this crime, but this instrument has the disadvantage of not providing specific guidance in overcoming sexual crimes of children who are in the online sphere. OPSC focuses more on child pornography, whereas OCSE has evolved rapidly enough to give birth to new forms of crime that are not just child pornography. Another weakness can be found in national laws, due to the lack, or limited, response to address the issue. Therefore, a cultural approach is important to prevent and tackle this problem. This paper is aimed to weight the needs to use a Preventive Cultural approach and a Crime-Based Enforcement in addressing Online Sexual Abuse in Indonesia. It is a normative legal research that reads various primary and secondary legal materials. The study recommends that there is a need to use appropriate legal terminology and provide a clear interpretation of the terminology in national law so that these crimes can be quickly addressed. In addition, it also argued that cultural approaches may be used to prevent the occurrence of OSCE by means of involving the community and religious leaders, educating family, as well as raising the awareness of children.
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References
BOOK
Beaulieu, Catherine. Strengthening Laws Addressing Child Sexual Exploitation. Bangkok: ECPAT International, 2008.
Carr, John. Child Abuse, Child Pornography and the Internet. London: NCH, 2004.
Jenkins, Philip. Beyond tolerance: Child pornography on the Internet. New York: New York University Press, 2001.
Reichel, Philip and Jay Albanese. Handbook of Transnational Crime and Justice. US: Sage Publication, 2014
Thornburgh, Dick, and Herbert S. Lin. Youth, Pornography and the Internet: Can We Provide Sound Choices in a Safe Environment?. D.C: National Academy Press, 2002.
Wolak, Janis, Kimberly J. Mitchell, and David Finkelhor. Internet Sex Crimes against Minors: The Response. Alexandria, VA: Crime Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire. 2003.
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Clarke, Ronald V. “Situational Crime Prevention.” In Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, edited by Richard Wortley and Lorraine Mazerolle, 178-194. London: Willan, 2008.
Clarke, Ronald V. and Patricia Mayhew. “The British Gas Suicide Story and Its Criminological Implications.” In Crime and Justice, vol 10, edited by Michael Tonry and Narval Morris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998)
Madrinan, Carmen. “Worst Form of Child Labor: Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children”, in The World of Child Labor: An Historical and Regional Survey, edited by Hugh D Hindman, 95-101. New York: Routledge, 2015.
Taylor, Maxwell and Ethel Quayle. “The Internet and Abuse Images of Children: Search, Pre Criminal Situations And Opportunity.” In Situational Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse, edited by Richard Wortley and Stephen Smallbone, 169—195. NY: Criminal Justice Press, 2006.
Wortley, Richard. Situational Prevention of Child Abuse in the New Technologies. In Preventing Online Exploitation of Children, edited by K. Ribisl and E. Quayle, 188-203. London: Routledge, 2012.
Wortley, Richard and Lorraine Mazerolle. “Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis: Situating the Theory, Analytic Approach and Application.” In Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, edited by Richard Wortley and Lorraine Mazerolle, 1-18. London: Willan, 2008.
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Tangkupi, Prima. “Cultural Approaches in Cyberporn Crime Prevention”, Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 17, no.2 (May 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2017.17.2.544
Brantingham, Patricia L., and Paul J. Brantingham. “Environment, Routine and Situation: Toward a Pattern Theory of Crime.” Advances in Criminological Theory 5, no. 2 (1993): 259-94.
Budiman, Ahmad. “Pemblokiran Konten Porno pada Layanan over the Top,” Info Singkat Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri IX, no. 22 (November 2017).
Chawki, Mohamed. “Child Sexual Abuse: The French Response”, Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law 4, no.4 (2009).
Chawki, Mohamed and Yassin el Shazly. “Online Sexual Harassment: Issues and Solutions,” Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law 4, no.2 (2013)
Christianto, Hwian. “Imposition of Nature Against Material Law under Judge Verdict of Cyberporn Case In East Java,” Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 17, no. 3 (September 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2017.17.3.915
Cohen, Lawrence E., and Marcus Felson. “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach” American Sociological Review 44 (1979): 588-608. DOI: 10.2307/2094589
Cornish, Derek Blaikie, and Ronald V. Clarke. “Opportunities, Precipitators and Criminal Decisions: A Reply to Wortley’s Critique of Situational Crime Prevention.” Crime Prevention Studies 16 (2003): 41-96.
Demetriou, Christina and Andrew Silke. “A Criminological Internet ‘Sting’: Experi-mental Evidence of Illegal and Deviant Visits to A Website Trap”. British Journal of Criminology 43, no.1 (2003): 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/43.1.213
Eck, John. “Police Problems: the Complexity of Problem Theory, Research and Eval-uation.” Crime Prevention Studies 15 (2003):79-113
Flood, Michael. “The Harms of Pornography Exposure Among Children and Young People.” Child Abuse Review, 18 (2009): 384–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.1092
Hillman, Henry, Christopher Hooper, and Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo. “Online Child Exploitation: Challenges and Future Research Directions.” Computer Law and Security Review 30, no. 6 (2014): 687-698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2014.09.007
Hollis, Meghan E., Marcus Felson, and Brandon C. Welsh. “The Capable Guard¬ian in Routine Activities Theory: A Theoretical and Conceptual Reappraisal.” Crime Prevention and Community Safety 15, no. 1 (2013): 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1057/cpcs.2012.14
Jewkes, Yvonne, and Carol Andrews. “Policing the Filth: The Problems of Investigating Online Child Pornography in England and Wales.” Policing and Society 15, no. 1 (2005): 42-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/1043946042000338922
Krone, Tony and Russell G Smith, “Trajectories in Online Child Sexual Exploitation Offending in Australia”. Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice 524 (2017).
McCabe, Kimberly A. “The Role of Internet Service Providers in Cases of Child Por-nography and Child Prostitution.” Social Science Computer Review 26, no. 2 (2008): 247-251. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439307301438
Olson, Loreen N., Joy L. Daggs, Barbara L. Ellevold, and Teddy KK Rogers. “Entrapping the Innocent: Toward a Theory Of Child Sexual Predators’ Luring ommunication.” Communication Theory 17, no. 3 (2007): 231-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00294.x
Putra, Angga Astian, Prija Djatmika, and Nurini Aprilianda. “Bentuk Perlindungan Hukum bagi Anak agar Tidak Menjadi Korban dari Tindak Pidana Pornografi melalui Situs Internet,” Jurnal Hukum (2016).
Siregar, Alimuddin. “Pornography Criminal Act on Pictures under the Law Number 44 Year 2008 about Pornography and Islamic Law In Indonesia” IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 22, no. 10 (2017): 87-95. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2210118795
DISSERTATION
Diriwari, Wilson Ola. “Efficacy of the Legal Frameworks for Child Protection in Nigeria.” PhD diss., Department of Politics, History and the Brunel Law School Brunel University London, 2016.Decision, Indonesian Supreme Court, No. 100K/Sip/1967 dated14 June 1968.
LEGAL DOCUMENTS
Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, Council of Europe Treaty Series - No. 201
Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe Treaty Series No. 185
ILO Convention No. 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour
Indonesian Criminal Code
Indonesia, Law Number 23 Year 2002 on Child Protection
Indonesia, Law Number 11 Year 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions
Indonesia, Law Number 44 Year 2008 concerning Pornography
Indonesia, Law Number 35 Year 2014 concerning the Amendment to Law Number 23 Year 2002 on Child Protection
Indonesia, Law Number 19 Year 2016 concerning the Amendment to Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions
United Nations General Assembly (2015), “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, UNDOC, A/70/L.1
OTHER DOCUMENTS
Adegoke, Y. Top Brands Start to Pull Ads from P2P Networks. New Media Age, April 24, 2003.
Committee of the Parties to the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (T-ES), “Opinion on Article 23 of the Lanzarote Convention and its Explanatory Note Solicitation of Children for Sexual Purposes through Information and Communication Technologies (Grooming),” Adopted by the Lanzarote Committee on 17 June 2015.
Committee of the Parties to the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (T-ES), 1st Implementation Report “Protection of Children Against Sexual Abuse in the Circle of Trust the Framework” Adopted by the Lanzarote Committee on 4 December 2015.
Deanna Davy “Regional Overview: Sexual Exploitation of Children in Southeast Asia” Bangkok: ECPAT International, September 2017
ECPAT International and Religions for Peace, “Protecting Children from Online Sexual Exploitation: A Guide to Action for Religious Leaders and Communities,” Bangkok and New York, June 2016.
European Commission, Home Affairs, Report of the Global Alliance against Child Sexual Abuse Online, December 2013.
Interpol, “Towards a Global Indicator on Unidentified Victims in Child Sexual Exploitation Material,” Technical Report. Bangkok: Interpol and ECPAT International, 2018.
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “New Digital Technologies Produce Unprecedented Levels of Child Abuse Material Online”, 18 March 2016.
United Nations Glossary on Sexual Exploitation and Abuse Thematic Glossary of current terminology related to Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) in the context of the United Nations Second Edition, Prepared by the Task Team on the SEA Glossary for the Special Coordinator on improving the United Nations Response to Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, 24 July 2017.
CASE LAW
Decision of District Court of Surabaya (Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya) No. 2191/ Pid.B/2014/PN.Sbythe SEA Glossary for the Special Coordinator on improving the United Nations Response to Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, 24 July 2017.
WEBSITE CONTENT
BBC News. “Police Trap Online Paedophiles.” December 18, 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3329567.stm
Davit Setyawan. “KPAI: Darurat Pornografi pada Anak SD, Orangtua Harus Tingkatkan Pengawasan.” March 31, 2018. http://www.kpai.go.id/berita/kpai-darurat-pornografi-pada-anak-sd-orangtua-harus-tingkatkan-pengawasan
Emarketeer. “In Indonesia a New Digital Class Emerges: Internet and Mobile Internet Will See Significant Adoption in the Next Few Years.” March 12, 2013. http://www.emarketer.com/Article/Indonesia-New-Digital-Class-Emerges/1009723
European Commission, Migration and Home Affairs, “The Global Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Online.” European Commission, Migration and Home Affairs, “The Global Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Online” https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/organized-crime-and-hu-man-trafficking/global-alliance-against-child-abuse_en
Kompas, Situs Porno Kian Mengkhawatirkan Kompas.com, March 16, 2012, https://travel.kompas.com/read/2012/03/16/02354152/Situs.Porno.Kian.Mengkhawatirkan%E2%80%AC%E2%80%AC
Lemos, Robert. “P2P Investigation Leads to Child-Porn Busts,” Security Focus. Au-gust 19, 2008. https://www.securityfocus.com/brief/801
Lynam, Jay. “Feds Crack Down on P2P Child Porn”. Tech News World, May 17, 2004. http://www.technewsworld.com/story/technology/33836.html
Mason, Margie. Facebook Used to kidnap, traffic Indonesian girls. USA Today, October 30, 2013. http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/10/29/facebook-used-to-kidnap-traffic-indonesian-girls/1665321/
Reuters, New Indonesia Internet System Blocks More Than 70,000 ‘Negative’ Sites, Jakarta, February 19, 2018, http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/new-indonesia-internet-system-blocks-more-than-70000-negative-sites-5069746/
Tempo, “Kominfo Kantongi 8.166 Aduan Konten Pornografi di Januari 2018”, Bisnis.Com-Tempo.Co, February 23, 2018.https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1063823/kominfo-kantongi-8-166-aduan-konten-pornografi-di-januari-2018
Beaulieu, Catherine. Strengthening Laws Addressing Child Sexual Exploitation. Bangkok: ECPAT International, 2008.
Carr, John. Child Abuse, Child Pornography and the Internet. London: NCH, 2004.
Jenkins, Philip. Beyond tolerance: Child pornography on the Internet. New York: New York University Press, 2001.
Reichel, Philip and Jay Albanese. Handbook of Transnational Crime and Justice. US: Sage Publication, 2014
Thornburgh, Dick, and Herbert S. Lin. Youth, Pornography and the Internet: Can We Provide Sound Choices in a Safe Environment?. D.C: National Academy Press, 2002.
Wolak, Janis, Kimberly J. Mitchell, and David Finkelhor. Internet Sex Crimes against Minors: The Response. Alexandria, VA: Crime Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire. 2003.
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Clarke, Ronald V. “Situational Crime Prevention.” In Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, edited by Richard Wortley and Lorraine Mazerolle, 178-194. London: Willan, 2008.
Clarke, Ronald V. and Patricia Mayhew. “The British Gas Suicide Story and Its Criminological Implications.” In Crime and Justice, vol 10, edited by Michael Tonry and Narval Morris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998)
Madrinan, Carmen. “Worst Form of Child Labor: Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children”, in The World of Child Labor: An Historical and Regional Survey, edited by Hugh D Hindman, 95-101. New York: Routledge, 2015.
Taylor, Maxwell and Ethel Quayle. “The Internet and Abuse Images of Children: Search, Pre Criminal Situations And Opportunity.” In Situational Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse, edited by Richard Wortley and Stephen Smallbone, 169—195. NY: Criminal Justice Press, 2006.
Wortley, Richard. Situational Prevention of Child Abuse in the New Technologies. In Preventing Online Exploitation of Children, edited by K. Ribisl and E. Quayle, 188-203. London: Routledge, 2012.
Wortley, Richard and Lorraine Mazerolle. “Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis: Situating the Theory, Analytic Approach and Application.” In Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, edited by Richard Wortley and Lorraine Mazerolle, 1-18. London: Willan, 2008.
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Tangkupi, Prima. “Cultural Approaches in Cyberporn Crime Prevention”, Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 17, no.2 (May 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2017.17.2.544
Brantingham, Patricia L., and Paul J. Brantingham. “Environment, Routine and Situation: Toward a Pattern Theory of Crime.” Advances in Criminological Theory 5, no. 2 (1993): 259-94.
Budiman, Ahmad. “Pemblokiran Konten Porno pada Layanan over the Top,” Info Singkat Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri IX, no. 22 (November 2017).
Chawki, Mohamed. “Child Sexual Abuse: The French Response”, Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law 4, no.4 (2009).
Chawki, Mohamed and Yassin el Shazly. “Online Sexual Harassment: Issues and Solutions,” Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law 4, no.2 (2013)
Christianto, Hwian. “Imposition of Nature Against Material Law under Judge Verdict of Cyberporn Case In East Java,” Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 17, no. 3 (September 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2017.17.3.915
Cohen, Lawrence E., and Marcus Felson. “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach” American Sociological Review 44 (1979): 588-608. DOI: 10.2307/2094589
Cornish, Derek Blaikie, and Ronald V. Clarke. “Opportunities, Precipitators and Criminal Decisions: A Reply to Wortley’s Critique of Situational Crime Prevention.” Crime Prevention Studies 16 (2003): 41-96.
Demetriou, Christina and Andrew Silke. “A Criminological Internet ‘Sting’: Experi-mental Evidence of Illegal and Deviant Visits to A Website Trap”. British Journal of Criminology 43, no.1 (2003): 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/43.1.213
Eck, John. “Police Problems: the Complexity of Problem Theory, Research and Eval-uation.” Crime Prevention Studies 15 (2003):79-113
Flood, Michael. “The Harms of Pornography Exposure Among Children and Young People.” Child Abuse Review, 18 (2009): 384–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.1092
Hillman, Henry, Christopher Hooper, and Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo. “Online Child Exploitation: Challenges and Future Research Directions.” Computer Law and Security Review 30, no. 6 (2014): 687-698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2014.09.007
Hollis, Meghan E., Marcus Felson, and Brandon C. Welsh. “The Capable Guard¬ian in Routine Activities Theory: A Theoretical and Conceptual Reappraisal.” Crime Prevention and Community Safety 15, no. 1 (2013): 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1057/cpcs.2012.14
Jewkes, Yvonne, and Carol Andrews. “Policing the Filth: The Problems of Investigating Online Child Pornography in England and Wales.” Policing and Society 15, no. 1 (2005): 42-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/1043946042000338922
Krone, Tony and Russell G Smith, “Trajectories in Online Child Sexual Exploitation Offending in Australia”. Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice 524 (2017).
McCabe, Kimberly A. “The Role of Internet Service Providers in Cases of Child Por-nography and Child Prostitution.” Social Science Computer Review 26, no. 2 (2008): 247-251. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439307301438
Olson, Loreen N., Joy L. Daggs, Barbara L. Ellevold, and Teddy KK Rogers. “Entrapping the Innocent: Toward a Theory Of Child Sexual Predators’ Luring ommunication.” Communication Theory 17, no. 3 (2007): 231-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00294.x
Putra, Angga Astian, Prija Djatmika, and Nurini Aprilianda. “Bentuk Perlindungan Hukum bagi Anak agar Tidak Menjadi Korban dari Tindak Pidana Pornografi melalui Situs Internet,” Jurnal Hukum (2016).
Siregar, Alimuddin. “Pornography Criminal Act on Pictures under the Law Number 44 Year 2008 about Pornography and Islamic Law In Indonesia” IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 22, no. 10 (2017): 87-95. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2210118795
DISSERTATION
Diriwari, Wilson Ola. “Efficacy of the Legal Frameworks for Child Protection in Nigeria.” PhD diss., Department of Politics, History and the Brunel Law School Brunel University London, 2016.Decision, Indonesian Supreme Court, No. 100K/Sip/1967 dated14 June 1968.
LEGAL DOCUMENTS
Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, Council of Europe Treaty Series - No. 201
Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe Treaty Series No. 185
ILO Convention No. 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour
Indonesian Criminal Code
Indonesia, Law Number 23 Year 2002 on Child Protection
Indonesia, Law Number 11 Year 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions
Indonesia, Law Number 44 Year 2008 concerning Pornography
Indonesia, Law Number 35 Year 2014 concerning the Amendment to Law Number 23 Year 2002 on Child Protection
Indonesia, Law Number 19 Year 2016 concerning the Amendment to Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions
United Nations General Assembly (2015), “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, UNDOC, A/70/L.1
OTHER DOCUMENTS
Adegoke, Y. Top Brands Start to Pull Ads from P2P Networks. New Media Age, April 24, 2003.
Committee of the Parties to the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (T-ES), “Opinion on Article 23 of the Lanzarote Convention and its Explanatory Note Solicitation of Children for Sexual Purposes through Information and Communication Technologies (Grooming),” Adopted by the Lanzarote Committee on 17 June 2015.
Committee of the Parties to the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (T-ES), 1st Implementation Report “Protection of Children Against Sexual Abuse in the Circle of Trust the Framework” Adopted by the Lanzarote Committee on 4 December 2015.
Deanna Davy “Regional Overview: Sexual Exploitation of Children in Southeast Asia” Bangkok: ECPAT International, September 2017
ECPAT International and Religions for Peace, “Protecting Children from Online Sexual Exploitation: A Guide to Action for Religious Leaders and Communities,” Bangkok and New York, June 2016.
European Commission, Home Affairs, Report of the Global Alliance against Child Sexual Abuse Online, December 2013.
Interpol, “Towards a Global Indicator on Unidentified Victims in Child Sexual Exploitation Material,” Technical Report. Bangkok: Interpol and ECPAT International, 2018.
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “New Digital Technologies Produce Unprecedented Levels of Child Abuse Material Online”, 18 March 2016.
United Nations Glossary on Sexual Exploitation and Abuse Thematic Glossary of current terminology related to Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) in the context of the United Nations Second Edition, Prepared by the Task Team on the SEA Glossary for the Special Coordinator on improving the United Nations Response to Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, 24 July 2017.
CASE LAW
Decision of District Court of Surabaya (Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya) No. 2191/ Pid.B/2014/PN.Sbythe SEA Glossary for the Special Coordinator on improving the United Nations Response to Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, 24 July 2017.
WEBSITE CONTENT
BBC News. “Police Trap Online Paedophiles.” December 18, 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3329567.stm
Davit Setyawan. “KPAI: Darurat Pornografi pada Anak SD, Orangtua Harus Tingkatkan Pengawasan.” March 31, 2018. http://www.kpai.go.id/berita/kpai-darurat-pornografi-pada-anak-sd-orangtua-harus-tingkatkan-pengawasan
Emarketeer. “In Indonesia a New Digital Class Emerges: Internet and Mobile Internet Will See Significant Adoption in the Next Few Years.” March 12, 2013. http://www.emarketer.com/Article/Indonesia-New-Digital-Class-Emerges/1009723
European Commission, Migration and Home Affairs, “The Global Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Online.” European Commission, Migration and Home Affairs, “The Global Alliance Against Child Sexual Abuse Online” https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/organized-crime-and-hu-man-trafficking/global-alliance-against-child-abuse_en
Kompas, Situs Porno Kian Mengkhawatirkan Kompas.com, March 16, 2012, https://travel.kompas.com/read/2012/03/16/02354152/Situs.Porno.Kian.Mengkhawatirkan%E2%80%AC%E2%80%AC
Lemos, Robert. “P2P Investigation Leads to Child-Porn Busts,” Security Focus. Au-gust 19, 2008. https://www.securityfocus.com/brief/801
Lynam, Jay. “Feds Crack Down on P2P Child Porn”. Tech News World, May 17, 2004. http://www.technewsworld.com/story/technology/33836.html
Mason, Margie. Facebook Used to kidnap, traffic Indonesian girls. USA Today, October 30, 2013. http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/10/29/facebook-used-to-kidnap-traffic-indonesian-girls/1665321/
Reuters, New Indonesia Internet System Blocks More Than 70,000 ‘Negative’ Sites, Jakarta, February 19, 2018, http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/new-indonesia-internet-system-blocks-more-than-70000-negative-sites-5069746/
Tempo, “Kominfo Kantongi 8.166 Aduan Konten Pornografi di Januari 2018”, Bisnis.Com-Tempo.Co, February 23, 2018.https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1063823/kominfo-kantongi-8-166-aduan-konten-pornografi-di-januari-2018
Published
2018-07-31
How to Cite
SOFIAN, Ahmad; PRATAMA, Bambang; TALERICO, Chiara.
Weighting Approaches on Online Sexual Abuse of Children: Cultural Prevention or Crime-Based Enforcement?.
Udayana Journal of Law and Culture, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 2, p. 191-219, july 2018.
ISSN 2549-0680.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ujlc/article/view/39908>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/UJLC.2018.v02.i02.p04.
Section
Articles
