Child Labor in Indonesia
The Role of Labor Demand and Supply
Abstract
Children in employment will potentially lose their chances on education and threaten their human capital development. Labour market theory posited that their existence is in accordance to supply and demand of workforce. This study is making use of logistic regression on Susenas and Podes 2018 to examine the theory presumption. The results suggest that Micro Small Industry (IMK) presence and poverty status are playing roles in children's employment. In addition, head of household’s characteristics, such as their level of education and work status, also contribute significantly. Establishing social assistance programs is paramount in solving child labour issues in Indonesia.
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References
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Posel, D. R. (2001) ‘Who are the heads of household, what do they do, and is the concept of headship useful? An analysis of headship in South Africa’, Development Southern Africa. Taylor & Francis, 18(5), pp. 651–670.
Ray, R. (2000) ‘Analysis of child labour in Peru and Pakistan: A comparative study’, Journal of population economics. Springer, 13(1), pp. 3–19.
Ringdal, C. (2011) ‘Small hands should play, not work: A theoretical analysis of interventions in child labor’. The University of Bergen.
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Verner, D. and Blunch, N.-H. (1999) Revisiting the link between poverty and child labor: the Ghanaian experience. The World Bank.
Wolff, F.-C. (2008) ‘Evidence on the impact of child labor on child health in Indonesia, 1993–2000’, Economics & Human Biology. Elsevier, 6(1), pp. 143–169.
Yeni, I. (2016) Pekerja Anak di Indonesia: Bekerja Atau Tidak, Pekerjaan Berupah Atau Tidak, Dan Fungsi Upah Pekerja Anak. Universitas Indonesia.
Basu, K., Das, S. and Dutta, B. (2010) ‘Child labor and household wealth: Theory and empirical evidence of an inverted-U’, Journal of development economics. Elsevier, 91(1), pp. 8–14.
Basu, K. and Van, P. H. (1998) ‘The economics of child labor’, American economic review. JSTOR, pp. 412–427.
Becker, G. S. (1962) ‘Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis’, Journal of political economy. The University of Chicago Press, 70(5, Part 2), pp. 9–49.
Becker, G. S. (1965) ‘A Theory of the Allocation of Time’, The economic journal. JSTOR, pp. 493–517.
Beegle, K. et al. (2008) ‘The Consequences of Child Labor : Evidence from Longitudinal Data in Rural Tanzania’, Policy Research Working.
Beegle, K., Dehejia, R. and Gatti, R. (2009) ‘Why should we care about child labor? The education, labor market, and health consequences of child labor’, Journal of Human Resources. University of Wisconsin Press, 44(4), pp. 871–889.
Biggeri, M., Mehrotra, S. and Sudarshan, R. (2010) ‘Child labour in industrial outworker households in India’.
Bonnet, F., Vanek, J. and Chen, M. (2019) ‘Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Brief’.
BPS (2010) Pekerja Anak di Indonesia 2009. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
BPS (2017) Klasifikasi Baku Lapangan Usaha Indonesia. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
BPS (2018) Profil Kemiskinan di Indonesia Maret 2018. Jakarta.
BPS (2019) Analisis Hasil SE2016 Lanjutan: Potensi Peningkatan Kinerja Usaha Mikro Kecil. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Brown, D. K., Deardorff, A. V and Stern, R. M. (2002) The determinants of child labor: theory and evidence. School of Public Policy, University of Michigan.
Charmes, J. (2019) ‘Trends and Characteristics of the Informal Economy and Its Components’, in Dimensions of Resilience in Developing Countries. Springer, pp. 37–92.
Darbi, W. P. K., Hall, C. M. and Knott, P. (2018) ‘The informal sector: A review and agenda for management research’, International Journal of Management Reviews. Wiley Online Library, 20(2), pp. 301–324.
DeGraff, D., Levison, D. and Robison, M. (2009) ‘Child labor and mothers’ work in Brazil’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 29(3/4), pp. 152–163.
Dessy, S. and Pallage, S. (2003) ‘Taxes, inequality and the size of the informal sector’, Journal of Development Economics. Elsevier, 70(1), pp. 225–233.
Duryea, S. and Arends-Kuenning, M. (2003) ‘School attendance, child labor and local labor market fluctuations in urban Brazil’, World Development. Elsevier, 31(7), pp. 1165–1178.
Edmonds, E. V. and Pavcnik, N. (2005) ‘The effect of trade liberalization on child labor’, Journal of International Economics. doi: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2004.04.001.
Edmonds, E. V (2006) ‘Child labor and schooling responses to anticipated income in South Africa’, Journal of development Economics. Elsevier, 81(2), pp. 386–414.
Edmonds, E. V and Pavcnik, N. (2005) ‘Child labor in the global economy’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(1), pp. 199–220.
Emerson, P. M. and Souza, A. P. (2011) ‘Is child labor harmful? The impact of working earlier in life on adult earnings’, Economic Development and Cultural Change. University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL, 59(2), pp. 345–385.
Fassa, A. G. et al. (2000) ‘Child labor and health: problems and perspectives’, International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. Taylor & Francis, 6(1), pp. 55–62.
Fithriansyah, I. (2009) Determinan Rumah Tangga Pekerja Anak di Indonesia. Universitas Indonesia.
Gibbons, E., Huebler, F. and Loaiza, E. (2005) ‘Child labor, education, and the principle of non-discrimination’, Chapter, 10, p. 214.
Handono, P. (2009) Pengaruh Faktor Sosial Ekonomi Demgorafi Rumah Tangga Terhadap Partisipasi dan Intensitas Bekerja Anak (Analisis Data Susenas Kor Tahun 2006). Universitas Indonesia.
Hosmer Jr, D. W., Lemeshow, S. and Sturdivant, R. X. (2013) Applied logistic regression. John Wiley & Sons.
Hsin, A. (2007) ‘Children’s time use: Labor divisions and schooling in Indonesia’, Journal of Marriage and Family. Wiley Online Library, 69(5), pp. 1297–1306.
ILO (2017) Global Estimates of Child Labour: Results and Trends 2012-2016. Geneva: International Labour Office (ILO).
Iryani, B. S. and Priyarsono, D. S. (2013) ‘Eksploitasi terhadap Anak yang Bekerja di Indonesia’, Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 13(2), pp. 177–195.
Kolk, A. and Van Tulder, R. (2002) ‘Child labor and multinational conduct: a comparison of international business andstakeholder codes’, Journal of Business Ethics. Springer, 36(3), pp. 291–301.
Levison, D. et al. (1994) ‘Is child labor really necessary in Indias carpet industry?’, in. [Unpublished] 1994. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population ….
Manurung, D. (1998) Keadaan dan Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pekerja Anak di Indonesia. Universitas Indonesia.
Nangia, P. (1994) ‘Children in the Urban Informal Sector: A Tragedy of the Developing Countries in Asia’, in The Asian City: Processes of Development, Characteristics and Planning. Springer, pp. 279–294.
Posel, D. R. (2001) ‘Who are the heads of household, what do they do, and is the concept of headship useful? An analysis of headship in South Africa’, Development Southern Africa. Taylor & Francis, 18(5), pp. 651–670.
Ray, R. (2000) ‘Analysis of child labour in Peru and Pakistan: A comparative study’, Journal of population economics. Springer, 13(1), pp. 3–19.
Ringdal, C. (2011) ‘Small hands should play, not work: A theoretical analysis of interventions in child labor’. The University of Bergen.
Triningsih, N. and Ichihashi, M. (2010) ‘The Impact of Poverty and Educational Policy on Child Labor in Indonesia’, 1DEC Hiroshima University Discussion Paper.
Usman, H. (2002) Determinan dan Eksploitasi Pekerja Anak-Anak di Indonesia. Universitas Indonesia.
Usman, H. and Nachrowi, D. N. (2004) Pekerja Anak di Indonesia: Kondisi, Determinan, dan Eksploitasi. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia.
Verner, D. and Blunch, N.-H. (1999) Revisiting the link between poverty and child labor: the Ghanaian experience. The World Bank.
Wolff, F.-C. (2008) ‘Evidence on the impact of child labor on child health in Indonesia, 1993–2000’, Economics & Human Biology. Elsevier, 6(1), pp. 143–169.
Yeni, I. (2016) Pekerja Anak di Indonesia: Bekerja Atau Tidak, Pekerjaan Berupah Atau Tidak, Dan Fungsi Upah Pekerja Anak. Universitas Indonesia.
Published
2020-02-26
How to Cite
UTAMA, Resa Surya; HANDAYANI, Dwini.
Child Labor in Indonesia.
Jurnal Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terapan, [S.l.], p. 145-157, feb. 2020.
ISSN 2303-0186.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jekt/article/view/55371>. Date accessed: 22 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/JEKT.2020.v13.i01.p07.
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Articles
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