PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI, KETIMPANGAN, DAN KEMISKINAN: Sebuah Analisis Pro-Poor Growth di Indonesia
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https://doi.org/10.24843/JEKT.2018.v11.i02.p08
Abstrak
Dalam konsep pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pro-poor, pertumbuhan yang disertai dengan pemerataan pendapatan akan mempercepat proses pengentasan kemiskinan. Dengan menggunakan data survey pengeluaran rumah tangga dan berbagai indikator ekonomi, penelitian ini akan menguji apakah pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia pada periode 2005 sampai dengan 2013 dapat dikategorikan sebagai pertumbuhan yang pro-poor. Penelitian akan menggunakan dua metode, yakni metode Growth Incidence Curve (GIC) dan metode Pro-Poor Growth Index (PPGI). Metode GIC menunjukkan hasil empiris bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi pada periode yang diobservasi tidak bisa dikatakan sebagai pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pro-poor. Kurva GIC memperlihatkan bahwa rumah tangga ‘kaya’ justru menikmati peningkatan pengeluaran untuk konsumsi dibanding rumah tangga ‘miskin’. Lebih jauh lagi, ketika menggunakan metode PPGI, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi, ketimpangan, dan interaksi antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan ketimpangan berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kemiskinan di Indonesia. Hasil empiris juga menunjukkan bahwa dari tiga sektor yang diteliti, yakni sektor industri, sektor pertanian, dan sektor jasa; sektor industri berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap upaya pengentasan kemiskinan, sedangkan sektor pertanian justru secara signifikan berkorelasi negatif dengan pengurangan kemiskinan. Sementara itu, sektor jasa tidak terbukti berkontribusi dalam menurunkan angka kemiskinan. Selain itu, uji statistik juga menyatakan bahwa pengeluaran pemerintah di bidang pendidikan dan kesehatan tidak berkontribusi dalam mengurangi kemiskinan.
Kata Kunci
Kemiskinan, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Ketimpangan, Pro-Poor Growth
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Referensi
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Christiansen, L. and L. Demery (2007) Down to Earth: Agriculture and Poverty Reduction in Africa. Washington: The World Bank.
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Dollar, D. and A. Kraay (2002) ‘Growth is Good for the Poor’, Journal of Economic Growth 7(3): 195-225.
Dollar, D., T. Kleineberg and A. Kraay (2016) ‘Growth still is Good for the Poor’, European Economic Review 81(2016): 68-85.
Foster, M., A. Fozzard, F. Naschold, and T. Conway (2002) How, When, and Why does Poverty get Budget Priority Poverty Reduction Strategy and Public Expenditure in Five African Countries. London: Overseas Development Institute.
Haraguchi, N., C. F. C. Cheng, E. Smeets (2017) ‘The Importance of Manufacturing in Economic Development: Has this Changed?’, World Development: 1-23.
Hasan, R. and M. G. Quibria (2004) ‘Industry Matters for Poverty: A Critique of Agricultural Fundamentalism’ Kyklos Business Source Premier 57(2): 253-264.
Kakwani, N., E. M. Pernia. (2000) ‘What is Pro-Poor Growth?’, Asian Development Review 18(1): 1-16.
Kakwani, N., H. H. Son. (2003) ‘Pro-Poor Growth: Concepts and Measurement with Country Case Studies’, The Pakistan Development Review 42(4): 417-444.
Kakwani, N., H. H. Son. (2008) ‘Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate’, The Review of Income and Wealth 54(4): 643-655.
Kakwani, N., M. C. Neri and H.H.Son (2010) ‘Linkages between Pro-Poor Growth, Social Programs, and Labor Market:The Recent Brazilian Experience’, World Development 38(6): 881-894.
Klasen, S. (2008) ‘Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Measurement Issues using Income and Non-Income Indicators’, World Development 36(3): 420-445.
Lin, B. Q. (2003) ‘Economic Growth, Income Inequality, and Poverty Reduction in People’s Republic of China’, Asian Development Review 20(2): 105-124.
Maasoumi, E. and V. Mahmoudi (2013) ‘Robust Growth-Equity Decomposition of Change in Poverty: The Case of Iran (2000-2009)’, The Quarterly Review of Economic and Finance 53(2013): 268-276.
Montalvo, J. G. and M. Ravallion (2010) ‘The Pattern of Growth and Poverty Reduction in China’, Journal of Comparative Economics 38(2010): 2-16.
Nachrowi, N. D., H. Usman (2006) Pendekatan Populer dan Praktis Ekonometrika: Untuk Analisis Ekonomi dan Keuangan. Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia.
Nayyar, G. (2005) ‘Growth and Poverty in Rural India: An Analysis of Inter-State Differences’, Economic and Political Weekly 40(16): 1631-1639.
Papyrakis, E. ‘Environmental Performance in Socially Fragmented Countries’, Environmental and Resiurce Economics 55(1): 119-140.
Perera, L. D. H. and G. H. Y. Lee (2013) ‘Have Economic Growth and Institutional Quality Contributed to Poverty and Inequality Reduction in Asia’, Journal of Asian Economics 27(2013): 71-86.
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Ravallion, M. (2001) ‘Growth, Inequality, and Poverty: Looking Beyond Averages’, in A. Shorrocks and R. V. D. Hoeven (eds) Prospects for Pro-Poor Economic Development, pp. 62-80. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ravallion, M. (2005) ‘A Poverty-Inequality Trade-off?’. Journal of Economic Inequality 2005(3): 169-181.
Ravallion, M. (2004) ‘Pro-Poor Growth: A Primer’, Policy Research Working Paper. Washington: World Bank.
Ravallion, M., G. Datt (1996) ‘How Important to India's Poor Is the Sectoral Composition of Economic Growth?’, The World Bank Economic Review 10(1): 1-25.
Ravallion, M., G. Datt (2009) ‘Has India’s Economic Growth Become More Pro-Poor in the Wake of Economic Reforms’, Policy Research Working Paper. Washington: World Bank.
Ravallion, M., S. Chen (1997) ‘What Can New Survey Data Tell Us about Recent Changes in Distribution and Poverty’, The World Bank Economic Review 11(2): 357-382.
Ravallion, M., S. Chen (2003) ‘Measuring pro-poor growth’ Economic Letters 78(1): 93-99.
Ray, D. (1998) Development Economics. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Selden, T. M. and M. J. Wasylenko (1995) ‘Public Spending and the Poor: Theory and Evidence’, in D. v. d Walle and K. Nead (eds). Measuring the Distributional Effects of Public Education in Peru, pp 154-186. Washington: World Bank.
Silva, I. D. (2016) ‘Why Growth and Redistribution Matter for Poverty Reduction: Evidence from Sri Lanka on the Elusive Quest for Pro-Poor Growth’, Journal of International Development 28: 1272-1293.
Son, H. H. (2007) ‘Pro-Poor Growth. Concepts and Measures’, ERD Technical Note Series 22: 1-23.
Statistic Indonesia (2013) ‘Calculation and Analysis of Indonesian Macro Poverty in The year 2013’. Jakarta, CBS: Statistic Indonesia.
Suryahadi, A., D. Suryadarma, S. Sumarto (2009) ‘The Effects of Location and Sectoral Components of Economic Growth on Poverty: Evidence from Indonesia’, Journal of Development Economics 89(2009): 109-117.
Szirmai, A., B. Verspagen (2015) ‘Manufacturing and economic growth in developing countries, 1950-2005’, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 34: 46-59.
Thirlwall, A. P. (2014) ‘Development and Economic Growth’, in V. Desai and R. B. Potter (eds) The Companion to Development Studies , pp 25-58. Oxon: Routledge
Thurlow, J. and P. Wobst (2005) ‘The Role of Agriculture in Pro-Poor Growth: Lessons from Zambia’, in M. Grimm, S. Klasen and A. McKay (eds) Determinants of Pro-Poor Growth: Analytical Issues and Findings from Country Cases, pp 219-241. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Todaro, M. P., S. C. Smith (2009) Economic Development. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
United Nations (2017) ‘Learning to Live Together’, Accessed 16 July 2017
Warr, P. (2006) ‘Poverty and Growth in Southeast Asia’, ASEAN Economic Bulletin 23(3): 279-302.
White, H. (2014) ‘The Measurement of Poverty’, in V. Desai and R. B. Potter (eds) The Companion to Development Studies , pp 60-67. Oxon: Routledge.
Wilhelm, V. and I. Fiestas (2005) ‘Exploring the Link between Public Spending and Poverty Reductions – Lessons from the 90s’, WBI Working Papers Promoting Knowledge and Learning for a better World. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Wodon, Q. T. (2009) ‘Growth, Poverty, and Inequality: A Regional Panel for Bangladesh’, Policy Research Working paper 2072. Washington: World Bank.
World Bank (2005) ‘Introduction to Poverty Analysis’, Washington: World Bank Institute.
World Bank (2013) ‘ Spending More or Spending Better: Improving Education Financing in Indonesia’, Jakarta: The World Bank Office.
World Bank (2015) ‘World Bank Forecasts Global Poverty to Fall Below 10% for First Time’. Accessed 16 July 2017 http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/10/04/ world-bank-forecasts-global-poverty-to-fall-below-10-for-first-time-major-hurdles-remain-in-goal-to-end-poverty-by-2030
World Bank (2017) ‘The World Bank Data: Economy and Growth’. Accessed 2 August 2017 < https://data.worldbank.org/indicator>.
Zaman, K., M.M. Khan and M. Ahmad (2010) ‘Assessing the Poverty Bias of Growth in Agriculture Sector: Evidence from Pakistan’, International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 1(3): 303-308.
Bourguignon, F. (2004) ‘The Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle’. Paris: Agence Francaise de Development.
Bridonneau, S. (2016) ‘What I have learnt about the use of Growth Incidence Curves: use them but stay critical’. Accessed 1 July 2017
Christiansen, L. and L. Demery (2007) Down to Earth: Agriculture and Poverty Reduction in Africa. Washington: The World Bank.
Directorate General of Fiscal Balance-Indonesia (2013) ‘Realized Local Government Budget 2005-2013’. Jakarta, Ministry of Finance: Directorate General of Fiscal Balance.
Dollar, D. and A. Kraay (2002) ‘Growth is Good for the Poor’, Journal of Economic Growth 7(3): 195-225.
Dollar, D., T. Kleineberg and A. Kraay (2016) ‘Growth still is Good for the Poor’, European Economic Review 81(2016): 68-85.
Foster, M., A. Fozzard, F. Naschold, and T. Conway (2002) How, When, and Why does Poverty get Budget Priority Poverty Reduction Strategy and Public Expenditure in Five African Countries. London: Overseas Development Institute.
Haraguchi, N., C. F. C. Cheng, E. Smeets (2017) ‘The Importance of Manufacturing in Economic Development: Has this Changed?’, World Development: 1-23.
Hasan, R. and M. G. Quibria (2004) ‘Industry Matters for Poverty: A Critique of Agricultural Fundamentalism’ Kyklos Business Source Premier 57(2): 253-264.
Kakwani, N., E. M. Pernia. (2000) ‘What is Pro-Poor Growth?’, Asian Development Review 18(1): 1-16.
Kakwani, N., H. H. Son. (2003) ‘Pro-Poor Growth: Concepts and Measurement with Country Case Studies’, The Pakistan Development Review 42(4): 417-444.
Kakwani, N., H. H. Son. (2008) ‘Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate’, The Review of Income and Wealth 54(4): 643-655.
Kakwani, N., M. C. Neri and H.H.Son (2010) ‘Linkages between Pro-Poor Growth, Social Programs, and Labor Market:The Recent Brazilian Experience’, World Development 38(6): 881-894.
Klasen, S. (2008) ‘Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Measurement Issues using Income and Non-Income Indicators’, World Development 36(3): 420-445.
Lin, B. Q. (2003) ‘Economic Growth, Income Inequality, and Poverty Reduction in People’s Republic of China’, Asian Development Review 20(2): 105-124.
Maasoumi, E. and V. Mahmoudi (2013) ‘Robust Growth-Equity Decomposition of Change in Poverty: The Case of Iran (2000-2009)’, The Quarterly Review of Economic and Finance 53(2013): 268-276.
Montalvo, J. G. and M. Ravallion (2010) ‘The Pattern of Growth and Poverty Reduction in China’, Journal of Comparative Economics 38(2010): 2-16.
Nachrowi, N. D., H. Usman (2006) Pendekatan Populer dan Praktis Ekonometrika: Untuk Analisis Ekonomi dan Keuangan. Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia.
Nayyar, G. (2005) ‘Growth and Poverty in Rural India: An Analysis of Inter-State Differences’, Economic and Political Weekly 40(16): 1631-1639.
Papyrakis, E. ‘Environmental Performance in Socially Fragmented Countries’, Environmental and Resiurce Economics 55(1): 119-140.
Perera, L. D. H. and G. H. Y. Lee (2013) ‘Have Economic Growth and Institutional Quality Contributed to Poverty and Inequality Reduction in Asia’, Journal of Asian Economics 27(2013): 71-86.
Potter, R. B. (2014) ‘Measuring Development: From GDP to HDI and Wider Approaches’, in V. Desai and R. B. Potter (eds) The Companion to Development Studies , pp 56-59. Oxon: Routledge.
Ravallion, M. (2001) ‘Growth, Inequality, and Poverty: Looking Beyond Averages’, in A. Shorrocks and R. V. D. Hoeven (eds) Prospects for Pro-Poor Economic Development, pp. 62-80. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ravallion, M. (2005) ‘A Poverty-Inequality Trade-off?’. Journal of Economic Inequality 2005(3): 169-181.
Ravallion, M. (2004) ‘Pro-Poor Growth: A Primer’, Policy Research Working Paper. Washington: World Bank.
Ravallion, M., G. Datt (1996) ‘How Important to India's Poor Is the Sectoral Composition of Economic Growth?’, The World Bank Economic Review 10(1): 1-25.
Ravallion, M., G. Datt (2009) ‘Has India’s Economic Growth Become More Pro-Poor in the Wake of Economic Reforms’, Policy Research Working Paper. Washington: World Bank.
Ravallion, M., S. Chen (1997) ‘What Can New Survey Data Tell Us about Recent Changes in Distribution and Poverty’, The World Bank Economic Review 11(2): 357-382.
Ravallion, M., S. Chen (2003) ‘Measuring pro-poor growth’ Economic Letters 78(1): 93-99.
Ray, D. (1998) Development Economics. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Selden, T. M. and M. J. Wasylenko (1995) ‘Public Spending and the Poor: Theory and Evidence’, in D. v. d Walle and K. Nead (eds). Measuring the Distributional Effects of Public Education in Peru, pp 154-186. Washington: World Bank.
Silva, I. D. (2016) ‘Why Growth and Redistribution Matter for Poverty Reduction: Evidence from Sri Lanka on the Elusive Quest for Pro-Poor Growth’, Journal of International Development 28: 1272-1293.
Son, H. H. (2007) ‘Pro-Poor Growth. Concepts and Measures’, ERD Technical Note Series 22: 1-23.
Statistic Indonesia (2013) ‘Calculation and Analysis of Indonesian Macro Poverty in The year 2013’. Jakarta, CBS: Statistic Indonesia.
Suryahadi, A., D. Suryadarma, S. Sumarto (2009) ‘The Effects of Location and Sectoral Components of Economic Growth on Poverty: Evidence from Indonesia’, Journal of Development Economics 89(2009): 109-117.
Szirmai, A., B. Verspagen (2015) ‘Manufacturing and economic growth in developing countries, 1950-2005’, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 34: 46-59.
Thirlwall, A. P. (2014) ‘Development and Economic Growth’, in V. Desai and R. B. Potter (eds) The Companion to Development Studies , pp 25-58. Oxon: Routledge
Thurlow, J. and P. Wobst (2005) ‘The Role of Agriculture in Pro-Poor Growth: Lessons from Zambia’, in M. Grimm, S. Klasen and A. McKay (eds) Determinants of Pro-Poor Growth: Analytical Issues and Findings from Country Cases, pp 219-241. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Todaro, M. P., S. C. Smith (2009) Economic Development. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
United Nations (2017) ‘Learning to Live Together’, Accessed 16 July 2017
Warr, P. (2006) ‘Poverty and Growth in Southeast Asia’, ASEAN Economic Bulletin 23(3): 279-302.
White, H. (2014) ‘The Measurement of Poverty’, in V. Desai and R. B. Potter (eds) The Companion to Development Studies , pp 60-67. Oxon: Routledge.
Wilhelm, V. and I. Fiestas (2005) ‘Exploring the Link between Public Spending and Poverty Reductions – Lessons from the 90s’, WBI Working Papers Promoting Knowledge and Learning for a better World. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Wodon, Q. T. (2009) ‘Growth, Poverty, and Inequality: A Regional Panel for Bangladesh’, Policy Research Working paper 2072. Washington: World Bank.
World Bank (2005) ‘Introduction to Poverty Analysis’, Washington: World Bank Institute.
World Bank (2013) ‘ Spending More or Spending Better: Improving Education Financing in Indonesia’, Jakarta: The World Bank Office.
World Bank (2015) ‘World Bank Forecasts Global Poverty to Fall Below 10% for First Time’. Accessed 16 July 2017 http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/10/04/ world-bank-forecasts-global-poverty-to-fall-below-10-for-first-time-major-hurdles-remain-in-goal-to-end-poverty-by-2030
World Bank (2017) ‘The World Bank Data: Economy and Growth’. Accessed 2 August 2017 < https://data.worldbank.org/indicator>.
Zaman, K., M.M. Khan and M. Ahmad (2010) ‘Assessing the Poverty Bias of Growth in Agriculture Sector: Evidence from Pakistan’, International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 1(3): 303-308.
Diterbitkan
2018-08-13
##submission.howToCite##
PERMADI, Yudistira Andi.
PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI, KETIMPANGAN, DAN KEMISKINAN: Sebuah Analisis Pro-Poor Growth di Indonesia.
Jurnal Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terapan, [S.l.], p. 216-233, aug. 2018.
ISSN 2303-0186.
Tersedia pada: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jekt/article/view/35124>. Tanggal Akses: 17 may 2024
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/JEKT.2018.v11.i02.p08.
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