Hubungan Cultural Distance Dan Perdagangan: Studi Kasus Pada Kerja Sama Ekonomi Asia-Pacific (APEC)
Abstract
Sebelum konsep cultural distance dikembangkan, konsep distance dalam perdagangan terfokus kepada geographical distance. Perbedaan norms, values, serta beliefs merupakan cultural distance yang berpotensi memunculkan trade cost sehingga menurunkan perdagangan. Variabel dari World Values Survey seperti trust, respect, control, dan obedience digunakan sebagai indikator cultural distance untuk menganalisis hubungan cultural distance dan perdagangan di dalam kawasan ekonomi APEC. Sebanyak 6,728 observasi digunakan dengan periode penelitian tahun 1990-2013, pertama-tama penelitian ini menggunakan metode estimasi pooled-effect OLS. Namun hasil dari pooled-effect OLS berpotensi mengandung endogenitas, sehingga penelitian ini menggunakan 3SLS sebagai strategi empiris dalam mengatasi endogenitas. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan cultural distance tidak berpengaruh terhadap perdagangan di dalam kawasan APEC, tetapi perdagangan di dalam kawasan ekonomi APEC terbukti mampu menurunkan keengganan berdagang yang muncul akibat cultural distance.
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References
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Cyrus, T. (2012). Cultural Distance and Bilateral Trade. Global Economy Journal, Volume 12.
Cyrus, T. L. (2015). Culture and Trade in the European Union. Journal of Economic Integration, 206-239.
Deutsch, M. (1958). Trust and Suspicion. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 265-279.
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Felbermayr, G., & Toubal, F. (2010). Cultural Proximity and Trade. European Economic Review, 279-293.
Fourie, J., & Gallego, M. S. (2013). Ethnic Reunion and Cultural Affinity. Tourism Management 36, 411-420.
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Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2009). Cultural Biases in Economic Exchange? Quarterly Journal of Economics 124, no. 3, 1095-1131.
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Hutchinson, W. (2006). Lingusitic Distance as a Determinant of U.S. Bilateral Trade, 1970-1986. Southern Economic Journal 72(1), 1-15.
Hutchinson, W. K. (2002). Do Ease of Communication Increase Trade? Commonality of Language and Bilateral Trade. Working Paper No. 02-W17, 1-25.
Inglehart, R. (2000). World Values Suverys and European Values Surveys, 1981-1984, 1990-1993, and 1995-1997. Ann Arbor-Michigan, Institute for Social Research, ICPSR Version.
Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. (2000). Modernization, Cultural Change and the Persistence of Traditional Values. American Sociological Review, February, 65, 19-51.
Isphording, I. E., & Otten, S. (2012). The Costs of Babylon - Lingusitic Distane in Applied Economics. RUHR Economic Papers, 1-36.
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Kabir, S., & Salim, A. R. (2011). Parallel Intergration and ASEAN-EU Trade Potential: an Empirical Analysis. Journal of Economic Integration, Vol. 26, No. 4, 601-623.
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Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1997). Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation. The Quarterly Jurnal of Economics, Vol. 112, No. 4, 1251-1288.
Konya, I. (2006). Modelling Cultural Barriers in International Trade. Review of International Economics 14:3, 494-507.
Krugman, & Obstfeld, M. (2006). International Economics: Theory and Policy. Pearson - Addison Weakley.
Krugman, P. R. (2007). Trade and Inequality, Revisited. Globalization-Economic Development and Inequality: What is the Evidence? . Vox: Centre for Economic Policy Research.
Kuo, T. S., & Firster, J. (2011). Integratinf Greater APEC Economies with Regional Institutionalism. Asia Study Center Consortium, 1-16.
La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2008). The Economic Consequences of Legal Origins. Journal of Economic Literature, 46:2, 285-332.
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Schleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1997). Trust in Large Organization. American Economic Review 87, no.2, 333-338.
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1999). The Quality of Government. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 15, 222-279.
Lane, R. (1991). The Market Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Langdon, F., & Job, L. B. (1997). APEC Beyond Economics, The Politic of APEC. The Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies.
Lin, N. (2001). A Theory of Social Structure and Action. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Linders, G.-J., & De Groot, H. (2006). Estimation of the Gravity Equation in the Presence of Zero Flows. Available at SSRN 924160.
Lundborg, J., & Nouri, I. (2008). Cultural Distance and International Acquisition Performance.
Matter, B. (2007). The Silk Road and Beyond: Travel, Trade, and Transofrmation. Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies, Vol. 33 No. 1, 1-2.
Mayer, T., Head, K., & Ries, J. (2008). The Erosion of Colonial Trade Linkages after Independence. CEPII, Working Paper, 1-39.
Melitz, J. (2008). Language and Foreign Trade. European Economic Review 52, 667-99.
Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral Study of Obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 371-378.
Moeljono, D. (2003). Beyond Leadership: 12 Konsep Kepemimpinan. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo.
Noland, M. (2005). Affinity and International Trade. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
Ojalala, A. (2009). Is Globalization Reducing Distances between Countries? Some Empirical Evidence from Foreign Software Firms Operating in Japan. Journal of Japan Academy for Asian Market Economies, 12(1), 95-101.
Otten, S. (2013). Language and Cultural Barriers in International Factor Movements.
Panennungi, M., Pulungsari, R., Fitriani, E., Tjahjandari, L., Surjadi, & Wicaksono, P. (2014). Analysis of Issues Development in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review 14(1), 1-20.
Platteau, J. (2000). Institutions, Social Norms, and Economic Development. New York: Routledge.
Policy Support Unit, APEC Secretariat. (2016). APEC Regional Trends Analysis, Reducing Trade Costs in the Asia-Pacific. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat.
Porter, M. (2000). Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs, and the Microeconomics of Prosperity. New York: Basic Books.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Putnam, R. D., & R., N. (1993). Making Democracy Work. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Raunch, J. (1999). Network Versus Markets in International Trade. Journal of International Economics 48(1), 7-35.
Raunch, J., & Trindade, V. (2002). Ethnic Chinese Networks in International Trade. Review of Economics and Statistics 84(1), 116-130.
Redding, S., & Venables, A. (2004). Economic Geography and International Inequality. Journal of International Economics62(1), 53-82.
Reicher, D. S., Haslam, S., & Smith, J. R. (2012). Working Toward the Experimenter: Reconceptualizing Obedience within the Milgram Paradigm as Identification-Based Followership. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 315-324.
Reisman, D. (2002). The Institutional Economy: Demand and Supply. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Sari, A. (2008). TThe Conclusion of International Agreements by the European Union in the Context of the ESDP. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 57 No. 1, 53-86.
Secretariat, T. A. (2006). Socio-Economic Disparity in the APEC Region. Singapore: The APEC Secretariat.
Senkar, O. (2012). Beyond Cultural Distance: Switching to a Friction Lens in The Study of Cultural Differences. Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 43, No. 1, 12-17.
Smith, A. (1759). The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Edinburgh.
Snorrason, S. (2012). Size Characteristics of Economies, Trade Costs and Welfare. Asymmetric Economic Integration , 208.
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Syahyuti. (2008). Peran Modal Sosial (Social Capital) dalam Perdagangan Hasil Pertanian. Forum Peneliti Agro Ekonomi, Volume 26 No. 1, 32-43.
Tabellini, G. (2010). Culture and Institutions: Economic Development in the Regions od Europe. Journal of the European Economic Association 8 no.4, 677-716.
Tadesse, B., & White, R. (2007). Cultural Distance as a Determinant of Bilateral Trade Flows: Do Immigrants Counter the Effect of Cultural Differences? Applied Economic Letters, 1-6.
Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping the World Econmy-Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.
Tumwebaze, H. K. (2015). Determinants of Uganda's Export PErformance: A Gravity Model Analysis. International Journal of Economics and Business Studies, Vol. 5 No. 1-2.
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White, R. a. (2008). Cultural Distance and the US Immigrant-Trade Link. The World Economy 31 no.8, 1078-1096.
Yaumi, M. (2014). Pendidikan Karakter: Landasan, Pilar, dan Implementasi Edisi Pertama. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.
Zolin, R., Hinds, P. J., Frutcher, R., & Levitt, R. E. (2004). Interpersonal Trust in Cross-Functionsl, Geographically Distributed Work: A Longitudinal Study. Information and Organization 14, 1-26.
Acharya, A. (2011). Asian Regional Institutions and the Possibilities for Socializing the Behavior of States. ADB Working Paper Seris on Regional Economic Integration, 1-44.
Akhter, N., & Ghani, E. (2010). Regional Integration in South Asia: An Analysis of Trade Flows Using the Gravity Model. The Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 49 No. 2, 105-118.
Anderson, J., & Wincoop, E. (2004). Trade Costs. Journal of Economic Literature Vol.42, no.3, 691-751.
Atkin, D. M. (1999). Bourdieu's Concept of Social Capital: an Examination of his Boarder Theritical Framework and the Concepts Applications and Implications for Australian Social Policy.
Avila, J. L. (1999). Regional Cooperation in APEC and ASEM: An Institutionalist Perspective. Philippines: The PASCN Secretariat.
Banfield, E. (1958). The Moral Basis of a Backward Society. New York: The Free Press.
Bastos, P., & Silva, J. (2008). Cultural Links, Firm Heterogeneity and the Intensive and Extensive Margins of International Trade. Research Paper Series: Globalization, Productivity, and Technology.
Boisso, D., & Ferrantino, M. (1997). Economic Distance, Cultural Distance, and Openness in International Trade: Empirical Puzzles. Journal of Economic Integration 12(4), 456-484.
Boumol, W. J., & Blinder, A. S. (1989). Economics Principle and Policy. United States: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.
Chan, K. S. (2007). Trade, Social Values, and the Generalized Trust. Southern Economic Journal, 733-753.
Chiswick, B. R., & Miller, P. W. (2004). Lingusitic Distance: A Quantitative Measure of the Distance Between English and Other Languages. IZA Discussion Paper No. 1246, 1-18.
Coleman, S. J. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology Vol. 94, S95-S120.
Coleman, S. J. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge: Harward University Press.
Combes, P.-P., Lafourcade, M., & Mayer, T. (2005). The Trade Creating Effects of Business and Social Networks: Evidence from France. Journal of International Economics 66, 1-29.
Coyne, C. J., & Williamson, C. R. (2012). Trade Openness and Cultural Creative Destruction. Journal of Enterpreneurship and Public Policy, 22-49.
Cyrus, T. (2012). Cultural Distance and Bilateral Trade. Global Economy Journal, Volume 12.
Cyrus, T. L. (2015). Culture and Trade in the European Union. Journal of Economic Integration, 206-239.
Deutsch, M. (1958). Trust and Suspicion. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 265-279.
Direktorat Kerjasama Intra Kawasan Asia Pasifik dan Afrika. (2007). APEC 2010/2020. Jakarta: Departemen Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia.
Djohan, R. (2007). Lead to Togetherness. Jakarta: Fund Asia Education.
Duvan, Y., Saggu, A., & Utoktham, C. (2015). Reducing Trade Costs in Asia-Pacific Developing Countries. Studies in Trade and Investment, no. 84, 1-31.
Elass, P., & Viega, J. (1994). Acculturation in Acquired Organizatons: A Force-Field Perspective. Human Relations 47, 431-53.
Fafchamps, M., & Minten, B. (2001). Social Capital and Agricultural Trade. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 83, No. 3, 680-685.
Feenstra, R. C. (2004). Advanced International Trade. Theory and Evidence. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Felbermayr, G., & Toubal, F. (2010). Cultural Proximity and Trade. European Economic Review, 279-293.
Fourie, J., & Gallego, M. S. (2013). Ethnic Reunion and Cultural Affinity. Tourism Management 36, 411-420.
Fukuyama, F. (1996). Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Ghemawat, P. (2007). Redefining Global Strategy. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press.
Guiso, L., Sapienza, L., & Zingales, L. (2004). Cultural Biases in Economic Exchange. NBER Working Paper 11005.
Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2006). Does Culture Affect Economic Outcomes? Journal of Economic Perspective 20(2), 23-48.
Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2009). Cultural Biases in Economic Exchange? Quarterly Journal of Economics 124, no. 3, 1095-1131.
Guo, R. (2004). How Culture Influences Foreign hTrade: Evidence from the US and China. The Journal of Socio-Economics 33, no. 6, 785-812.
Harms, P., & Shuvalova, D. (2016). Cultural Distance and International Trade in Services: A Disaggregate View. Discussion Paper Number 1606, 1-35.
Harper, D. (2003). Foundations of Enterpreneurship and Economic Development. New York: Routledge.
Hartanto, F. M. (2009). Paradigma Baru Manajemen Indonesia: Menciptakan Nilai dengan Bertumpu pada Kebajikan dan Potensi Insani. Jakarta: Mizan Pustaka.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations, Across Nations. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage Publications.
Hutchinson, W. (2006). Lingusitic Distance as a Determinant of U.S. Bilateral Trade, 1970-1986. Southern Economic Journal 72(1), 1-15.
Hutchinson, W. K. (2002). Do Ease of Communication Increase Trade? Commonality of Language and Bilateral Trade. Working Paper No. 02-W17, 1-25.
Inglehart, R. (2000). World Values Suverys and European Values Surveys, 1981-1984, 1990-1993, and 1995-1997. Ann Arbor-Michigan, Institute for Social Research, ICPSR Version.
Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. (2000). Modernization, Cultural Change and the Persistence of Traditional Values. American Sociological Review, February, 65, 19-51.
Isphording, I. E., & Otten, S. (2012). The Costs of Babylon - Lingusitic Distane in Applied Economics. RUHR Economic Papers, 1-36.
Janeba, E. (2004). International Trade and Cultural Identity. NBER Working Paper.
Kabir, S., & Salim, A. R. (2011). Parallel Intergration and ASEAN-EU Trade Potential: an Empirical Analysis. Journal of Economic Integration, Vol. 26, No. 4, 601-623.
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. (n.d.). Retrieved from kbbi.web.id/afinitas: http://kbbi.web.id/afinitas
Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1997). Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation. The Quarterly Jurnal of Economics, Vol. 112, No. 4, 1251-1288.
Konya, I. (2006). Modelling Cultural Barriers in International Trade. Review of International Economics 14:3, 494-507.
Krugman, & Obstfeld, M. (2006). International Economics: Theory and Policy. Pearson - Addison Weakley.
Krugman, P. R. (2007). Trade and Inequality, Revisited. Globalization-Economic Development and Inequality: What is the Evidence? . Vox: Centre for Economic Policy Research.
Kuo, T. S., & Firster, J. (2011). Integratinf Greater APEC Economies with Regional Institutionalism. Asia Study Center Consortium, 1-16.
La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2008). The Economic Consequences of Legal Origins. Journal of Economic Literature, 46:2, 285-332.
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Schleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1997). Trust in Large Organization. American Economic Review 87, no.2, 333-338.
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1999). The Quality of Government. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 15, 222-279.
Lane, R. (1991). The Market Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Langdon, F., & Job, L. B. (1997). APEC Beyond Economics, The Politic of APEC. The Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies.
Lin, N. (2001). A Theory of Social Structure and Action. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Linders, G.-J., & De Groot, H. (2006). Estimation of the Gravity Equation in the Presence of Zero Flows. Available at SSRN 924160.
Lundborg, J., & Nouri, I. (2008). Cultural Distance and International Acquisition Performance.
Matter, B. (2007). The Silk Road and Beyond: Travel, Trade, and Transofrmation. Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies, Vol. 33 No. 1, 1-2.
Mayer, T., Head, K., & Ries, J. (2008). The Erosion of Colonial Trade Linkages after Independence. CEPII, Working Paper, 1-39.
Melitz, J. (2008). Language and Foreign Trade. European Economic Review 52, 667-99.
Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral Study of Obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 371-378.
Moeljono, D. (2003). Beyond Leadership: 12 Konsep Kepemimpinan. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo.
Noland, M. (2005). Affinity and International Trade. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
Ojalala, A. (2009). Is Globalization Reducing Distances between Countries? Some Empirical Evidence from Foreign Software Firms Operating in Japan. Journal of Japan Academy for Asian Market Economies, 12(1), 95-101.
Otten, S. (2013). Language and Cultural Barriers in International Factor Movements.
Panennungi, M., Pulungsari, R., Fitriani, E., Tjahjandari, L., Surjadi, & Wicaksono, P. (2014). Analysis of Issues Development in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review 14(1), 1-20.
Platteau, J. (2000). Institutions, Social Norms, and Economic Development. New York: Routledge.
Policy Support Unit, APEC Secretariat. (2016). APEC Regional Trends Analysis, Reducing Trade Costs in the Asia-Pacific. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat.
Porter, M. (2000). Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs, and the Microeconomics of Prosperity. New York: Basic Books.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Putnam, R. D., & R., N. (1993). Making Democracy Work. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Raunch, J. (1999). Network Versus Markets in International Trade. Journal of International Economics 48(1), 7-35.
Raunch, J., & Trindade, V. (2002). Ethnic Chinese Networks in International Trade. Review of Economics and Statistics 84(1), 116-130.
Redding, S., & Venables, A. (2004). Economic Geography and International Inequality. Journal of International Economics62(1), 53-82.
Reicher, D. S., Haslam, S., & Smith, J. R. (2012). Working Toward the Experimenter: Reconceptualizing Obedience within the Milgram Paradigm as Identification-Based Followership. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 315-324.
Reisman, D. (2002). The Institutional Economy: Demand and Supply. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Sari, A. (2008). TThe Conclusion of International Agreements by the European Union in the Context of the ESDP. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 57 No. 1, 53-86.
Secretariat, T. A. (2006). Socio-Economic Disparity in the APEC Region. Singapore: The APEC Secretariat.
Senkar, O. (2012). Beyond Cultural Distance: Switching to a Friction Lens in The Study of Cultural Differences. Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 43, No. 1, 12-17.
Smith, A. (1759). The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Edinburgh.
Snorrason, S. (2012). Size Characteristics of Economies, Trade Costs and Welfare. Asymmetric Economic Integration , 208.
StataCorp. (2015). Stata: Release 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
Stolz, S. M. (2007). Bank Capital and Risk-Taking. Berlin: Springer.
Storti, C. (2001). Old World, New World: Bridging Cultural Differences. Boston, MA.: Intercultural Press.
Syahyuti. (2008). Peran Modal Sosial (Social Capital) dalam Perdagangan Hasil Pertanian. Forum Peneliti Agro Ekonomi, Volume 26 No. 1, 32-43.
Tabellini, G. (2010). Culture and Institutions: Economic Development in the Regions od Europe. Journal of the European Economic Association 8 no.4, 677-716.
Tadesse, B., & White, R. (2007). Cultural Distance as a Determinant of Bilateral Trade Flows: Do Immigrants Counter the Effect of Cultural Differences? Applied Economic Letters, 1-6.
Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping the World Econmy-Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.
Tumwebaze, H. K. (2015). Determinants of Uganda's Export PErformance: A Gravity Model Analysis. International Journal of Economics and Business Studies, Vol. 5 No. 1-2.
United Nations Economic and Social Comission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). (2012). Reducing Trade Costs: Implications from the ESCAP-World Bank Trade Cost Database. UNESCAP.
Waugh, D. (2013). The Silk Road. The Silk Road 11, 1-11.
White, R. a. (2008). Cultural Distance and the US Immigrant-Trade Link. The World Economy 31 no.8, 1078-1096.
Yaumi, M. (2014). Pendidikan Karakter: Landasan, Pilar, dan Implementasi Edisi Pertama. Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.
Zolin, R., Hinds, P. J., Frutcher, R., & Levitt, R. E. (2004). Interpersonal Trust in Cross-Functionsl, Geographically Distributed Work: A Longitudinal Study. Information and Organization 14, 1-26.
Published
2018-02-10
How to Cite
WILANDARI, Angestika; PANENNUNGI, Maddaremmeng A.
Hubungan Cultural Distance Dan Perdagangan: Studi Kasus Pada Kerja Sama Ekonomi Asia-Pacific (APEC).
Jurnal Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terapan, [S.l.], p. 35-52, feb. 2018.
ISSN 2303-0186.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/jekt/article/view/31375>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/JEKT.2018.v11.i01.p03.
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Articles
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