RAJA YOGA MEDITATION AS INNOVATION OF PREVENTION AND THERAPY IN PEDOPHILIA
Abstract
Pedophilia is a frequent case in the world including Indonesia. This makes Indonesia a pedophilia emergency. The data on child abuse based on Commission Child Protection Indonesia (KPAI) in 2010-2014 was increased 42-58 percent of pedophilia. Besides, the victims will eventually become pedophiles that are called victim-to-abuser cycles. Recently, it needed the successful key to therapy against dystonic ego of a pedophilia abuser with Raja Yoga meditation. Meditation is a strategy that has been used to control libidinal (id) and self-regulatory (superego) used in mental health counseling and psychiatry because it can decrease arousal, anxiety, depression, and behavioral disorder. One type of meditation is Raja Yoga meditation that has been studied for years of ability to change behavior and self-regulatory. Supported by several studies, this meditation also can repair abnormalities in the limbic system. Raja Yoga meditation is effective therapy and prevention in pedophilia.
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References
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33. Michael. Meditation and Psychiatry. Clinical Instructor in Psychiatry. Harvard Medical School. 2008;1-14.
34. Liu. Clinical Review: Pedophilia and brain function. UBCUJP. 2012; 1:1-6.
35. Craig Mehrmann and Rakesh Karmacharya. Principles and Neurobiological Correlates of Concentrative, Diffuse, and Insight Meditation. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2013; 4(21):205-18.
36. Leary MR, Adams CE, Tate EB. Hypo-egoic self-regulation: Exercising self-control by diminishing the influence of the self. J Pers. 2006; 74:1803–31.
37. Deshmukh. Neuroscience of meditation. Sci World J. 2006; 6:2239–53.
38. Ospina MB, Bond K, Karkhaneh M, et al. Meditation practices for health: state of the research. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2007;(155):1–263.
39. Lee SH, Ahn SC, Lee YJ, et al. Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress management program as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in patients with anxiety disorder. J Psychosom Res. 2007;62(2):189–95.
40. Evans S, Ferrando S, Findler M, et al. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2008;22(4):716-721.
41. Carmody and Baer RA. Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and wellbeing in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of behavioral medicine. 2008; 31(1):23-33.
42. Pagnoni G, Cekic M. Age effects on gray matter volume and attentional performance in Zen meditation. Neurobiol Aging. 2007; 28:1623–7.
43. Cloninger CR. Spirituality and the science of feeling good. South Med J. 2007; 100:740–3.
44. Brown DP. Mastery of the mind east and west: Excellence in being and doing and everyday happiness. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Sep 28.
45. Lau MA, McMain, S. F. Integrating mindfulness meditation with cognitive and behavioural therapies: The challenge of combining acceptance- and change-based strategies. Can J Psychiatry. 2005; 50:863–9.
46. Grepmair L, Mitterlehner F, Rother W, Nickel M. Promotion of mindfulness in psychotherapists in training and treatment results of their patients. J Psychosom Res. 2006; 60:649–50.
47. Dilwar Hussain and Braj Bhushan. Psychology of Meditation and Health: Present Status and Future Directions. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy. 2010; 10(3):439-451.
48. Alexander Sartorius, Matthias Ruf, Christine Kief, Traute Demirakca, Josef Bailer, Gabriele Ende, Fritz A. Henn, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Harald Dressing. Abnormal amygdala activation profile in pedophilia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008; 258:271–277.
49. Spinella, Marcello. The role of prefrontal systems in sexual behavior. Intern. J. Neuroscience. 2007; 117:369–385.
50. Poeppl, Timm B., Simon B. Eickhoff, Peter T. Fox, Angela R. Laird, Rainer Rupprecht, Berthold Langguth and Danilo Bzdok. Connectivity and Functional Profiling of Abnormal Brain Structures in Pedophilia. Human brain mapping. 2015;36(6):2374-86.
51. Poeppl, Timm B., Berthold Langguth, Angela R. Laird, Rainer Rupprecht, Adam Safron, Danilo Bzdok, Simon B. Eickhoff. The neural basis of sex differences in sexual behavior: A quantitative meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 2016; 43:28–43.
52. Bao and Swaab. Sexual differentiation of the human brain: relation to gender identity, sexual orientation and neuropsychiatric disorders. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 2011; 32:214–226.
53. Cristiano Crescentini, Alessio Matiz & Franco Fabbro. Improving personality/character traits in individuals with alcohol dependence: The influence of mindfulness-oriented meditation. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 2015; p.1-32.
54. Hines. Sex-related variation in human behavior and the brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2010; 14:448–56.
2. Kaplan and Sadock. Kaplan and Sadock’s Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry, 2nd Ed. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. 2015.
3. Wahyuni. Apa Kabar Indonesia?: Indonesia Darurat Pedofilia. 2016. Available at: http://www.dakwahmedia.net/2016/01/apa-kabar-indonesia indonesia-darurat.html. Access on Mei 8th 2018.
4. Magdalena. 10 Pedofil Paling Berbahaya di Dunia. Jakarta: Gramedia Indonesia. 2014.
5. Ryan and Richard. A Profile of Pedophilia: Definition, Characteristics of Offenders, Recidivism, Treatment Outcomes, and Forensic Issues. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 2007;82(4):457-71.
6. Probosiwi dan Bahransyaf. Pedofilia dan Kekerasan Seksual: Masalah dan Perlindungan Terhadap Anak. Sosio Informa. 2015;01(1):29-40.
7. Poeppl, Eickhoff, Fox, Laird, Rupprecht, Langguth, Bzdok. Connectivity and Functional Profiling of Abnormal Brain Structures in Pedophilia. Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 2015;36(6):1-13.
8. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder. Fifth Edition. Washinton DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013.
9. Mohnke, M¨uller, Amelung, Kr¨uger, Ponseti, Schiffer, Walter, Beier, and Walter. Brain Alterations in Paedophila: A Critical Review. Progress in Neurobiology. 2014:1-77.
10. Nakata and Sakamoto. Meditation reduces pain-related neural activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, insula, secondary somatosensory cortex, and thalamus. Front Psychol. 2014;5:1489.
11. Ramesh et al. Efficacy of Raja Yoga Meditation on Positive Thinking: An Index for Self-Satisfaction and Happiness in Life. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2013;7(10): 2265-67.
12. Tenbergen et al. The Neurobiology and Psychology of Pedophilia: Recent Advances and Challenges. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2015;9(344):1-20.
13. Sukhsolahe et al. Does Raja Yoga Meditation Bring Out Physiological and Psychological General Well Being Among Practitioners Of It? International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health. 2012;4(12):2000-12.
14. Fabio Campanella, Cristiano Crescentini, Cosimo Urgesi, Franco Fabbro. Mindfulness-oriented meditation improves self-related character scales in healthy individuals. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2014:1-10.
15. Jahnke et al. Stigmatizing Attitudes Towards People with Pedophilia and Their Malleability among Psychotherapists in Training. Elsevier. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2014; 1-10.
16. Alonko, Gunst, Mokros, Santtila. Genetic Variants Associated With Male Pedophilic Sexual Interest. J Sex Med. 2016:13:835-42.
17. Gilbert and Focquaert, F. Rethinking Responsibility in Offenders with Acquired Paedophilia: Punishment or Treatment? International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 2015; 1- 10.
18. Khaidir. Penyimpangan Seks (Pedofilia). Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2007; I(2):83-9.
19. Mahendran. Penilaian Pedofilia Menggunakan Respon Hemodinamik Otak Terhadap Stimuli Seksual. Jurnal Universitas Udayana. 2012;4(1):83-95.
20. Christian Kärgel, Dipl. Psych, Claudia Massau, Dipl. Psych, Simone Weiß, Dipl. Psych, Martin Walter, Tillmann H.C. Kruger and Boris Schiffer. Diminished Functional Connectivity on the Road to Child Sexual Abuse in Pedophilia. J Sex Med. 2015;1-13.
21. Laird, Eickhoff, Fox, Uecker AM, Ray KL, Saenz JJ, McKay DR, Bzdok D, Laird RW, Robinson JL, Turner JA, Turkeltaub PE, Lancaster JL, Fox PT: The BrainMap strategy for standardization, sharing, and meta-analysis of neuroimaging data. BMC Res Notes. 2011;4:349.
22. Christine Wiebking and Georg Northoff. Neuroimaging in Pedophilia. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15:351.
23. Boris Schiffer, Norbert Leygraf, Thomas Peschel, Thomas Paul, Elke Gizewski, Michael Forsting, Manfred Schedlowski, Tillmann H.C. Krueger. Structural brain abnormalities in the frontostriatal system and cerebellum in pedophilia. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2007:41;753–62.
24. Boris Schiffer, Tillmann Krueger, Thomas Paul, Armin de Greiff, Michael Forsting, Norbert Leygraf, Manfred Schedlowski, Elke Gizewski. Brain response to visual sexual stimuli in homosexual pedophiles. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2008;33(1):23-33.
25. Setyawan. KPAI: Anak Korban Pedofilia Bisa Saja Menjadi Pelaku. 2014. Available at http://www.kpai.go.id/berita/kpai-anak-korban-pedofilia-bisa-saja-menjadi-pelaku/. Access on Mei 8th 2018.
26. Setyawan. KPAI: Menjerat Jera Pelaku Pedofilia. 2015. Available at http://www.kpai.go.id/berita/kpai-menjerat-jera-pelaku-pedofilia/. Access on Mei 8th 2018.
27. Jordan et al. Changed processing of visual sexual stimuli under GnRH-therapy – a single case study in pedophilia using eye tracking and fMRI. BioMed Central. 2014;14(142):1-13.
28. Smith JC. The psychotherapeutic effects of transcendental meditation with controls for expectation of relief and daily sitting. J Consult Clin Psychol 1976; 44:456–67.
29. Maheshwarananda, Sri Swami. Yoga in Dialy Life: Raja Yoga. Available at http://www.yogaindailylife.org/system/en/the-four-paths-of-yoga/raja-yoga. Access on Mei 10th 2018.
30. Vago and Silbersweig. Self-Awareness, Self-Regulation, and Self-Transcendence (S-ART) A Framework for Understanding The Neurobiological Mechanisms of Mindfulness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2012; 6:296.
31. Brett Froeliger, Eric L. Garland, and F. Joseph McClernon. Yoga Meditation Practitioners Exhibit Greater Gray Matter Volume and Fewer Reported Cognitive Failures: Results of a Preliminary Voxel-Based Morphometric Analysis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012;1-8.
32. Benedikt et al. Response Inhibition in Pedophilia: An fMRI Pilot Study. Neuropsychobiology. 2013; 68:228–37.
33. Michael. Meditation and Psychiatry. Clinical Instructor in Psychiatry. Harvard Medical School. 2008;1-14.
34. Liu. Clinical Review: Pedophilia and brain function. UBCUJP. 2012; 1:1-6.
35. Craig Mehrmann and Rakesh Karmacharya. Principles and Neurobiological Correlates of Concentrative, Diffuse, and Insight Meditation. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2013; 4(21):205-18.
36. Leary MR, Adams CE, Tate EB. Hypo-egoic self-regulation: Exercising self-control by diminishing the influence of the self. J Pers. 2006; 74:1803–31.
37. Deshmukh. Neuroscience of meditation. Sci World J. 2006; 6:2239–53.
38. Ospina MB, Bond K, Karkhaneh M, et al. Meditation practices for health: state of the research. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2007;(155):1–263.
39. Lee SH, Ahn SC, Lee YJ, et al. Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress management program as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in patients with anxiety disorder. J Psychosom Res. 2007;62(2):189–95.
40. Evans S, Ferrando S, Findler M, et al. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2008;22(4):716-721.
41. Carmody and Baer RA. Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and wellbeing in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of behavioral medicine. 2008; 31(1):23-33.
42. Pagnoni G, Cekic M. Age effects on gray matter volume and attentional performance in Zen meditation. Neurobiol Aging. 2007; 28:1623–7.
43. Cloninger CR. Spirituality and the science of feeling good. South Med J. 2007; 100:740–3.
44. Brown DP. Mastery of the mind east and west: Excellence in being and doing and everyday happiness. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Sep 28.
45. Lau MA, McMain, S. F. Integrating mindfulness meditation with cognitive and behavioural therapies: The challenge of combining acceptance- and change-based strategies. Can J Psychiatry. 2005; 50:863–9.
46. Grepmair L, Mitterlehner F, Rother W, Nickel M. Promotion of mindfulness in psychotherapists in training and treatment results of their patients. J Psychosom Res. 2006; 60:649–50.
47. Dilwar Hussain and Braj Bhushan. Psychology of Meditation and Health: Present Status and Future Directions. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy. 2010; 10(3):439-451.
48. Alexander Sartorius, Matthias Ruf, Christine Kief, Traute Demirakca, Josef Bailer, Gabriele Ende, Fritz A. Henn, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Harald Dressing. Abnormal amygdala activation profile in pedophilia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008; 258:271–277.
49. Spinella, Marcello. The role of prefrontal systems in sexual behavior. Intern. J. Neuroscience. 2007; 117:369–385.
50. Poeppl, Timm B., Simon B. Eickhoff, Peter T. Fox, Angela R. Laird, Rainer Rupprecht, Berthold Langguth and Danilo Bzdok. Connectivity and Functional Profiling of Abnormal Brain Structures in Pedophilia. Human brain mapping. 2015;36(6):2374-86.
51. Poeppl, Timm B., Berthold Langguth, Angela R. Laird, Rainer Rupprecht, Adam Safron, Danilo Bzdok, Simon B. Eickhoff. The neural basis of sex differences in sexual behavior: A quantitative meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 2016; 43:28–43.
52. Bao and Swaab. Sexual differentiation of the human brain: relation to gender identity, sexual orientation and neuropsychiatric disorders. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 2011; 32:214–226.
53. Cristiano Crescentini, Alessio Matiz & Franco Fabbro. Improving personality/character traits in individuals with alcohol dependence: The influence of mindfulness-oriented meditation. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 2015; p.1-32.
54. Hines. Sex-related variation in human behavior and the brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2010; 14:448–56.
Published
2019-02-22
How to Cite
SATYARSA, Agung Bagus Sista et al.
RAJA YOGA MEDITATION AS INNOVATION OF PREVENTION AND THERAPY IN PEDOPHILIA.
Essential: Essence of Scientific Medical Journal, [S.l.], v. 16, n. 2, p. 19-25, feb. 2019.
ISSN 2655-6472.
Available at: <https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/essential/article/view/46978>. Date accessed: 22 nov. 2024.
Section
Artikel Tinjauan Pustaka
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